贵阳中考英语总复习第二部分语法专题突破篇专题8动词精讲试题.docx

专题八动词第一节动词的分类及解析,贵阳中考命题规律及趋势 动词是构成句子的核心，是英语语法中最重要的部分，中考对动词的考查不仅以单项选择、词语运用、完形填空等形式出现，还会在阅读篇章中出现，考查对上下文出现的人或物的关系理解，书面表达肯定也要用到动词。,贵阳中考重难点突破动词的分类实义动词是否接宾语及物动词不及物动词是否延续性延续性动词短暂性动词系动词情态动词助动词动词是用来表示主语做什么(即行为动词)，或表示主语是什么或怎么样(即状态动词)的词。如：Robinson built a house on the island.鲁滨逊在岛上建了一间房子。Mr.Clark is a military officer.克拉克先生是一个军官。动词可以按照含义及它们在句中的作用分成四类，即实义动词(也称行为动词)、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。1实义动词实义动词(行为动词)是表示行为、动作或状态的词。它的词义完整，可以单独作谓语。如：I live in Guiyang with my parents.我和我的父母住在贵阳。Lucy has a round face.露西有一张圆脸。第一种分类：及物动词及不及物动词按其是否跟宾语分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词(vi.)。(1)及物动词后面必须跟宾语，意思才完整。如：Give me some ink，please.请给我一些墨水。If you have any questions，you can raise your hands.如果你有任何问题，请举手。具体用法：动词宾语。如：He reached Canada yesterday.他昨天到达加拿大。动词宾语宾语补足语。如：They asked me to go fishing with them.他们让我一起去钓鱼。I saw the children play in the park yesterday.昨天我看见孩子们在公园里玩。【注意】带省略to的不定式或现在分词作宾补的常考动词有：make，let，have，see，watch，notice，hear等。动词间接宾语直接宾语。如：I will return the storybook to him.我准备把故事书还给他。【注意】带双宾语的常考动词有：give，bring，buy，get，leave，lend，make，offer，pass，teach，tell，reach，return等。 (2)不及物动词后面不能跟宾语，意思已完整。不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词，构成动词短语，相当于一个及物动词。如：He works hard.他工作努力。Jack runs faster than Mike.杰克跑步比迈克要快些。Please look at the blackboard and listen to me.请看黑板，听我说。He got an “A” this time because he went over his lessons carefully.这次他得了个“A”，因为他仔细地复习了功课。【难点解释】许多动词可用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词，在阅读中必须仔细体会和区别。如：Who is going to speak at the meeting？谁打算在会上发言？(speak，不及物动词)Few people outside China speak Chinese.在中国外很少人讲汉语。(speak，及物动词)要特别注意有些动词英汉之间的差异。某些词在英语中是不及物的，而在汉语中却是及物的。有时则相反。如：He is waiting for you.他在等你。(英语wait为不及物动词，汉语“等”为及物动词。)Serve the people.为人民服务。(英语serve为及物动词，汉语“服务”为不及物动词。)第二种分类：持续性动词与瞬间性动词英语的实义动词按是否有延续性，有持续性动词和瞬间性动词之分，使用中应注意两者的区别。(1)持续性动词表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。常见的有study，play，do，read，learn，drive，write，clean，sleep，speak，talk，wait，fly，stay，sit，stand，lie，keep等。(2)瞬间性动词表示一个动作发生在一瞬间，非常短暂。亦称终止性动词。常见的有begin，start，finish，go，come，leave，find，get up，arrive，reach，get to，enter，hear，stop，open，close，become，buy，borrow，lend，happen，join，lose，renew，die，take away，put up，set out，put on，get on/off等。以上已集中了初中教材的大部分持续性动词及瞬间性动词。(3)用法以上两类动词都能用于现在完成时，表示动作到现在为止已结束。如：He has studied English for three years.他学习英语三年了。He has joined the Party.他加入了共产党。Mom isnt at home.She has gone to the library.妈妈不在家。她去了图书馆。持续性动词在完成时中能与表示持续一段时间的状语连用，而瞬间性动词则不能。如：His parents talked with the teacher for half an hour.他的父母和老师交谈了半个小时。The old man has lain in bed for 3 days.这个老人已经躺在床上三天了。 My parents have lived in Shanghai since 1950.我的父母从1950年开始就住在上海。瞬间性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用，通常有两种方法： 用意思相当的持续性动词来替换。如：He has joined the army.他参军了。He has been in the army for two years.(不能用has joined)他参军三年了。She has got up.她起床了。She has been up for half an hour.(不能用has got up)她起床半个小时了。Has your sister left home？你姐姐离开家了吗？Has your sister been away from home since last year？(不能用has left)你姐姐从去年开始就离开家了吗？常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系如下：gobe away comebe herecome backbe back leavebe away(be not here)buyhave borrowkeepdiebe dead beginbe onfinishbe over openbe openclosebe closed losebe lostget to knowknow turn onbe onget upbe up sit downsit/be seatedbecomebe diebe deadjoinbe in()或be amembermarry/get marriedbe marriedarrive/reach/get tobe infall asleepbe asleep2系动词系动词是表示主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的词，它虽有词义，但不完整，所以不能单独作谓语，必须跟表语一起构成合成谓语。如：We are in Grade Two this year.我们今年在二年级。 are 这个词的词义“是”在句子中常常不译出。连系动词可具体分为三类：(1)表示“是”或“状态”的动词be。这个词在不同的主语后面和不同的时态中有不同的形式，is，am，are，was，were，have/has been等要特别予以注意。如：He is a teacher.他是一名老师。He was a soldier two years ago.两年前他是一名军人。We are Chinese.我们是中国人。(2)表示“感觉”的词，即感官动词，如look(看起来)，feel(觉得；摸起来)，smell(闻起来)，sound(听起来)，taste(尝起来)等，例如：She looked tired.她看起来很累。I feel ill.我感觉病了。Cotton feels soft.棉花摸起来很软。The story sounds interesting.这个故事听起来很有趣。 The flowers smell sweet.这些花闻起来很香。The mixture tasted horrible.混合物尝起来很难吃。(3)表示“变；变成”的意思的词，如become，get，grow，turn，都解释为“变；变得”。如：She became a college student.她成为了一名大学生。 He feels sick.His face turns white.他感觉不舒服。他的脸变白了。The weather gets warmer and the days get longer when spring comes.当春天来临时天气变得更暖了，白天变得更长了。He grew old.他变老了。(4)表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep，rest，remain，stay，lie，stand。如：He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。【难点解释】注意区别以下一些动词的用法，它们既可以作为行为动词，又可以作为连系动词。(1)look看；看起来 如：He is looking at the picture.他正在看这图片。(行为动词)It looks beautiful.它看上去很美丽。(连系动词)(2)feel摸；感觉 如：I felt someone touch my arm.我感到有人碰我的手臂。(行为动词)Are you feeling better today than before？你今天比以前感到好些了吗？(连系动词)(3)smell嗅；闻起来 如：My little brother likes to smell the apple before he eats it.我的小弟弟喜欢在吃苹果前闻一闻。(行为动词)Great! The flowers smell nice.棒极了！这些花闻起来多香啊！(连系动词)(4)sound弄响；发音；听起来 如：The letter “h” in hour is not sounded.在hour这个词中字母h是不发音的。(行为动词)The gun sounded much closer.枪声听起来更近了。(连系动词)(5)taste辨味；尝起来 如：Please taste the soup.请尝一口汤。(行为动词)The soup tastes terrible.这汤尝起来味道太差了。(连系动词)(6)get得到；获得；变 如：There are some bananas on the table.Each of you can get one.桌上有些香蕉，你们每个人可以拿一个。(行为动词)The weather is getting cold.天气逐渐变冷。(连系动词)(7)grow生长；种植；变 如：Do you grow rice in your country？你们的国家种水稻吗？(行为动词)Its too late.Its growing dark.太迟了，天渐渐变暗了。(连系动词)(8)turn转动；翻动；使变得；变The earth turns around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。(行为动词)When spring comes，the trees turn green and the flowers come out.春天来了，树叶变绿了，花儿开了。(连系动词)3情态动词的用法(具体用法和习题详见本专题的第三节情态动词)4助动词的用法助动词本身没有意义或意义不完全，不能单独用作谓语。助动词在句中与实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语，以表示时态、语态、人称和数。此外，还可以用来构成否定、疑问或强调的句型。具体用法见表：分类作用beam/is/are现在分词现在进行时was/were现在分词过去进行时be过去分词被动语态do形式有do，does，did，用于构成疑问句和否定句，或用在动词前加强语气havehave/has过去分词现在完成时had过去分词过去完成时havebeen现在分词现在完成进行时will/shallwill/shall动词原形一般将来时would/should动词原形过去将来时would，shall，should除了表示单纯的将来时间以外，更多的是用作情态动词。5动词的基本形式英语动词有五种基本形式，即：动词原形、第三人称单数(现在时)、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。形式构成例词动词原形不带to的动词不定式be，do，have，come，jump第三人称单数一般在动词原形后直接加sworkworks runruns以s，o，x，z，sh，ch结尾的动词，后加esgogoes washwashes以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，应将y改为i再加esflyflies studystudies动词的过去式与过去分词一般在动词原形后直接加edworkworked staystayed在以e结尾的动词后只加dcloseclosed likeliked以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，应将y改为i再加edstudystudied carrycarried以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写此辅音字母再加edstopstopped planplanned现在分词一般在动词原形后直接加ingsleepsleeping waitwaiting以不发音的e结尾的动词，去e再加ingsmilesmiling movemoving以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写此辅音字母再加ingsitsitting digdigging planplanning少数以ie结尾的动词，变ie为y，再加ingdiedying lielying,贵阳中考题例及解析一、单项选择根据语境或句意，选择可填入句子的最佳选项。( )1.(2015贵阳中考)According to the new traffic law，everyone in a car _ wear the belt.Acan Bmay Cmust【解析】答案为C情态动词，“必须”。( )2.I will meet Jane at the station.Please_ what time she will arrive.Acount Bchose Ccheck【解析】答案为Ccheck意思为“查看”，祈使句中动词用原形。二、基础知识与运用根据语境或句意，用所给词的适当形式填空。1We need to buy a computer that _(cost) least and has the best quality.【解析】答案为costs一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数，行为动词加s 或es，cost属于一般情况，直接加s。2Mom，this kind of fruit _(smell) nice.Id like to taste one.【解析】答案为smellssmell是感官动词，一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数，直接加s。,考点抢测一、词语运用beat，wear，taste，leave1Those oranges look nice，but _taste_ sour.2Great！Our team _beat_ the one from NO 2 Middle School.3I cant enter the room.Maybe I _left_ my key at school.4Why are you _wearing_ a Tshirt？You may catch a cold in this cold weather.invent，mind，doubt，promise5The 17yearold high school student is trying to _invent_ a robot which can think like a human.6I dont _mind_ heat，for Im used to hot weather.7You have no reason to _doubt_ what he said.8They _promised_ not to talk in class.二、单项选择( B )1.His family are worried about him because they havent _ letters from him for a long time.Aaccepted Breceived Cwritten( A )2.Daisy is such a good daughter that she _ most of her spare time with her parents.Aspends Bcosts Ctakes( C )3.Dont forget to _ “Thank you！”when someone helps you.Atalk Btell Csay( B )4.Oh，it _ so nice.What beautiful music it is!Asmells Bsounds Ctastes( C )5.Im sorry，Mr.Hu.I _my English exercise book at home.It doesnt matter.Please remember _ it here this afternoon.Aforgot；to bring Bleft；to takeCleft；to bring( B )6.(2015邯郸中考模拟)My brother_to move the heavy box，but I didnt give up.Areminded Brefused Cagreed( A )7.(2015天津中考)Lao Shes Teahouse _ the changes in Chinese society over fifty years.Adescribes Bimproves Cprepares( B )8.(2016深圳中考)Miss Wang，Im sorry I am late because I _ to catch the early bus.It doesnt matter.Youd better come to school earlier next time.Aneeded Bfailed Cmanaged( A )9.(2015扬州中考)When you _ yourself with others，you miss the wonder of who you are.Acompare Bcommunicate Ccontact( C )10.(2015无锡中考)The school network will be shut down for safety reasons.That doesnt _ me at all.Im not a networm，anyway.Asatisfy Bsurprise Cworry第二节动词短语,贵阳中考命题规律及趋势动词短语是英语语言基础中的一个重要组成部分，是历年中考考查的重点。动词短语的词义辨析试题旨在通过题干或微型语境考查考生对上下文的理解、动词短语的不同搭配识别、记忆及动词短语词义的辨析并恰当运用动词短语的能力。,贵阳中考重难点突破动词短语动词副词及物动词(vt.)副词不及物动词(vi.)副词动词介词动词副词介词动词名词介词动词代词介词be形容词介词动词名词/代词其他类型动词与介词、副词等构成的固定短语，叫动词短语。主要有以下几类：1动词副词 “动词副词”所构成的短语分为两类：A及物动词(vt.)副词。如：ask for请求；询问，carry on坚持下去；继续下去，cut down砍倒，clean up清除；收拾干净此类短语可以带宾语，宾语若是名词，放在副词前后皆可；宾语若是人称代词，只能放在副词的前面。如： Weve decided to put the meeting off(put off the meeting)我们决定把会议推迟。Weve decided to put it off.(不能用put off it)我们决定把它推迟。这样的短语，常用的还有：drop off放下(某物)；下车eat up吃光；吃完find out查出(真相)get back回来；取回get down下来；落下；把取下来get off下来；从下来get on上(车)get up起床give up放弃hand in交上来hold on (口语)等一等；(打电话时)不挂断pass on传递；转移到pick up拾起；捡起put away放好；把收起来put on穿上；戴上；(戏剧等)上演；放(唱片等)put down把(某物)放下来put up挂起；举起send up发射；把往上送shut down把关上take off脱掉(衣服)take out取出throw about乱丢；抛撒write down写下turn down关小；调低turn on打开(电灯、收音机、煤气、自来水等)turn off关(电灯、收音机、煤气、自来水等)turn over (使)翻过来 B不及物动词(vi.)副词。如：come down下来；落，come along来；随同，come in进来，fall behind落在后面；输给别人此类短语属于不及物动词，不可以带宾语。这样的短语，常用的还有：come on来吧；跟着来；赶快come out出来；出现；(花)开；发(芽)come over过来；顺便来访fall down跌倒；从落下go on继续go out出去go over过一遍；仔细检查grow up长大；成长hurry up赶快look out留神；注意look over (仔细)检查look up向上看；抬头看run away流失；逃跑；逃走rush out冲出去set off出发；动身；启程sit down坐下slow down减缓；减速2动词介词如：agree with同意的意见(想法)；符合， base on以(为)根据，listen to听，get to到达这类短语后面必须接宾语。如：I dont care for tea.我不喜欢喝茶。这样的短语，常用的还有：fall off (从)掉下helpwith帮助做knock at/on敲(门、窗)laugh at嘲笑learnfrom向学习live on继续存在；靠生活look after照顾；照看look at看；观看look for寻找look like看起来像pay for (sth.)付钱；支付point at指示；指向point to指向prefer to宁愿(选择)；更喜欢quarrel with (sb.) (和某人)吵架regardas把当作；当作stopfrom阻止做talk about说话；谈话；谈论talk with与交谈think about考虑think of认为；想起 3.动词副词介词这类动词短语，相当于及物动词，在介词后直接跟宾语。如：catch/keep up with赶上，do well in在某方面干得不错，get along/on with进展；与相处，go in for从事；爱好。如： She soon caught up with us.她很快赶上了我们。Does your brother go in for basketball？你的哥哥喜好足球吗？这样的短语，常用的还有：go on with sth.继续做某事go away with带走 get down to开始认真考虑或对待get back for回来取 keep away from不要靠近run away from home离家出走look forward to盼望4动词名词介词如：make a mess of把搞糟，make a success of在上取得成功，make use of利用，pay attention to注意。如： Take care of your brother while I am away.我不在的时候，你要照顾好你弟弟。这样的短语，常用的还有：take advantage of利用take care of照料take note of注意到catch sight of望见 shake hands with与握手make room for给腾出地方play a joke on戏弄人；对人恶作剧say goodbye to告别；告辞take an active part in积极参加take care of照顾；照料；注意make contribution to做出贡献5动词代词介词这类短语中，初中阶段所涉及到的多为反身代词。如：help oneself to 随便吃点，dedicate oneself to献身于，concern oneself with关心，absent oneself from缺席，devote oneself to致力于。如： Help yourself to the cookies.请吃饼干。He dedicated himself to the cause of science.他献身科学事业。She should concern herself with your health.她应关心你的健康。Many students absented themselves from the class.许多学生没来上课。After he graduated he continued to devote himself to research.毕业之后他继续致力于研究工作。6be形容词介词如：be afraid of 害怕，be angry with sb./at sth.因生气，be ashamed of 感到惭愧，be busy with忙于。如： I was afraid of the dark when I was a child.当我是个孩子的时候，我害怕黑暗。He is busy with his research.他忙于他的研究。这样的短语，常用的还有：be capable of 能够be close to 接近于be conscious of 意识到be dependent on 信赖be different from 与不同的be equal to 与相等be faithful to 忠于be familiar with 熟悉be famous for 以而出名be far from 远离的be filled with 充满be fond of 爱好be friendly to 对友好be full of 充满be good at 善于be harmful to 对有害be helpful to 对有帮助be interested in 对感兴趣be late for 迟到be mad at 对生气be married to 与结婚be pleased with 对感到满意be ready for (为而)准备好be similar to 与相似be sorry for (对而)感到懊悔be sure of 确定be surprised at 对感到惊奇be used to 习惯于be worried about 对很担忧be worthy of 值得be proud of 为自豪(高兴)7动词名词/代词如：beg ones pardon请原谅；对不起，do morning exercises做早操，do ones homework做作业，enjoy oneself( have a good time) 过得快乐；玩得愉快。如： They enjoyed themselves at the New Years party.他们在新年晚会上玩得很愉快。这样的短语，常用的还有：give a concert开音乐会go boating去划船go fishing去钓鱼go hiking去徒步旅行go skating去滑冰go shopping (去)买东西have a cold (患)感冒have a cough (患)咳嗽have a headache (患)头痛have a try尝试；努力have a look看一看have a rest休息have a seat(take a seat) 就坐；坐下have supper吃晚餐hear of听说hold a sports meeting举行运动会make a decision作出决定make a mistake犯错误make a noise吵闹make faces做鬼脸make friends交朋友make money赚钱take ones place坐某人的座位；代替某人的职务teach oneself(learn by oneself) 自学take photos照相take time花费时间take turns轮流watch TV看电视8其他类型 be awake醒着的 be born出生 be busy doing 忙着做 come true实现 do ones best尽最大努力 fall asleep睡觉；入睡 go home回家go on doing (sth.)继续做(某事)；尽力 get married结婚get together相聚go straight along 沿着一直往前走had better (do)最好(做)keep doing sth.一直做某事make sure确保；确认；查明make up ones mind下决心,贵阳中考题例及解析单项选择根据语境或句意，选择可填入句子的最佳选项。( )1.(2016贵阳中考)What kind of persons do you prefer to make friends with?I choose my friends on their characters and how we _ Aget inBget upCget on 【解析】答案为Cget in 进入 ；get up 起床 ；get on 相处。根据题干意义“我选择朋友的标准是看他们的性格和我们如何相处”故选 C。( )2.(2017贵阳中考)We should not _ trees in order to make our environment more beautiful.Awrite down Bcut down Cturn down【解析】答案为Bwrite down写下；cut down砍倒；turn down把声音关小。根据题干意义“为了让环境更美，我们不应该砍树”，故选B。,考点抢测一、选择动词词组填空dress up，take part in，pay attention to，laugh at，depend on1When she falls into water，some people _laugh_at_ her and some people help to save her.2The little children must _depend_on_ their parents.3I will have a party，so I want to _dress_up_ beautifully.4We should _take_part_in_ different activities at college.5If you want to improve your English，you should _pay_attention_to_ your pronunciation.二、单项选择( C )1.If you want this dress，youd better _ first to make sure it fits you.Apay for itBtake it off Ctry it on( C )2.David Burts dream in China is to go into the west and _ an early childhood school there.Aclean up Blook up Cset up( C )3.Mom，where are my socks?Under your bed.You should _ your things.Aput on Bput down Cput away( A )4.Hello! Could I speak to Lily?Sorry，she is not in.She _ Shanghai.Ahas gone to Bhave gone to Chas been to ( A )5.Scientists are trying their best to _ ways to treat the terrible disease called H7N9.Acome up with Blook forward to Ckeep away from( C )6.Because off the bad weather，we have to _ the meeting till next week.Atake off Bget off Cput off第三节情态动词,贵阳中考命题规律及趋势情态动词为贵阳历年的必考点，主要为其基本用法和词义辨析，如：may在疑问句中表请求，neednt表示没必要，cant表否定推测和不能。特别是must的各种用法，如：must表肯定推测和强制命令。尤其注意在have to和must的问句中，肯定回答用must，否定回答用neednt或dont have to。同时，也涉及情态动词在被动语态中的运用和情态动词表示推测的用法。,贵阳中考重难点突破情态动词常见用法cancouldmustshould/ought tomightneedhad better否定用法cantmustntshouldntneednthad better not对现在的猜测情态动词动词原形对过去的猜测musthave done/beenshouldhave done/beenneednt完成式cant/couldnthave done/beencouldhave done/beenmay/might完成式情态动词有一定的词义，本身并不表示动作或状态，而仅仅表达说话人的态度。它在句中须和实义动词一起构成谓语。1常见情态动词的用法情态动词用法例句can表示能力，意为“能；会”Sam can speak English well.萨姆英语讲得很好。表示推测，意为“可能”，常用于否定句和疑问句She cant be at home now because I saw her out.她现在不可能在家，因为我看见她出去了。表示请求、允许，意为“可以”Can I borrow your bike？我能借你的自行车吗？续表情态动词用法例句couldcan的过去式，意为“能；会”，表示过去的能力Lang Lang could play the piano well when he was young.朗朗很小的时候钢琴就弹得非常好。在疑问句中表示委婉的请求Could I have one cup of tea？我可以要一杯茶吗？must表示主观看法，意为“必须；应该”You must finish your homework first！你必须先完成你的家庭作业！表示有把握的推测，用于肯定句，表示“一定”The coat must be Marys because her name was on it.这个大衣肯定是玛丽的，因为大衣上面有她的名字。should/ ought to意为“应该”，表示要求和命令，也可以表示劝告或建议We should keep the air fresh.我们应该保持空气清新。You ought to teach them carefully.你应该认真地教导他们。may表示请求、许可，意为“可以”You may sit here if you want.如果你想的话，你可以坐在这儿。表示推测，常用于肯定句，意为“可能；也许”She may come back tomorrow，but I am not sure.她可能明天回来，但是我不确定。mightmay的过去式He asked if he might go home.他问他是否可以回家了。表示请求、许可，语气比may更委婉Might I smoke here？我可以在这里吸烟吗？表示推测，常用于肯定句，意为“可能；也许”(可能性比may小)It might rain tomorrow.明天可能有雨。续表情态动词用法例句need表示需要、必须，主要用于否定句和疑问句中You neednt say sorry to him.你不需要对他说对不起。hadbetter意为“最好”，没有人称的变化，后面接不带to的不定式We had better go now.我们最好现在就走。2.常见情态动词的否定用法情态动词否定形式用法例句cant表示推测，意为“不可能”Lily cant be at home because I saw her go out just now.莉莉不可能在家，因为我刚看到她出去了。mustnt意为“一定不要；不允许”You mustnt play football on the road.你不允许在马路