毕业论文-中西方传统建筑文化的差异.doc

本 科 毕 业 论 文中西方传统建筑文化的差异姓名院系外国语学院专业英语年级2011级学号指导教师2015年5月15日Differences of the Traditional Architecture Culture between China and the WestBySupervised byProfessor Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsFor the Degree of Bachelor of ArtsIn English Language and LiteratureTo the School of Foreign LanguagesLudong UniversityYantai, ChinaMay 2015 独 创 声 明本人郑重声明：所呈交的毕业论文(设计)，是本人在指导老师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果，成果不存在知识产权争议。尽我所知，除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文（设计）不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体均已在文中以明确方式标明。此声明的法律后果由本人承担。作者签名: 二一 年 月 日毕业论文（设计）使用授权声明本人完全了解鲁东大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业论文（设计）的规定。本人愿意按照学校要求提交论文（设计）的印刷本和电子版，同意学校保存论文（设计）的印刷本和电子版，或采用影印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文（设计）；同意学校在不以营利为目的的前提下，建立目录检索与阅览服务系统，公布论文（设计）的部分或全部内容，允许他人依法合理使用。（保密论文在解密后遵守此规定）作者签名: 二一 年 月 日毕业论文开题报告姓名韩红雁性别女学院外国语学院年级2011级学号20111411061题 目中西方传统建筑文化的差异（Differences of the Traditional Architecture Culture between China and the West）课题来源学生自拟课题类别理论研究选题意义（包括科学意义和应用前景，研究概况，水平和发展趋势，列出主要参考文献目录）： 建筑是人类文明的沉淀，也是人类文明的载体。中西方传统建筑在不同时期、不同建筑物所体现的技术方法及其技术蕴涵都有所差异。建筑作为一种文化象征符号，以其独特的语言方式向人们倾述着各地区、各民族的思想观念、宗教情感、审美情趣等等。建筑起源于人类遮风避雨的实际需要，而伴随着人类文明的发展，建筑形式的表现被赋予了文化内涵。所以建筑不仅有很重要的物质价值，还有重要的精神价值。因此，本人选择了本课题是很有必要的。本课题主要的参考文献如下： 张 超，2012，中国建筑文化入门M。北京：北京工业大学出版社。李少林，2006，中国建筑史M。呼和浩特：内蒙古人民出版社。李少林，2006，西方建筑史M。呼和浩特：内蒙古人民出版社。李华东，2010，西方建筑M。北京：高等教育出版社。 陈志华，1981，外国建筑史M。北京：中国建筑工业出版社。研究主要内容和预期结果（说明具体研究内容和拟解决的关键问题，预期结果和形式，如在理论上解决哪些问题及其价值，或应用的可能性及效果）： 本文在前人研究的基础上，从中西方传统建筑的材料、结构、装饰和布局四个方面分析了两种建筑文化的差异性及产生这些差异的原因，并对中西方建筑在未来的发展提供一些启示。具体而言，本研究试图回答以下两个相互关联的问题：（1）中西方传统建筑文化都有哪些差异？（2）产生这些差异的原因有哪些？ 通过探讨，预期有以下结果：中西方传统建筑因其自然环境、社会条件、技术水平、思想观念、宗教文化、审美情趣等的不同而具有很大的差异性。其差异性主要体现在建筑材料、建筑结构、建筑装饰、建筑布局等方面。造成这种差异性的原因主要是中西方在物质文化、哲学理念、制度文化、性格特征、革新态度以及审美观念等方面存在差异。本文通过对中西方传统建筑的梳理和研究，给予中西方传统建筑以文化上的诠释，以期让读者更全面地了解中西方传统建筑文化。拟采取的研究方法和技术路线（包括理论分析、计算，实验方法和步骤及其可行性论证，可能遇到的问题和解决方法，以及研究的进度与计划）： 本文主要以文献资料法、比较分析法和例证相结合的综合方法和程序来进行。通过查阅书籍、报刊和网络中已有的关于中西方传统建筑文化的文献资料，总结中西方传统建筑文化的差异性及产生这些差异性的原因，并结合所查找的相关资料，通过举例对中西方传统建筑文化作出比较和分析。因本文涉及到建筑的结构和布局，仅靠文字叙述很难理解，所以需要借助一些结构和布局图来对建筑结构和布局进行更好的理解。同时，大量与建筑相关的专业词汇也需借助词典来进行更准确的表达。本研究进度计划如下：2014.112014.12：资料搜集、论文选题；2015.012015.02：文献综述、论文开题；2015.032015.04：调查研究、论文撰写；2015.052015.06：修改定稿，答辩结题。指导教师意见（对论文（设计）选题的意义、应用性、可行性、进度与计划等内容进行评价，填写审核结果：同意开题、修改后再开题、不同意开题）：签名： 年 月 日院（系）毕业论文（设计）领导小组意见：同 意 开 题。（签章） 年 月 日毕业论文结题报告姓名韩红雁性别女学院外国语学院年级2011级学号20111411061题 目中西方传统建筑文化的差异（Differences of the Traditional Architecture Culture between China and the West）课题来源学生自拟课题类别理论研究本课题完成情况介绍（包括研究过程、实验过程、结果分析、存在的问题及应用情况等。）本课题针对中西方传统建筑文化的差异性，采用文献资料法、比较分析法和例证相结合的方法，从建筑历史、建筑材料、建筑结构、建筑装饰和建筑布局等方面深入分析了这两种传统建筑文化所存在的差异。同时，也阐明了产生这些差异性四大主要原因：哲学理念的不同、宗教文化的差异、革新态度的差别以及审美观念的不同。这不仅使读者能够更全面的了解中西方传统建筑在文化上的差异，同时也对中西方建筑在未来的发展提供一些启示。当然，因时间和精力所限，本研究在深度和广度上还存在一定的局限性。指导教师评语： 签名： 年 月 日院（系）毕业论文（设计）领导小组意见：同 意 结 题。（公章） 年 月 日指导教师评定成绩毕业论文成绩评定表学院（公章）：外国语学院 学号：20111411061姓 名韩红雁总成绩良题 目中西方传统建筑文化的差异（Differences of the Traditional Architecture Culture between China and the West）评阅人评语评定成绩： 签名： 年 月 日答辩小组评语答辩成绩： 组长签名： 年 月 日AcknowledgementsFirst of all, I would like to extend my deepest thanks and respect to my supervisor, Mrs. Ma Qun, for her instructive advice and precious suggestions on my thesis. I could not have done it without her.Secondly, I am deeply indebted to all the professors at Foreign Languages School of Ludong University, whose profound knowledge of English trigger my love for this beautiful language and whose earnest attitude tell me how to learn English.Thirdly, special thanks should go to my friends who have put considerable time and effort into their comments on the draft.Finally, I would like to thank my parents for their continuous support and encouragement.摘 要建筑是人类文明的沉淀，也是人类文明的载体。中西方传统建筑在不同时期、不同建筑物所体现的技术方法及其技术蕴涵都有所差异。本文在前人研究的基础上，从中西方传统建筑的材料、结构、装饰和布局四个方面分析了两种建筑文化的差异性及产生这些差异的原因，并对中西方建筑在未来的发展提供一些启示。关键词：中西方；传统建筑文化；差异；原因i Abstract The architecture is the precipitation and the carrier of human civilization. The traditional architectures of China and the west are different in technical methods and technical implication which reflected in different periods and different buildings. Based on the previous research, this text analyses the differences between the two architecture cultures in material, structure, ornament and space layout, and explores the reasons of these differences. Also, it provides some inspiration for future development of Chinese and western architectures. Keywords: China and the west; traditional architecture culture; differences; reasonsii Contents摘 要iAbstractiiContentsI1.0 Introduction12.0 Development History of the Traditional Architecture in China and the West22.1 Development History of the Traditional Architecture in China22.2 Development History of the Traditional Architecture in the West33.0 Differences of the Traditional Architecture between China and the West43.1 Differences in Building Material53.2 Differences in Building Structure63.3 Differences in Building Ornament83.4 Differences in Building Space Layout94.0 Reasons for These Differences104.1 Different Philosophical Ideas114.2 Different Religious Cultures114.3 Different Innovative Attitudes124.4 Different Aesthetic Standards135.0 Conclusion13References15I 鲁东大学本科毕业论文1.0 IntroductionArchitecture is the concretionary music, and also the concretionary culture. It is not only drawing on papers, but also an expression of thought, soul, philosophy and spirit. It is one of the most proud and the most valuable achievements of civilization that created by human beings. As a cultural symbol, architecture, with its unique language way, reveals different ideology, religious emotion and aesthetic taste in different nationality and different areas. Architecture originated from the actual need of human that shelter from the wind and rain, but with the development of human civilization, the performance of architectural form is endowed with cultural connotation. So there are not only material values, but also spiritual values. The traditional architectures of China and the west bear great differences because of different natural environment, social condition, technological level, ideology, religious culture, aesthetic taste, etc. These differences are mainly reflected in the aspects of building material, structure, ornament and space layout. The Chinese traditional architecture based materials on wood, while the western traditional architecture materials are mainly to stone. The structure of Chinese traditional architecture contains four main kinds: the post-and-lintel construction, the column-and-tie construction, the log cabin construction and the stilt style construction. The western traditional architecture used semi arch structure on the roofs, and arch on the load-bearing wall. The Chinese traditional building ornaments are carving, colored drawing and caisson mainly , while western are sculpture, pediment and scroll; The space layout of Chinese traditional architecture is the plane layout of individual groups, and each individual subjects to the overall to achieve a harmony with the whole. However, the western traditional architecture pays much attention to the effect of the architectural art of the individual, spaced vertically and pursuit elevation effect. The causes of these differences are the existence between China and the west in philosophical ideas, religious cultures, innovation attitudes, aesthetic standards and so on. Through the analysis and research about Chinese and western traditional architecture, the author makes the traditional architecture of China and the west a cultural interpretation, and gives readers a more comprehensive understanding of Chinese and western traditional architecture culture. 2.0 Development History of the Traditional Architecture in China and the West2.1 Development History of the Traditional Architecture in ChinaPrimitive society is the embryonic stage of Chinese traditional architecture. To the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the traditional architecture had formed a relatively complete system. From the cave to the Shangdu and Luo Yi, whether the construction material or the construction technology, had made a huge leap. In addition to the citys construction, the temple building had also appeared in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. And, the building scale had changed from one single building into building groups. In short, this is the initial stage of Chinese traditional architecture. In the Spring and Autumn period, under the turbulent society, the feudal princes acted of their own free will and all of them had the ambition of unify the whole China. So the rulers got rid of the simple natural style in buildings that in the past, and constructed a large number of luxurious and magnificent palaces. During the Qin Dynasty, the Epang Palace, the Great Wall, the Lishan Mausoleum, as well as the roads and straights, had brought a huge influence to the development of later architectures. The construction of the Changan City, Weiyang Palace, Shanglin Parkland and many of the ritual buildings in the Han Dynasty are also very magnificent. The Chinese traditional architecture has very distinctive characteristics during the times of the Western Jin and Eastern Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The biggest feature of this period is that most of the buildings are related to Buddhism, and, the biggest contribution is the emergence of numerous exquisite grottos. The Yongning Temple and the Yungang Grottoes are the representative architectures of this period. The Sui and Tang Dynasties are the important historical periods in Chinese history. Both country strength and culture prosperity were unprecedented, so architectures in this period also appeared a flourishing spectacle. Although Sui Dynasty lasted forty years or less, it built a magnificent capital in less than a year, and the world-famous Zhaozhou Bridge is the masterpiece during this time. In the early Tang Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty, whether the construction scale, the palace area or the grotto temple, reached an unprecedented level, and realized an organic combination of the construction plannings. It can be said that this period is the mature period of Chinese traditional architecture. The Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties are the special periods in Chinese architectural history. These periods lasted for about 300 years, with the North and the South divided and regimes coexisted with each other. Therefore more building types appeared with obvious regional characteristics. Shops, boites, teahouses and other new building forms growing up in the city, and buildings began to have a new development in details. The Ming Dynasty is a very active period in architectural history. It has many famous buildings during this period, such as the Forbidden City, the Ming Tombs, the Temple of Heaven, and the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty. The architecture of Ming Dynasty is the brilliant period of Chinese traditional architecture. The Qing Dynasty is the last dynasty of Chinese history, and its buildings generally inherited the Ming Dynasty. It built a large number of royal gardens based on the use of the Ming Dynasty palaces. The Old Summer Palace and the Summer Palace are the outstanding representative royal gardens in this time. And during this period, buildings began to use the glass. It was a new progress. At the same time, the architecture of Tibetan Buddhism had been developed, and the Yonghe Lama Temple in Beijing is the representative.2.2 Development History of the Traditional Architecture in the WestThe ancient Greece is the cradle of western culture, and is also the real source of western architecture. The Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric style, the Ionic style and the Corinthian style. The Doric style is sturdy, powerful, severelooking and showing a good sense of proportions and numbers. The Ionic style is graceful and elegant. While the Doric style is monotonous and unadorned, the Ionic style often shows a wealth of ornament. The Corinthian style is known for its ornamental luxury. The Acropolis of Athens and the Parthenon are the finest monument of Greek architecture in more than 2000 years. The architecture in ancient Rome is a bright pearl in the treasure house of architecture art. It inherited the ancient Greek architectural style, and carried out extensive innovations in architectural form, technology and art. In addition to the three classical styles of the ancient Greece, ancient Romans invented the voucher column, and brought the building internal structure and the space construction to a new height. The main features of the ancient Rome architecture is the thick masonry walls, the semicircle, and the layer upon layer folds to arch. The Pantheon and the Colosseum are the masterpieces of this period. In the Middle Ages, the Byzantine architecture, the Romanesque and the Gothic made up the main architectural forms of this era. The Byzantine architecture has distinct religious colors. Its outstanding characteristic is the use of the dome, for example, the Hagia Sophia. The Romanesque architecture is characterized by massiveness, solidity, and monumentality with an overall blocky appearance. The sculptures and paintings, primarily in churches, developed a wonderful unity with the architecture. The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque, but it was given direction by a different aesthetic and philosophical spirit. Gothic cathedrals soared high, their windows, arches and towers reaching heavenward, flinging their passion against the sky. They were decorated with beautiful stained glass windows and sculptures more lifelike than any since ancient Rome. In the Renaissance period, the obvious feature of the architecture was that it abandoned the Gothic style, and re-adopted the column type in the period of ancient Greece and ancient Rome in religious and secular buildings. But the architects were not mechanically copying the style in the past. On the one hand, they used the classical column type, and on the other hand, they remained flexibility and innovation, and combined the column type with the architectural style in different areas. Florence Cathedral and Saint Peters Basilica are the landmark buildings. After the Renaissance, a new style of architecture emerged, that was the Baroque architecture. It is characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and color. The Rococo architecture was developed based on the Baroque architecture, and it focused on the interior decoration. It is characterized by elaborate ornamentation imitating shellwork and foliage and it has a curving and elastic pattern. 3.0 Differences of the Traditional Architecture between China and the West The differences of Chinese and western traditional architectures are reflected in four main aspects: different building material, structure, ornament and space layout. 3.1 Differences in Building MaterialThe Chinese traditional architecture used wood as the main framework of buildings, so it is known as the history books of wood. The reason that selected wood as the main building material was woods superior physical properties and easy processing features. The wooden building also has strong advantages in saving materials, labors and construction time. Most of the western classical architecture has experienced for several decades or even one hundred year on the construction process, but in China, even the Forbidden City, with such large-scale, its building process just took more than one decade. In addition to wood, soil and stone are also the important materials in traditional Chinese architecture. In ancient China, the soil which used as the building materials can be roughly divided into two types: the natural state soil which is also called the immature soil, and the rammed earth which is reinforced and is denser than immature soil. The rammed earth occupied an important position in Chinese traditional architecture. According to historical documents and archaeological materials, the stylobate of the important ancient buildings in China is mostly made of rammed earth. Although the stone was a supporting player in Chinese traditional architecture in the past, it contributed a lot to the architecture field. Because of its much longer life than wood, the stone performed noticeably well in some mausoleum buildings. And, the stone was also widely used in some stylobate carvings. In addition, brick, tile and metal also played important roles in Chinese traditional architecture. The invention of brick was an inspired passage in architectural history. In Chinese traditional architectures, the brick was mainly used for the construction of tombs in the early stage, and later for masonry walls. The tile was the essential materials in the construction of roofs. It originated in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. Before the Western Zhou Dynasty, building roofs were covered by thatch. The waterproof performance of thatch was poor, so people invented the tile. And the tile soon replaced the thatch b