级综合医院评审标准.ppt

,A STUDY ON ENVIRONMENTAL UTILITY PLANNING IMPLICATIONS OF DISTRIBUTED POWER GENERATION FOR A REGIONAL ELECTRICITY BOARD OF INDIA,S.C. Srivastava, B.K. Barnwal Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur-208016, India,Dharam Paul, Praveen Gupta Environ. Energy Conservation Div. Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi-110066, India,R.M. Shrestha, R.Shrestha Energy Program, Asian Institute of technology Pathumthani-12120, Thailand,A.K. Srivastava Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, USA,Mitigating Environmental Emissions from the Power Sector: Analyses of Technical and Policy Option in Selected Asian Countries (Funded by Swedish International Development Agency),Issue#1:Least cost supply side option for mitigating GHG and other harmful emissions from the power sector subject to emission target,Issue#2: Identification of some CDM projects in the power sector and assessment of their GHG and other harmful emission mitigation potential,Issue#3: Environmental implications of IPPs and decentralized power generation,Objective,Optimal generation expansion plan under the conventional least cost planning strategy (business as usual case with and without DSM ( TRP IRP cases ) To study the change in optimal generation expansion plan with DPGs introduced as existing and candidate plants. Impact of DPGs on total cost of generation expansion and also on emission of different Green House Gases in NREB system. Sensitivity Analyses with respect to some key parameters related to DPG plants.,Methodology,Least cost generation expansion plan minimizes cost of power generation from existing and candidate power plants and installing candidate power plant over certain period. If,Mathematically, least cost generation expansion plan minimizes following objective function,Where,System constraints are : Power demand constraint: Sum of power generation by all power plants (existing and candidate) in each block of the planning horizon will be greater than or equal to total projected power demand during that period. Reliability constraint: Power demand from all the plants (candidate + existing) must be greater than or equal to the sum of power demand and the reserve margin in each year Annual energy constraint: Annual energy constraint are defined to limit the energy generation of each thermal plant according to the capacity, availability and time required for schedule maintenance of the plant.,Hydro energy constraint: Total energy output of each hydro plant should not exceed the pre specified energy limit in each season. Fuel or resource availability constraint: Limit to the energy generation of the plants by particular fuel types if such limitations exist during the planning horizon. Annual emission constraint: The annual emission level of each pollutant from total generation system should not exceed the pre-specified value of each year,Flowchart for IRPA with DPG,Case Studies,Four case studies have been done : 1. Traditional Resource Planning (TRP) without any DPG plant (The TRP cases do not include any DSM options) 2. Traditional Resource Planning with DPG plants. 3. Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) without any DPG plant (The IRP cases include DSM options). 4. Integrated Resource Planning with DPG plants. using Input data of Northern Regional Electricity Board (NREB), and Integrated Resource Planning Analysis (IRPA) developed by Asian Institute of Technology and CPLEX as software tool,NREB system,NREB is one of the five Regional Electricity Boards (REBs) of India Consists of seven State Electricity Boards (SEB) REBs exist to promote the integrated operation between SEBs of that Region Electricity generation in India is predominantly thermal base with hydro-thermal mix of 25:75 in year 1996-1997 Installed generating capacity in NREB as on March 2000 was 25847 MW Transmission and Distribution losses in the country stood at 21% in year 1996-1997 ( Transm. Loss appx. 4%),NREB system has 160 Thermal plants and 230 Hydro plants at present including 29 existing DPGs each of hydro kind. Present generation capacity of NREB system:(March, 2000) Thermal plants : 17239 MW, Hydro plants : 7698 MW, Nuclear plants : 910 MW, Total : 25847 MW Country utilizes power reliability indices - Loss of Load Probability (LOLP) of 2% and Energy Not Served (ENS) not to exceed 0.15% in expansion planning Projected peak demand of NREB for 2001-2002 is 31375 MW Projected energy requirement of NREB for year 2001-2002 is 181649 GWh Study considers five types of DSM options, 3 candidate DPGs based on renewable sources viz. wind, solar and micro-hydro.,Input data and assumptions,Planning horizon : 2003-2017 Base year : 1998 Discount rate : 10% Two seasons are taken in a year with season 1 of July, August, September and season 2 of rest of the months Reserve margin is taken as 5% for all the year Ten types of fuels are taken as gas, nuclear, lignite , oil and six grades of coal Two types of clean supply side options - Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) and Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle IGCC are considered. (By using PFBC and IGCC technology efficiency can be improved up to 45% .),Seven types of candidate thermal plants, two types of supply side options, three types of DPG plants and 21 candidate hydro plants are considered. Peak load forecast for planning horizon is shown in table 1.,Table 1: Projected Peak Load In NREB System,A-1: Candidate Thermal Plants,Candidate thermal plants,Candidate Hydro Power Plants,Existing DPG hydro plants,Candidate DPG plants,Demand Side Management Options,RESULTS ( NREB System),Capacity Mix (%) by Plant Types,Generation Mix (%) by Plant Types,Technology Options (Number of Units) Selected,Capacity Utilization and Unserved Energy of the System,Expansion Costs During Planning Horizon,Average Incremental Cost (AIC) of Generation,Environmental implications,Total environmental emissions,Sensitivity Analyses,Sensitivity analyses are carried out by varying the capacity-cost of candidate DPG plants- Solar, Wind and Micro-hydro. Solar plants were selected when their capacity cost was reduced to 0.5 $/WP (for both TRP and IRP cases) from 3 $/WP. Wind plants were selected even up to the capacity cost of 9000 $/kW for IRP case and 3000 $/kW for TRP case (against the base value of 700 $/kW). Micro-hydro plants were found to remain cost-effective even when their unit capacity cost was increased by 120% of their base value.,Conclusions,With introduction of DPG plants, capacity mix of CCGT decreases. Solar plants were not selected in any of the cases, while all wind plants were selected for both the TRP and IRP cases. All the micro-hydro units in TRP case and most in the IRP case were selected. With the introduction of DPG, the reliability of the system worsens. Introduction of DPG plants reduces CO2, SO2 and NOx emission except the SO2 in TRP case. Capita