主旨大意题的解题技巧.doc

主旨大意题的解题技巧主旨大意题主要考查考生对文章主旨大意的概括和归纳能力。主要有主题型和标题型两类，题干中一般有main idea, topic, title, mainly about等字眼。1、快速解题法此类题的阅读文章多属于议论文和说明文，其结构特点常表现为：提出问题论述问题得出结论或阐明观点。考生对这一结构的掌握，有助于迅速掌握文章的主题，把握文章的脉络，从而快捷而准确地抓住文章或段落的中心思想。解答此类题目的关键在于迅速抓住阅读文章的主题句。考生只要找准了主题句，对于阅读理解中的主旨大意题就迎刃而解了。主题句的显著特点：主题句所表达的意思具有明显的概括性；句子结构简单精练；文章或段落中的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释、说明、论证或扩展。主题句的五种位置：文首；文尾；首尾呼应；文中；没有主题句。主题句的确定方法：用浏览法（skimming），即只需选读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。2、辨认主旨小窍门段落中出现转折时，该句很可能是主题句。作者有意识地反复重复的观点通常是主旨。首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的解答可能就是文章主旨。提出文章主旨时常伴有的文字提示：therefore, thus, but, however, in short等。3、答题基本步骤阅读文章开头几句和最后几句，以便获得有关主题和中心思想的信息。浏览文章的其余部分，寻找能支撑和论证主题、中心思想的关键词。仔细推敲各个选项，排除有明显错误或无关信息的选项，从而选出最佳答案。4、推敲正误小窍门正确选项常含有抽象名词或概括性词语。正确选项一般不出现细节信息，不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词。那些概括全文、内容全面、含义深刻、说明道理的选项一般是正确答案。四个选项中，内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确答案。干扰项特点：细节信息明显，内容片面，以偏概全，只含局部信息，或是一句没有展开论述的话，概括范围太宽或太窄，或是此选项没有具体的内容。词义猜测题的解题技巧这类题包括词义猜测和句意猜测两类；词义又包括单词和短语意义。近几年的高考阅读理解题中一般有2至3个小题是直接考查词句意义猜测的。对词义考查主要有对生词词义的推测和对熟词生义的推测或是在特定场合下对词或句子的理解。这里着重谈一谈如何猜测词的意思。1、根据转折关系根据上下句之间表示转折或对比关系的连接词，如but, however, otherwise, though等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一词的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折，对比或不相干的意义。如：例1：Any fool can make soap, but it takes a genius to sell it. （广东卷）例2：A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. (全国卷)What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean?A. A party designed by specialistsB. A plan requiring careful thought C. A situation causing difficulty or troubleD. A demand made by guests2、根据对比关系表示对比关系的标志词有：unlike, not, while, on the other hand, in spite of, in contrast等。如：例3：If you agree, say “Yes”; if you dissent, say “No”.3、根据同类关系同类关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示同类关系的词和短语有：similarly, like, just as, also等。如：例4：Mr Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.4、根据因果关系表示因果关系的词有：because, so that, so / such that 等。如：例5：The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water.5、根据同位关系阅读中出现的难词有时后面会紧跟一个同位语对其进行解释或进一步补充说明，这时可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或句意进行猜测。如：例6：Yes, that is the Tai Mahal, one of the most famous buildings in the world. （全国卷）6、根据并列关系当词或短语之间有关列连词and或or（或者、否则）时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，推辞其大致意思。如：例7：In the ancient city of Rome, we visited every mansion, battle site, theatre and other public halls. 例8：And if youve gathered your friends around you to rebuild a happy family atmosphere(气氛), you may frear that saying no will bring back the kind of counflict you grew up withor destroy the nice atmosphere you now enjoy.The underlined word “conflict” in the second letter means .A. dependent life B. fierce fightC. had manners D. painful feeling7、根据比喻关系一般由asas, like等表示。如：例9：The hot-air balloon took off. It was as buoyant in the air as a rose leaf in water.8、根据定义关系定义句的谓语动词多为be, mean, be considered, refer to, be called, be known as等。如：例10：Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society.9、根据所举实例一般由for example, such as, like等来表示举例。如：例11：Many United Naitons employees are polyglot. Ms White, for example, speaks six languages.10、根据同义关系根据生词所处语境中的同义词或近义词的意思来推测它的意思。如：例12：Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.11、根据转换说法插入语that is, that is so say, in other words以及namely, i. e. , or等都可以用来对前面的内容进行解释，意为“也就是说”“即”。如：例13：The cinema is only open to adults, i. e. people over 18.12、根据标点符号冒号、破折号、括号等都可表示对前文的解释或说明。如：例14：Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to thema form of favoritism will replace equality. （上海卷）The word “favoritism” is used to describe the phenomenon that .A. bright children also need certificates to get satisfying jobsB. children from well-respected schools tend to have good jobsC. poor children with certificates are favoured in job marketsD. children attending ordinary schools achieve great success13、根据定语从句由生词后起修饰限制或起补充说明作用的定语从句推测其意思。如：例15：Jack is now a florist, who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.14、根据逻辑推理根据生词前后的搭配关系和上下文的意思等来推测其意思。如：例16：Although the fisherman was wearing wouwester, the storm was so heavy that he was wet through.15、根据单词发音有的英语词汇是通过音译进入汉语词汇中的我们可以根据其读音来理解其意思。如：aspirin(阿司匹林), nylon(尼龙), Olympic(奥林匹克), sofa(沙龙), typhoon(台风)等。16、根据生活常识有时根据生活经验和基本常识可以推测出生词的意思。如：例17：The snake slithered through the grass.17、根据构词方法根据前缀、后缀、合成、转换等构词法来推测生词的意思。如：例18：After just a few days on the job, I began noticing that the other fellows were overcharging passengers. (广东卷)例19：Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop their full adult potential, their education must be adapted(适应) to those differences.What does the underlined word “exceptional” mean in the passage?A. foolish B. unusual C. extremely gifted D. clever18、根据文章语境猜测任何词义都离不开上下文的语境，所以可借助文章语境对需要猜测的词或短语进行合乎逻辑的推测。如：例20：Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise. Leadership means power, commands, respect and, most important, encourages achievement. Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills cant be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born. They learn their skills in their everyday lives. But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow? (广东卷)The underlined word “cultivated” (Paragraph 1) roughly means .A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed此外，根据语境要求考生理清某些代词所指，也是阅读中的一个常考点。英语中代词使用得比较频繁，文章中的代词one, it, that, he, him或them等可以指上文提到的人或事物。有时代词与指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找，有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。如：例21：The President has started using lookalikes during some public appearances. Dave is offered a chance to “serve his country” by becoming one.The underlined word “one” in the third paragraph refers to . A. the President B. the director C. an actor D. a look-alike词义推测的两个原则：不管这个词多超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思；不管这个词多熟悉，都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合下的意思。推理判断题的解题技巧阅读理解中的推断题主要考查学生透过文字表层信息，根据上下文逻辑关系进行推理、分析，挖掘文章的真正内涵，推断出材料中没有直接交代，而需要加以阐述的概念与结论。推断隐含意义、推断下文内容、猜测作者态度等，属较高层次的阅读。近几年来，这类题所占比例不断加大，考生对此感到棘手，现按不同类型来谈谈各自的答题误区及技巧点拨。1、如何推断隐含意义提问方式 题干中常含“infer, suggest, imply, conclude, indicate, intend, purpose, be likely to”等词语。常见的提问方式有：It can be inferred from the text that . / We may infer that .From the text we know that is most likely .When the writer talks about what the writer really means is .The writer suggests that .The story implies that .We can see / infer / conclude from the passage that .干扰选项 文章中直接表达的信息。无关紧要或片面推出的结论。完全相反的结论等。答题误区 考生易误选文章中直接表达的信息的选项或片面的结论选项。技巧点拨 全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。忠实于原文，切忌脱离原文，凭空臆断。切忌选择表层信息选项，应该立足由已知推断未知。2、如何推断作者观点提问方式The writers attitude toward is .The writer thought that .According to the author .干扰选项 自己的某种看法或观点。社会普遍的一种倾向。与本文无关或与作者相反的观点等。答题误区 考生易误选吻合自己看法的选项。技巧点拨 注意作者在文中的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词以及所举的例子，推断作者的弦外之音。例1：My father, at the death of his father, was six years old, and he grew up without education. He moved from Kentucky to Indiana when I was seven. We reached our new home about the time the state came into the union. It was a wild area, with many bears and other wild animals still in the woods. I grew up there. There were some so-called schools. But what was required of a teacher never went beyond “reading, writing, and adding”. If a stranger supposed to understand Latin happened to live for a time, he was looked upon as a wizard(奇才). There was simply nothing to excite a desire for education. Of course, when I grew up, I did not know much. Still, somehow, I could read, write, and add, but that was all. The advance I have now made is upon this store of education, which I have picked up under the pressure of necessity.( )1. It can be inferred from the passage that the schools in the area .A. were of poor quality B. offered many kinds of subjectsC. respected those who knew Latin D. hired teachers good at reading, writing, and adding( )2. From the passage we know that the writer at the time he wrote.A. had to learn to read, write and add B. found it necessary to receive advanced educationC. was probably fairly well-educatedD. was dissatisfied with his level of education3、如何推断写作目的作者写一篇文章或在文章中安排某些细节，总想达到某种目的。自从1992年全国卷高考英语试题中首次出现对作者的写作目的的考查以来，这类题目成了历年高考阅读理解的一个考点。提问方式考查整篇文章的写作目的The writer writes this passage in order to .The writers purpose of writing this passage is to .What is the purpose of writing this article?In writing the passage, the author intends to .考查某处细节的写作意图The writer uses the example of to show that .The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to . are mentioned in the first paragraph to .三大目的不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的，但写作目的通常有以下三种： to entertain readers（娱乐读者，让人发笑） to persuade readers（说服读者接受某种观点） to inform readers（告知读者某些信息）例2：“Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you?” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh. “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves,” he said （广东卷）The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to .A. test the readers knowledge about wavesB. draw the readers attention to the topic C. show Jamie Taylors importanceD. invite the readers to answer them例3： “Millions of animals die each year on the U. S. roads,” the Federal Highway Administration reports. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U. S. today. The main reason? Roadkill （浙江卷）The writer uses the example of “ocelots” to show that .A. wild animals have become more dangerousB. the driving conditions have improved greatly C. the measure for protecting wildlife fails to workD. an increasing number of animals are killed in road accidents例4： As fish grow, so do their otoliths. Each day, their otoliths gain a ring of calcium carbonate. By looking through a microscope and counting these rings, Thorrold can determine the exact age of a young fish. As a fish gets older, its otoliths no longer get daily rings. Instead, they get yearly rings, which can also be countred, giving information about the fishs age, just like the growth rings of a tree. （北京卷）Why does the writer compare the fish to trees?A. Because trees gain a growth ring each day.B. Because trees also have otoliths.C. Because their growth rings are very small.D. Because they both have growth rings.4、如何推断下步行为技巧点拨 答此类题时应把握作者的写作思路，预测下文可能发展的内容。文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系等描写。例5：We are in the computer age. We often see computers at work. They are especially useful in automatic control, data processing(数据处理) and solving complicated problems. And they are finding their way into the home. The part played by computers is becoming even more important with each passing day.More and cleverer computers will continue to appear. They will run faster, have more functions and work much more skillfully. They will take over more tasks from us, helping to change the face of our world. Some people even think sooner or later computers will replace us.However Which of the following statements will best continue the third paragraph?A. Computers will soon stop developing.B. Many people like computers very much. C. Computers are as clever as man.D. I do not think computers will replace us completely.例6：George had worked for the Bank of Ruritania for ten years and was still only a clerk. He was not satisfied with the position and wanted to find something better. Yet he did not want to lose this position in the bank before he had another one. So he prepared a letter about himself, with the words“HELP! I AM A PRISONER OF THE BANK OF RURITANIA!” in big letter across the top. Then he sent it to several other banks, asking them for a job.A few days later, one of these letters came into the hands of Georges boss at the bank. Someone had given it to him at the party. The next morning, Georges boss asked him to come to his office and said, “George. I have some very good news for you. The Bank of Ruritania is setting you free!”What probably happened in the end?A. George lost his job.B. George was no longer a prisoner.C. George was very happy to get a better job.D. Georges boss gave him better position.5、如何推断文章出处提问方式 推断文章出处的设题形式有：The passage is most likely to be taken from .Where would this passage most probably appear?The passage is most likely a part of .解题技巧 解这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处：报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。广告：因其格式特殊，容易辩论。产品说明：器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。如：例7：Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “take only as directed”? Read the following directions and see if you understand them.To reduce pain, take two tablets with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For nighttime and early morning relief take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours.For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount. For children under six years old, ask your doctors advice.Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.This text is most probably taken from a .A. textboo