thehistoryofEnglishlanguage英语语言发展历史.ppt

HistoryoftheEnglishLanguage,ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguagereallystartedwiththearrivalofthreeGermanictribeswhoinvadedBritainduringthe5thcenturyAD.Thesetribes,theAngles,theSaxonsandtheJutes,crossedtheNorthSeafromwhattodayisDenmarkandnorthernGermany.AtthattimetheinhabitantsofBritainspokeaCelticlanguage.ButmostoftheCelticspeakerswerepushedwestandnorthbytheinvaders-mainlyintowhatisnowWales,ScotlandandIreland.TheAnglescamefromEnglalandandtheirlanguagewascalledEnglisc-fromwhichthewordsEnglandandEnglisharederived.英语真正的历史应该从公元5世纪时入侵英国的三个日耳曼部落说起.这几个部落分别是,盎格鲁人,撒克逊人，和朱特人，他们从今天的德国北部和丹麦出发，然后横渡北海。那时候英国的本地居民都说凯尔特语。但由于入侵者的逼迫，他们都被赶到了西部和北部-主要是现在的威尔士，苏格兰和爱尔兰。盎格鲁人来自Englaland他们的语言称为Englisc（古英语）-这两个词就是现在England和English的前身。,Celtic,Latin,OldEnglish(450-1100AD),TheinvadingGermanictribesspokesimilarlanguages,whichinBritaindevelopedintowhatwenowcallOldEnglish.OldEnglishdidnotsoundorlooklikeEnglishtoday.NativeEnglishspeakersnowwouldhavegreatdifficultyunderstandingOldEnglish.Nevertheless,abouthalfofthemostcommonlyusedwordsinModernEnglishhaveOldEnglishroots.古英语时代（450-1100AD）入侵英国的这几个日耳曼部落，其语言基本相近，这些语言的融合形成了我们现在称的古语言。古英语的发音与书写与现在的英语并不一样。因此以英语为母语的人对于阅读古英语也有很大的困难。然而，现代英语最常用的词语中，大约就有一半起源于古英语。,PartofBeowulf贝奥武甫,apoemwritteninOldEnglish.,MiddleEnglish(1100-1500),In1066，WilliamtheConqueror（入侵者）,theDukeofNormandy(partofmodernFrance),invadedandconqueredEngland.Thenewconquerors(calledtheNormans)broughtwiththemakindofFrench,whichbecamethelanguageoftheRoyalCourt,andtherulingandbusinessclasses.Foraperiodtherewasakindoflinguisticclassdivision,wherethelowerclassesspokeEnglishandtheupperclassesspokeFrench.Inthe14thcenturyEnglishbecamedominantinBritainagain,butwithmanyFrenchwordsadded.ThislanguageiscalledMiddleEnglish.中世纪英语(1100-1500)1066年，诺曼底（现法国的一部分）公爵威廉入侵并征服了英国。新征服者带来了他们的语言-一种法语，而这也成为皇室法庭，统治阶级和商人阶级的语言。曾经一段时间，出现了以语言区分阶级的现象，下层阶级说英语，上层阶级说法语。在14世纪英语重新成为英国主流语言，但也增加了许多法语单词，这就是中世纪英语。,AnexampleofMiddleEnglishbyGeoffreyChaucer(杰弗里乔叟).,ModernEnglish（现代英语）,EarlyModernEnglish(1500-1800)早期现代英语(1500-1800)TowardstheendofMiddleEnglish,asuddenanddistinctchangeinpronunciation(theGreatVowelShift)started,withvowelsbeingpronouncedshorterandshorter.Fromthe16thcenturytheBritishhadcontactwithmanypeoplesfromaroundtheworld.This,andtheRenaissanceofClassicallearning,meantthatmanynewwordsandphrasesenteredthelanguage.Theinventionofprintingalsomeantthattherewasnowacommonlanguageinprint.Booksbecamecheaperandmorepeoplelearnedtoread.PrintingalsobroughtstandardizationtoEnglish.Spellingandgrammarbecamefixed,andthedialectofLondon,wheremostpublishinghouseswere,becamethestandard.In1604thefirstEnglishdictionarywaspublished.随着中世纪英语的泯灭，发音突然发生了很大的变化（元音大推移），元音的发音越来越短。而从16世纪起英国与世界的接触多了起来，再加上文艺复兴的影响，导致越来越多的单词和短语被添加到英语中。印刷术的发明使得书面语流行起来。书变得越来越便宜，更多的人开始学习阅读。拼写和语法变得越来越固定，而由于伦敦市大多数出版社的所在，伦敦方言就变成了标准语言。1604年第一部英文词典出版了。,文艺复兴的心脏佛罗伦萨,LateModernEnglish(1800-Present)ThemaindifferencebetweenEarlyModernEnglishandLateModernEnglishisvocabulary.LateModernEnglishhasmanymorewords,arisingfromtwoprincipalfactors:firstly,theIndustrialRevolutionandtechnologycreatedaneedfornewwords;secondly,theBritishEmpireatitsheightcoveredonequarteroftheearthssurface,andtheEnglishlanguageadoptedforeignwordsfrommany