ted演讲稿.doc

At 7:45 a.m., I open the doors to a buildingdedicated to building, yet only breaks me down.I march down hallways cleaned up after me every dayby regular janitors,but I never have the decency to honor their names.Lockers left open like teenage boys mouthswhen teenage girls wear clothes that coverstheir insecurities but exposes everything else.Masculinity mimicked by men who grew up with no fathers,camouflage worn by bullies who are dangerously armedbut need hugs.Teachers paid less than what it costs them to be here.Oceans of adolescents come here to receive lessonsbut never learn to swim,part like the Red Sea when the bell rings.1:06This is a training ground.My high school is Chicago,diverse and segregated on purpose.Social lines are barbed wire.Labels like Regulars and Honors resonate.I am an Honors but go home with Regular studentswho are soldiers in territory that owns them.This is a training ground to sort out the Regularsfrom the Honors, a reoccurring cyclebuilt to recycle the trash of this system.1:40Trained at a young age to capitalize,letters taught now that capitalism raises youbut you have to step on someone else to get there.This is a training ground where one groupis taught to lead and the other is made to follow.No wonder so many of my people spit bars,because the truth is hard to swallow.The need for degrees has left so many people frozen.2:05Homework is stressful,but when you go home every day and your home is work,you dont want to pick up any assignments.Reading textbooks is stressful,but reading does not matter when you feelyour story is already written,either dead or getting booked.Taking tests is stressful,but bubbling in a Scantron does not stopbullets from bursting.2:27I hear education systems are failing,but I believe theyre succeeding at what theyre built to do -to train you, to keep you on track,to track down an American dream that has failedso many of us all.2:44(Applause)清晨7点45分，我打开那扇门，那扇通往建筑楼的门， 即便它只能让我失望。我走过门廊，清洁工每日在我的身后打扫，但我从未高尚地记住他们的名字。储物柜敞开着，就像青春期的男生们看到女生们穿着暴露的衣服那种除了掩饰她们的不安全感，其实什么都没有遮住的衣服时，他们张大的嘴一样。处处彰显着自己的男子气概的， 是成长在没有父亲的家庭中的男人；恃强凌弱、横行霸道的，是需要拥抱的持枪者。老师们拿着不足以维持生计的薪水，孩子们如潮水一般涌来聆听教诲，却从未学会游泳。下课铃一响，孩子们便像红海分开一样，彼此说再会。1:06这就是我们的训练场。我的高中，芝加哥，在那里，学生被蓄意分隔成不同类别。像有一张铁丝网横在我们中间一样。“普通学生”和“优等生”的标签不绝于耳。我是一个优等生， 却混杂在普通学生中一道回家。那些普通学生，就像战士站在统治他们的领地上一样。这就是我们的训练场：永无止境地从优等生中寻找平庸者，只是为了回收体系的垃圾。1:40从小接受的资本化训练告诉你，虽然资本主义养育了你，但你还必须踩在别人的肩膀上才能实现自己的目标。这就是我们的训练场：在这里，一部分人被训练成领导者， 另一部分人被训练如何去服从。为什么我们中很多人去饶舌，因为真相很难下咽。对学位的需求让许多人感到害怕。2:05家庭作业让人抓狂，每当你回到家中，你的家就是作业，你根本不想拿起作业本。读课本也让人抓狂，但有时，读书也没有用：那就是当你觉得你的命运已被决定不是死亡，就是被征用的时候。考试更让人抓狂，但是在答题卡上填涂得再多，也无法阻止枪声响起，子弹爆炸。2:27我听到我们的教育正在走向失败，但我以为， 我们的教育正是成功实现了它的预期目标训练你在已有的轨道上前行，去追寻一个对于我们很多人来说已经失败的美国梦。2:44（掌声）This is a guy named Bob McKim.He was a creativity researcher in the 60s and 70s,and also led the Stanford Design Program.And in fact, my friend and IDEO founder, David Kelley,whos out there somewhere, studied under him at Stanford.And he liked to do an exercise with his studentswhere he got them to take a piece of paperand draw the person who sat next to them, their neighbor,very quickly, just as quickly as they could.0:48And in fact, were going to do that exercise right now.You all have a piece of cardboard and a piece of paper.Its actually got a bunch of circles on it.I need you to turn that piece of paper over;you should find that its blank on the other side.And there should be a pencil.And I want you to pick somebody thats seated next to you,and when I say, go, youve got 30 seconds to draw your neighbor, OK?So, everybody ready? OK. Off you go.Youve got 30 seconds, youd better be fast.Come on: those masterpieces .OK? Stop. All right, now.1:38(Laughter)1:40Yes, lots of laughter. Yeah, exactly.Lots of laughter, quite a bit of embarrassment.1:46(Laughter)1:47Am I hearing a few sorrys? I think Im hearing a few sorrys.Yup, yup, I think I probably am.And thats exactly what happens every time,every time you do this with adults.McKim found this every time he did it with his students.He got exactly the same response: lots and lots of sorrys.2:07(Laughter)2:08And he would point this out as evidencethat we fear the judgment of our peers,and that were embarrassed about showing our ideasto people we think of as our peers, to those around us.And this fear is what causes usto be conservative in our thinking.So we might have a wild idea,but were afraid to share it with anybody else.2:35OK, so if you try the same exercise with kids,they have no embarrassment at all.They just quite happily show their masterpieceto whoever wants to look at it.But as they learn to become adults,they become much more sensitive to the opinions of others,and they lose that freedom and they do start to become embarrassed.And in studies of kids playing, its been showntime after time that kids who feel secure,who are in a kind of trusted environment -theyre the ones that feel most free to play.3:15And if youre starting a design firm, lets say,then you probably also want to createa place where people have the same kind of security.Where they have the same kind of security to take risks.Maybe have the same kind of security to play.3:32Before founding IDEO, David said that what he wanted to dowas to form a company where all the employees are my best friends.Now, that wasnt just self-indulgence.He knew that friendship is a short cut to play.And he knew that it gives us a sense of trust,and it allows us then to take the kind of creative risksthat we need to take as designers.And so, that decision to work with his friends -now he has 550 of them - was what got IDEO started.4:14And our studios, like, I think, many creative workplaces today,are designed to help people feel relaxed:familiar with their surroundings,comfortable with the people that theyre working with.It takes more than decor, but I think weve all seen thatcreative companies do often have symbols in the workplacethat remind people to be playful,and that its a permissive environment.So, whether its this microbus meeting roomthat we have in one our buildings at IDEO;or at Pixar, where the animators work in wooden huts and decorated caves;or at the Googleplex, whereits famous for its beach volleyball courts,and even this massive dinosaur skeleton with pink flamingos on it.Dont know the reason for the pink flamingos,but anyway, theyre there in the garden.Or even in the Swiss office of Google,which perhaps has the most wacky ideas of all.And my theory is, thats so the Swiss can proveto their Californian colleagues that theyre not boring.So they have the slide, and they even have a firemans pole.Dont know what they do with that, but they have one.5:16So all of these places have these symbols.Now, our big symbol at IDEO is actuallynot so much the place, its a thing.And its actually something that we invented a few years ago,or created a few years ago.Its a toy; its called a finger blaster.And I forgot to bring one up with me.So if somebody can reach under the chair thats next to them,youll find something taped underneath it.Thats great. If you could pass it up. Thanks, David, I appreciate it.5:41So this is a finger blaster, and you will find that every one of youhas got one taped under your chair.And Im going to run a little experiment. Another little experiment.But before we start, I need just to put these on.Thank you. All right.Now, what Im going to do is, Im going to see how -I cant see out of these, OK.Im going to see how many of you at the back of the roomcan actually get those things onto the stage.So the way they work is, you know,you just put your finger in the thing,pull them back, and off you go.So, dont look backwards. Thats my only recommendation here.I want to see how many of you can get these things on the stage.So come on! There we go, there we go. Thank you. Thank you. Oh.I have another idea. I wanted to - there we go.6:26(Laughter)6:30There we go.6:31(Laughter)6:35Thank you, thank you, thank you.Not bad, not bad. No serious injuries so far.6:40(Laughter)6:44Well, theyre still coming in from the back there;theyre still coming in.Some of you havent fired them yet.Can you not figure out how to do it, or something?Its not that hard. Most of your kids figure out how to do thisin the first 10 seconds, when they pick it up.All right. This is pretty good; this is pretty good.Okay, all right. Lets - I suppose wed better.Id better clear these up out of the way;otherwise, Im going to trip over them.All right. So the rest of you can save themfor when I say something particularly boring,and then you can fire at me.7:16(Laughter)7:18All right. I think Im going to take these off now,because I cant see a damn thing when Ive - all right, OK.So, ah, that was fun.7:27(Laughter)7:29All right, good.7:31(Applause)7:33So, OK, so why?So we have the finger blasters. Other people have dinosaurs, you know.Why do we have them? Well, as I said,we have them because we think maybe playfulness is important.But why is it important?We use it in a pretty pragmatic way, to be honest.We think playfulness helps us get to better creative solutions.Helps us do our jobs better,and helps us feel better when we do them.7:58Now, an adult encountering a new situation -when we encounter a new situation we have a tendencyto want to categorize it just as quickly as we can, you know.And theres a reason for that: we want to settle on an answer.Lifes complicated; we want to figure outwhats going on around us very quickly.I suspect, actually, that the evolutionary biologistsprobably have lots of reasons for why we wantto categorize new things very, very quickly.One of them might be, you know,when we see this funny stripy thing:is that a tiger just about to jump out and kill us?Or is it just some weird shadows on the tree?We need to figure that out pretty fast.Well, at least, we did once.Most of us dont need to anymore, I suppose.8:37This is some aluminum foil, right? You use it in the kitchen.Thats what it is, isnt it? Of course it is, of course it is.Well, not necessarily.8:44(Laughter)8:46Kids are more engaged with open possibilities.Now, theyll certainly - when they come across something new,theyll certainly ask, What is it?Of course they will. But theyll also ask, What can I do with it?And you know, the more creative of themmight get to a really interesting example.And this openness is the beginning of exploratory play.Any parents of young kids in the audience? There must be some.Yeah, thought so. So weve all seen it, havent we?9:12Weve all told stories about how, on Christmas morning,our kids end up playing with the boxesfar more than they play with the toys that are inside them.And you know, from an exploration perspective,this behavior makes complete sense.Because you can do a lot more with boxes than you can do with a toy.Even one like, say, Tickle Me Elmo -which, despite its ingenuity, really only does one thing,whereas boxes offer an infinite number of choices.So again, this is another one of those playful activitiesthat, as we get older, we tend to forget and we have to relearn.9:12我们都说过在圣诞节早上的故事，孩子们竟然在玩纸箱，而不玩包在里面的玩具。你知道的，从探索的角度看，这种行为是有道理的。因为箱子可以玩的方式比玩具多得多。举例而言：像搔癢娃娃，它虽有原创性，却只有一个用途，而箱子却有无限的选择。再一次，这又是一个好玩的活动，当我们长大后，我们倾向忘记，而要重新学习。9:49So another one of Bob McKims favorite exercisesis called the 30 Circles Test.So were back to work. You guys are going to get back to work again.Turn that piece of paper that you did the sketch onback over, and youll find those 30 circles printed on the piece of paper.So it should look like this. You should be looking at something like this.So what Im going to do is, Im going to give you minute,and I want you to adapt as many of those circles as you caninto objects of some form.So for example, you could turn one into a football,or another one into a sun. All Im interested in is quantity.I want you to do as many of them as you can,in the minute that Im just about to give you.So, everybody ready? OK? Off you go.10:41Okay. Put down your pencils, as they say.So, who got more than five circles figured out?Hopefully everybody? More than 10?Keep your hands up if you did 10.15? 20? Anybody get all 30?No? Oh! Somebody did. Fantastic.Did anybody to a variation on a theme? Like a smiley face?Happy face? Sad face? Sleepy face? Anybody do that?Anybody use my examples? The sun and the football?Great. Cool. So I was really interested in quantity.I wasnt actually very interested in whether they were all different.I just wanted you to fill in as many circles as possible.And one of the things we tend to do as adults, again, is we edit things.We stop ourselves from doing things.We self-edit as were having ideas.11:30And in some cases, our desire to be original is actually a form of editing.And that actually isnt necessarily really playful.So that ability just to go for it and explore lots of things,even if they dont seem that different from each other,is actually something that kids do well, and it is a form of play.So now, Bob McKim did anotherversion of this testin a rather famous experiment that was done in the 1960s.Anybody know what this is? Its the peyote cactus.Its the plant from which you can create mescaline,one of the psychedelic drugs.For those of you around in the 60s, you probably know it well.12:10McKim published a paper in 1966, describing an experimentthat he and his colleagues conductedto test the effects of psychedelic drugs on creativity.So he picked 27 professionals - they wereengineers, physicists, mathematicians, architects,furniture designers even, artists -and he asked them to come along one evening,and to bring a problem with them that they were working on.He gave each of them some mescaline,and had them listen to some nice, relaxing music for a while.And then he did whats called the Purdue Creativity Test.You might know it as, How many uses can you find for a paper clip?Its basically the same thing as the 30 circles thing that I just had you do.13:02Now, actually, he gave the test before the drugsand after the drugs, to seewhat the difference was in peoplesfacility and speed with coming up with ideas.And then he asked them to go awayand work on those problems that theyd brought.And theyd come up with a bunch ofinteresting solutions - and actually, quitevalid solutions - to the things that theyd been working on.And so, some of the things that they figured out,some of these individuals figured out;in one case, a new commercial building and designs for housesthat were accepted by clients;a design of a solar space probe experiment;a redesign of the linear electron accelerator;an engineering improvement to a magnetic tape recorder -you can tell this is a while ago;the completion of a line of furniture;and even a new conceptual model of the photon.So it was a pretty successful evening.13:53In fact, maybe this experiment was the reason that Silicon Valleygot off to its great start with innovation.We dont know, but it may be.We need to ask some of the CEOswhether they were involved in this mescaline experiment.But really, it wasnt the drugs that were important;it was this idea that what the drugs didwould help shock people out of their normal way of thinking,and getting them to forget the adult behaviorsthat were getting in the way of their ideas.But its hard to break our habits, our adult habits.14:23At IDEO we have brainstorming rules written on the walls.Edicts like, Defer judgment, or Go for quantity.And somehow that seems wrong.I mean, can you have rules about creativity?Well, it sort of turns out that we need rulesto help us break the old rules and normsthat otherwise we might bring to the creative process.And weve certainly learnt that over time,you get much better brainstorming,much more creative outcomes when everybody does play by the rules.Now, of course, many designers, many individual designers,achieve this is in a much more organic way.14:57I think the Eameses are wonderful examples of experimentation.And they experimented with plywood for many yearswithout necessarily having one single goal in mind.They were exploring following what was interesting to them.They went from designing splints for wounded soldierscoming out of World War II and the Korean War, I think,and from this experiment they moved on to chairs.15:19Through constant experimentation with materials,they developed a wide range of iconic solutionsthat we know today, eventually resulting in,of course, the legendary lounge chair.Now, if the Eameses had stopped with that first great solution,then we wouldnt be the beneficiaries of so manywonderful designs today.And of course, they used experimentation in all aspects of their work,from films to buildings, from games to graphics.So, theyre great examples, I think, of explorationand experimentation in design.15:53Now, while the Eameses were exploring those possibilities,they were also exploring physical objects.And they were doing that through building prototypes.And building is the next of the behaviors that I thought Id talk about.So the average Western first-graderspends as much as 50 percent of their play timetaking part in whats called construction play.Construction play - its playful, obviously,but also a powerful way to learn.When play is about building a tower out of blocks,the kid begins to learn a lot about towers.And as they repeatedly knock it down and start again,learning is happening as a sort of by-product of play.Its classically learning by doing.16:37Now, David Kelley calls