issue244高频提纲.doc

Issue 高频按高频来了：主要是熟悉思路。题号总频率题号总频率 511781527614415212075481338770361321417041132150701301247069185114136693810688675010222167831021216417961606410389177632088926614788566114788159594387695848399581548321256782745511783153说明：！按照高频的顺序，点击题号定位到题的位置，点击连接可直接连接到网络，点击至顶可回到顶部！51 Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student. 05/90; 06/7只有针对每个学生的需要和兴趣，教育才真正的有意义。topic line:Position: Student-centered education is the most effective way to help students learn.A. The traditional teacher-centered education ignores the individual needs and interests of each student, which proves counterproductive.B. Student-centered education can most effectively involve individual students in the learning process.C. However, winking at students unreasonable desires would only result in chaos in education.1.怎样衡量有效的教育，教育的定义2. 不同的教育阶段是否应该有不同的目的？3. 学生不感兴趣的但是有用的知识技能是否要学呢？4由于现实条件的限制，很难做到完全的满足个人的兴趣和需要5特定specifically导致片面144 It is the artist, not the critic,* who gives society something of lasting value. *a person who evaluates works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc. 05/75; 06/11是艺术家而不是批评家，带给社会一些具有持久价值的东西。*批评家指经常评价艺术作品，例如小说、电影、音乐、绘画等的人。Partially agree1， 艺术家是很好类 From the Creeks to our days, there is no art created by critics but by the artists. The artists play a vital role in creation and the dramatic progress of art. In the development of art, it is Picasso that pioneers the territory of image school in paintings; it is Mozart that composed the miraculous Magic Flute; it is Austen who wrote my favorite novel The pride and prejudice showing the unique landscape of country life in Medieval Britain. The consequential artworks not only influence the people living before but are appreciated by modern people. Their value does not shadow with the time past. 主要内容在这里2.评论家有好有坏：1）大众需要评论家来挑选 a critics evaluation of an art work serves as a filter, which helps us determine which art is worth our time and attention. 比如：每年出产上百部电影，film critic, tickets , movie theatre, 电影票又很贵，需要挑好的推荐给观众 比如：听外国的音乐，另一种语言，需要筛选，和推荐。现在很多网站和音乐杂志ALLMUSIC网站我最常去，EMG打分评价give score and comments。 direction2) 但是通常评论家不知道他们自己在说什么：they do not always know what they are talking about 评论家受自己利益和角度的影响 interests, angle, culture, subjective perspectives比如小说：上一代old generation容易看不惯年轻人，如果里面带有不敬，过多性描写, 暴力。比如音乐：高雅艺术评论家认为流行音乐是垃圾trash，Jay Chow classical music; opera RB, RockRoll, country music3）通常艺术要经过年代洗礼：比如：莫奈，贝多芬，梵高Beethovens early listeners, accustomed to the predictable harmonies and melodic lengths of Haydn, dismissed his symphonies as literally causing their ears to hurt.Van GoghWhen the French gave the Statue of Liberty to America in 1886, the Augusta Chroniclein Georgiacondemned it as a pagan image unsuitable to our country.评论家会影响艺术家：48 The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten. 05/50; 06/7对历史的研究把太多的重点放在对某些个人上。而历史上一些重大的事件和发展趋势不是由个别名人决定的，而是由那些已经被人们淡忘的社会群体所创造的。不同意The speaker claims that significant historical events and trends are made possible by groups of people rather than individuals, and that the study of history should emphasize the former instead of the latter. I tend to disagree with both aspects of this claim. 1 很多是由历史关键任务引发或者领导的。他们有特定的权利去决定战争；重要的是他们有凝聚力和号召力：比如：印度甘地；马丁同学；林肯同学比如：美国有总统一票否决权；是个人行为pocket veto 总统否决权比如：孔子，是个人行为，建立学校，著书立说2 学习历史人物能有大收获：历史个人往往有很特别的特质，或者代表性那个年代。0） 特质：马丁，对理想的追求1） 苏个拉地：哲学的起源，古希腊的文明摸杂特：宗教，皇室的影响，艺术家当时的困境从谁的“大卫”，对人体的美的标准的流行，Venus of Medici，David 后来“囚徒啊雕塑”，社会的抗争，不满，后来“文艺复兴”，对个人的性格Michelangelo 掷铁饼者？研习一两个人的作品，可以看到各个时代的特点，可以综观历史的变化。3 不要过分，要承认劳苦大众的作用：如果没有他们，没力量，社会变革不会出现；没有他们默默支持，历史人物不会被突出；当代政党要充分意识到，当权者，要听大众的意见，他们是决定社会趋势的人。36 The greatness of individuals can be decedied only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries. 05/58; 06/6一个人是否为大事由后人评定的而非他同时代的人。不同意：In my view the speaker unfairly generalizes. In some areas。However, in other areas, particularly t。In still other areas 。varies from case to case.科学：1。应用性：比如电灯的发明；蒸汽机啥的 比如微软；基因水稻2理论性：比如爱因斯坦相对论； 比如地心说日心说；3艺术也一样：大众艺术，比如电影啊，节目收视率；畅销书；非主流艺术，比如凡高，比如史记至顶41. Such non-mainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science. 05/71; 06/5研究界的一些非主流领域，比如星象学、占卜术和意念及超自然探索，在社会中起到了很重要的作用，因为它们满足了人们无法从主流科学获得的需求。(少数和多数之非主流学科)1满足了主流科学无法满足的地方： 1）面临选择或危险，心理不确定：比如：出海打渔；船航行；巨额投资；买房风水；-turn to fortune telling 心理certainty, security2）科学无法解释的现象：比如老早：雷，雨，闪电；希腊神话 大力神啥的 是非主流的一种方式百慕大三角Bermuda Triangle； 外星人； 3）心理安慰mental console： 比如：AIDS ；癌证cancer；科学医疗无法挽救science medical treatment can not save ，转向非主流给予希望。2但主流更vital： 对于第一种：人们需要搜集更多资料来考虑以做出明智的决定。 第二种：科学发达了能解释了，就不存在了。比如：不求雨，而人工降雨 第三种：医疗发达可以治了。比如：糖尿病的转变 Diabetes总结：I concede 科学不足时是很好的心理安慰方式 However 需要更努力地是发展科学，寻找科学帮助，尽可能地Seeking help with science as possible as we can.130 How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society. 05/48; 06/6孩子融入社会的能力决定了社会的命运。遗憾的是，我们还不知道怎样培养孩子使他们对社会有益。这个自己写了：不同意1， 什么是socialized, 他和destiny society 的关系是什么。2，社会化并不是社会未来进步的唯一标准。主要是法律的健全等3，什么样的标准是better society 也学我们已经做到了，只是没发至顶185 “Scandalswhether in politics, academia, or other areascan be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could. ” 05/64; 06/4丑闻，不管是政治、学术还是其他领域，都是有用的。它们能吸引人们的注意力，而使我们聚焦于问题，以一种演讲者和改革家都做不到的方式。半同意，有好有坏：1。对问题的关注： 比如：一个受贿案子，中国那几年全国整顿风气 比如：偷税，一个明星，全国整顿 比如：烧车，戴安那，对媒体 比如：三灵不厚道，对厂商-附录2。过于八卦而distract our attention to other more important issues 把注意力拉开 比如：一个大明星烧记者的丑闻 在媒体方面是有注意 但超过国家大事件 台湾和中国首脑历史性会晤 没人看了3。丑闻的暴光会导致一些问题： 1）水门，对政府的不信任 2）受贿，对政府的失望，影响稳定 3）媒体，对媒体的不信任，觉得都是八卦和狗 4）商家，一个公司产品问题，消费者对个个都恐慌就是整体的信任危机4。而且经常一阵一阵，这个丑闻过了又关注下一个，大问题没有得到长远的解决：附录：8.三凌经商不厚道， 掩盖事实 Mitsubishi Motors had concealed significant defects in the break system of Pajero, one of the companys major products, before apologized to public. Hundreds of car accidents were directly caused by the break error. Thus, the Omy0P2P2?!w company suffered a great goods return, losing not only the market share but wdm h C m%dzC0l(寄托家园 also the confidence of consumers.38 In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books. 05/57; 06/3在电视机时代，阅读书籍已经没有原来那样重要了。人们从电视上学到的东西丝毫不比从书本中学来的少。1承认电视是某些领域好：Admittedly, 。holds certain advantages over。For the purpose of documenting and conveying。最时时的消息newest.latest 画面感 temporal, spatial events比如：911事件；印度洋海啸2但是书有书的好：However, the speaker overlooks several respects in which books are inherently superior to television 1）看电视是无目的随机，被动的，还有恩多广告；读书主动性挑选要吸收的课题。 2）有些无法替代书本。比如：textbook 电视很难理论公式讲，要看推断演义过程要反复咀嚼。电视倾向emotion development;书本可以intellect ,reasoningperspective and insigh 3）书随身携带portable，比如：上班的地铁上，大巴上；比如记单词。总结：staying abreast of current affairs,。books facilitate learning。he optimal approach is to use both media side by sideBrufeng补充：我的新观点，以上的观点都被写滥了。 随说书具有随身携带的方便，以及可以容纳更多抽相性东东的特点，但现在的趋势是电视和书一体化，电视也出现了3G上的移动电视，随时可以看，内容上也有了收费的无广告点播电视。还有电视和书的融合。如果想引用的话，上次的“走进高层”有对美国最大的图书商有关E-Book and Mobeil-book发展的采访部分内容同 7 74 （点击连接）至顶50 In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach. 05/30; 06/10为了提高大学的教学质量，所有的教职员工应该去校外参加一些和他们教的课程相关的工作。同意，不过不同的领域：-有的领域与时代无关，如哲学艺术；有的有密切，如技术，商业1 文学类如哲学：没有应用领域比如：研究莎翁诗集2艺术类：本身就是 比如：画画， 个人创作类2 研究类，如数学，物理：理论与实际结合，去外面看可以知道现在的发展，和人们的需要。 技术需要跟上时代比如：电子electronics 最新手机的技术，最新网络的程序，up-to-date，编程序怎么说？sparking interest, and even motivating some students to pursue the field as a career. Secondly, by keeping abreast of the changing demands of work as a professional, professors can help students who are serious about pursuing a career in that field to make more informed career decisions.3 商学院commercial college绝对需要教授有从商经历：很多细节的信息，对市场的把握，案例的分析，消费者的心理。还需要鼓励学生，从家教做起tutor；或者买卖至顶83 Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people. 05/47; 06/6政府应该保护那些疆域范围内的偏远地带，保持他们的原始状态，尽管这些地区一般来说非常偏僻，很少有人能够到达重点在于保护野生动植物和自然环境，貌似不好写，就当写环保问题和生态问题了。17 There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws. 05/38; 06/8有两种法律：公平的和不公平的。社会中的每个人都应该遵守公平的法律，更重要的是，不遵守或者违抗不公平的法律。1-法律的正义不正义没有绝对的定义 is rarely a straight forward issue 2） 很多法律没什么正义不正义 法律的一项功能：keep everything in order比如：未满十六岁喝酒，吸烟 未满十八岁进网吧 未满二十二岁不能结婚 法定年龄legal age: The age at which a person may by law assume the rights and responsibilities of an adult.1）在不同观念和文化中不同法律的功能：to govern a society , control the behavior of its members 比如：该不该判死刑death penalty 口香糖chewing gum 安乐死 euthanasia 2）在不同利益者中不同法律的一项功能是和平解决纠纷 resolve disputes peacefullyThis is especially true when it comes to personal affairs.Even in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owners rights are respected.有争议就有利益纠纷，而争议永远存在。有审判就有满意不满意，just unjust 在两方定义不同。2-法律不遵守，disobedience 会带来危害 poses certain risks , jeopardize to比如：交通左右Driving would be dangerous and chaotic.法律和风俗思想情感不同：Laws resemble morality because they are designed to control or alter our behavior. But unlike rules of morality, laws are enforced by the courts; if you break a lawwhether you like that law or notyou may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to prison.至顶103 The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives. 05/34; 06/3研究历史的价值只体现在这种研究和我们的日常生活相关时。Insofar as possible 尽可能不同意The speaker alleges。only insofar as。I find this allegation to be specious。It wrongly suggests。To the contrary,。studying historical examples of courage in the face of adversity can provide motivation to face their own personal fears in life1 历史让个人明白社会变化：History is indispensable to understanding why such changes occur.Once we determine when the trend began, we can try to identify which of the factors present at the time combined to set the trend in motion.A purely contemporary analysis may shed some light on the problem, but a historical assessment is clearly fundamentaland essential for anyone concerned about History as art and entertainment serves a real purpose, on aesthetic grounds but also on the level of human understanding. Stories well done are stories that reveal how people and societies have actually functioned, and they prompt thoughts about he human experience in other times and places. The same aesthetic and humanistic goals inspire people to immerse themselves in efforts to reconstruct quite remote pasts, far removed from immediate, present-day utility.比如：high-art 艺术家，知道了Van Gogh后就明白坚持艺术要孤独要艰辛Require strong belief, persistence, and the ability to bear loneliness and misunderstanding. Van Gogh, two of whose still life paintings have recently broken all records in selling for $50 million, sold only one of his paintings in his entire career.Yet, an ever-lengthening honor roll distinguishes works first received as unacceptable by resistant audiences.2 错过的不要再错：to avoid repeating those mistakes.比如：二战 世界混乱，经济depression, 人们苦难suffer，进步停滞impede development 知道和平的珍贵，stability and peace，treasure范文例子：The nuclear accidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl have been studied to ensure that they do not happen again. Certainly the study of the effects of nuclear materials on humans and the environment provides value beyond that of the day-to-day life of people. The study of oil spills and their effects on the environment gives similar guidance on how to avoid or at least minimize the damage of an oil spill on the environment. The study of the disintegration of the ozone layer over the poles of the earth has given birth to new laws and regulations on certain chemicals that help to preserve this valuable part of our atmosphere. All of these examples of studying history provide value far beyond its impact on the daily lives of people.3 宝贵遗产，至今适用：precious historical heritageHistory also provides a terrain for moral contemplation.比如：孔子的话“two heads are better than one” “know is know” Socrates : Genuine education, as Socrates knew more than two thousand years ago, is not inserting the stuffing of information into a person, but rather eliciting knowledge from him; it is drawing out of what is in the mind. 孙子兵法From the ancient Chinese author Sun Tzus book The Art of War, todays military commanders and even business leaders gather valuable information that allows them to operate more efficiently and effectively.4 对国家忠诚：histories that tell the national story, emphasizing distinctive features of the national experience, are meant to drive home an understanding of national values and a commitment to national loyalty.比如：美国独立战争总结：不仅明白，而且提高修养 Helps us understand how recent, current, and prospective changes that affect the lives of citizens are emerging or may emerge and what causes are involved Lift spirits.In sum, the speaker fails to recognize that in all our activities and decisions-from our grandest to our most rote-history can inspire, inform, guide, and nurture. In the final analysis, to study history is to gain the capacity to be more human-and I would be hard-pressed to imagine a worthier end. 另一开头：To state is to ignore the value It would seem to be a rather shallow statement that implies only rather than 至顶208 The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a societys ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people. 05/48; 06/1人们的眼神、穿着和动作都揭示了他们的态度和兴趣。你可以透过观察一个社会中人们的外貌和举止来认识该社会的理念和价值观。(以小见大) 1. 眼神、穿着和动作与态度兴趣有一定联系，什么联系，为什么？2. 有时从人们的言谈举止等可以看出来一个国家的习惯，如中东人，非洲人等3. 但有时会看错，如。至顶47 Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellectthat is, on reasoning and other cognitive skills. 05/47; 06/4社会对于智力还是重视不够，比如推理和认知的能力。基本同意，有些问题要注意The speaker asserts that society should place more emphasis on intellect and cognition. While the speaker might overlook the benefits of nurturing certain emotions and feelings, on balance I agree that it is by way of our heads rather than our hearts that we can best ensure the well-being of our society. 1 社会要求快速作答：（社会浮躁？来个一段） 比如：考试限时，有些根本无法这么快答出，而考试鼓励正确答案； 商业社会鼓励商业赚钱，或应用，而不是长期地科研和思考；2 学校更job-oriented : 比如：商学院，国际贸易等专业一直很火暴；而基础数学，物理冷门3但重视不要过分，要平衡发展： 1）对人的心理，感情上的问题要同等重视；危害：depression, dysfunction, and even physical illness. 2）对moral道德建设，理性不要用在危害。比如：基因克隆，核武器（这条不大好貌似不合适） 3）对人文科学的重视，综合发展：艺术之类至顶147 Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them. 05/32; 06/7传统和现代化是水火不容的。人们必须二者选一。1 思想：仍然珍贵Socrates 的教育思想 对应今天的 job-oriented 孔子Confucius的话孙子兵法对今天2, 文化：过的方法不同，shopping啊什么，但都会过比如中国传统节日spring festival饺子，送钱； 西方圣诞 Christmas 圣诞树，孩子礼物3。日常生活，科技： 更是当代与传统的结合比如：记录方式 video camera + written records不能只选其一，尽管发达了，但不可替代传统5 历史文物，建筑：比如：博物馆museum，和当代科技展览 modern art / high-tech exhibition比如：长城Great Wall, 故宫Forbidden City 促进旅游 与现代建筑至顶43 To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards. 05/36; 06/4一个政府官员要想成为一位有成效的领导者，必须有极高的伦理和道德修养。1。商业：领导要有道德 解释：道德与责任纸头上 比如：员工的两个例子都能用 比如：三凌老总的错误决定Mitsubishi Motors had concealed significant defects in the break systemHundreds of car accidents were directly caused by the break error. Thus, the Omy0P2P2?!w company suffered a great goods return, losing not only the market share but wdm h C m%dzC0l(寄托家园 also the confidence of consumers. 总结：CEO总结：公司领导需要维持高标准的道德，不管个人还是公众道德，因为他的个性对整个公司影响很大，员工直接对应；他的决定对社会，对公司利益都有很大影响。2。政治：不需要 Politicians are not and should not be moral leaders.不但不可行，也会影响工作（有） 因为他们的工作是（有），超越道德； 妙话（有） 1) 私人personal morality and public morality.：marital indiscretions（婚姻不慎重） 比如：clinton scandal2）公共：他需要考虑和权衡多方面问题，不总是道德至上 比如：伦敦，美国机场检查 伤害了尊严，但确保了安全 比如：恐怖分子威胁，杀害人质（hostage）事件，要求撤军 retreat/withdraw，有的如菲律宾总理撤了，一女的，别国没撤，很难说他们谁对谁错。 比如：最高道德，highest ethical standard 灾难时他应该到第一线front line去现场救人，那么谁来指挥，谁去互访。 3）承认有些情况个人道德影响和煽动带领群众：Gandhi and Martin Luther King总结：起义和改革reform的时候需要个人扇动，但是当社会稳定，是system而不是个人魅力来使其运作。To run the society至顶4 No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study. 05/35; 06/6任何领域要取得重大进展，都需要外领域者的知识和经验。大正小负：1. 科技发展的趋势是越来越趋向团对化，多领域化。如：制作一个应用软件需要有业务分析员，系统分析师，程序设计员，测试人员，维护人员，管理人员的。又如：一个飞机的设计，牵扯到的专业就多了