有关情绪的英文表达.doc

_有关情绪的英文表达2009/02/11情绪（emotion）是一种心理（mental）与生理（physiological）的状态，包括许多种的感觉（feeling）、想法（thought）与行为（behaviour）。它是主观体验（subjective experience），经常与心绪（mood）、生性（temperament）、性格（personality）与倾向性（disposition）联系在一起。下面按照字母顺序简要介绍主要的情绪类型。每个词下面还有近义词，按照近义程度从上往下排列。acceptance：指一个人感受到某种形式（situation）或条件（condition）【常常是负面的（negative）或不舒服的（uncomfortable）】，但不试图改变（change）、抗议（protest）或躲避（exit）。toleration/sufferencepermissiveness/toleranceaffection：是一种常常与爱（love）有关的心态（disposition or state of mind），要高于友谊（friendship）或善意（good will）。例如小哥哥亲弟弟的脸来表达affection。affectionateness/philia/warmness/warmheartedness/fondness/tenderness/heart：The child won everyones heart. The warmness of his welcome made us feel right at home.feeling：I disliked him and the feeling was mutual.attachment/fond regardprotectivenessregard/respect：She mistook his manly regard for love. He inspires respect.soft spot：She had a soft spot for her youngest son.anger：指愤怒的感觉，强度不等，可以是小的刺激（irritation）也可以是狂怒（rage）。ire/choler/wrath/angrinessemotionfury/rage/madness：Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned. His face turned red with rage.enragement/infuriationumbrage/offense/offencehuffinesshackles/dander：Having ones hackles or dander upbad temper/ill tempervexation/annoyance/chafeannoyance：一种不开心的（unpleasant）的精神状态，类似恼火。如果经常出于这种状态，那么这种情况叫petulance。botheration/irritation/vexationmental condition/mental state/psychological condition/psychological statebummer：Having to stand in line so long was a real bummer.huff/miff/seeing redpinprickimpatience/restlessnesssnit：He was in a snit.vexation/chafeanger/ire/cholertemper/irritation/pique：His temper sparked like damp firewood.frustration：Her constant complaints were the main source of his frustration.aggravation/exasperationharassment/torment：So great was his harassment that he wanted to destroy his tormentors.displeasureapathy：也叫impassivity或perfunctoriness，是一种无所谓（indifference）的心态，或者压抑自己的其它强烈情绪的状态。对很多事情缺乏兴趣（interest）或关注（concern），也可能是一种慵懒（sluggishness）或不敏感（insensibility）。例如，战争过后人们对死亡伤残的现象变得相对无动于衷。emotionlessness/impassiveness/phlegm/stolidity/unemotionality/indifferencelistlessness/languor/lassitudespiritlessness/numbness/passivity/passivenessanxiety：一种不愉快的感觉，可能是因为恐惧（fear）、不安（uneasiness）或担忧（worry），类似焦虑。它也是对压力（stress）的正常反应。例如面临考试的时候。anxiousnesscastration anxietyhypochondria/hypochondriasisoveranxietyscare/panicdiscomfiture/discomposure/disconcertion/disconcertmentworry/troubleconcern/fear/scaredisquietinsecuritydisquietude/edginess/inquietude/uneasinesssinking feeling/sinkingmisgiving/qualm/scruplejitteriness/jumpiness/nervousness/restivenessangstawe：是一种并不那么令人愉快的（joyous）的惊异（wonder），带有畏惧（fearful）与尊敬（respectful）。通常指面对力量强大的事物。例如在雷鸣般奔流而下的大瀑布或高耸的吉萨金字塔面前人们会感觉到awe，但在彩虹面前人们通常感受的是wonder或joy。wonder/wonderment/admirationreverence/veneration/fearboredom：在没事儿可做或者周围的事物毫无兴趣的时候人们的感觉，类似无聊。ennui/tediumdissatisfactionblahsfatiguecompassion：是一种比较深沉的（profound）的人类情感，通常由别人的痛苦（pain）引起，也是利他行为（altruism）的原因之一。这与孔子所说的恕【己所不欲勿施于人（do to others as you would have done to you）】类似。比empathy层次高。compassionatenessheartstringsfellow feeling/sympathytenderheartedness/tendernessmercifulness/mercypitycontempt：指认为某人或某物低贱（inferior/base）或毫无价值（worthless）的感觉或态度（attitude），与scorn类似。它大致相当于看不起与藐视。dispite/disdain/scorndislikedisrespectrudeness/discourtesyfleerleer/sneerdisobedience/noncompliancecontempt of courtcuriosity：指会引发探索性（inquisitive）行为的情感，例如探索（exploration）、调查（investigation）与学习（learning），相当于好奇。wonderdesire to know/lust for learning/thirst for knowledgeinterest/involvementcuriousness/inquisitivenessdepression：包括悲伤（sadness）、无助（helplessness）、无望（hopeless）、无趣（loss of interest）、不快乐（loss of pleasure）以及其它相关的情绪与行为，类似压抑或抑郁。它对身体有害并可能影响大脑功能。极端情况可能导致自杀（suicide）。melancholiablue devils/megrims/vapors/vapours/bluesblue funk/funk：He was in a funk.melancholyslough of despondlow spiritsdejectionsadness/unhappinessdemoralisation/demoralizationhelplessnessdespondence/despondency/disconsolateness/heartsicknessoppressiveness/oppressiondysphoriadesire：也叫craving或hankering，指对某人或某物或某个结果的渴望（longing）或希望（hoping）。想到该对象就会兴奋，有采取行动的冲动。类似欲念。ambition/aspiration/dreambloodlusttemptationcravingwish/wishing/wantlonging/yearning/hungrinessconcupiscence/physical attraction/sexual desire/erositch/urgecaprice/whim/impulsetendency/inclinationhunger/thirst/thirstiness/hungrinessgreeddespair：也叫hopelessness，指无望。desperationhopelessnessresignation/surrenderdiscouragement/disheartenment/dismaypessimismdisappointment：指期待（expectation）落空后的不满足感（dissatisfaction）。与regret类似，但regret主要指对造成不佳结果的个人选择而言，而disappointment是对结果而言的。类似失望。letdowndissatisfaction：He was never slow to express his dissatisfaction with the service he received.frustration/defeat disgust：通常是对不干净（unclean）、不能吃的（inedible）、传染性（infectious）或其它令人反感（offending）的事物的反应。类似恶心。dislikedetestation/execration/loathing/abhorrence/abomination/odiumrepugnance/revulsion/repulsion/horrornauseaecstasy：指全身心投入（total involvement）的一种感受，以致于忽略了其它事情。通常短暂，一般用来谈论宗教、音乐、舞蹈与性等方面的感受。exaltation/rapture/raptus/transportbliss/blissfulness/cloud nine/seventh heaven/walking on airempathy：指分享（share）与理解（understand）他人情绪的能力。常指为他人着想（put oneself into anothers shoes）。fellow feeling/sympathyenvy：也叫invidiousness，但一个人缺少另一个人的更好状态（superior quality）、成绩（achievement）或拥有物（possession）时的一种感受，可能希望获得同样的东西，也可能希望他人失去更好的东西，类似嫉妒。但和jealous不同，后者主要指认为本应自己获得而被他人得到的感受。enviousnessbitterness/rancor/rancour/resentment/gallcovetousnessgreen-eyed monster/jealousypenis envyinvidiaembarrassment：指不被社会接受的行为或状况被别人发现或揭露时的感受。一般会造成荣誉（honour）与尊严（dignity）的丧失。与shame类似，但后者可以是在只有自己知道的情况下。shameself-consciousenss/uncomfortableness/uneasinessshamefacedness/sheepishnesschagrin/mortification/humiliationdiscombobulation/confusionabashment/bashfulnessdiscomfiture/discomposure/disconcertion/disconcertment euphoria：一种极度的【夸张的（exaggerated）】开心（elation）与幸福（well-being）。例如运动员获得冠军的感受或者性高潮（orgasm），类似极乐。fear：是对威胁（threat）或危险（danger）的反应，类似恐惧。fearfulness/frightalarm/consternation/dismaycreeps：He gives me the creeps.frisson/quiver/shudder/tingle/chill/thrill/shiver：A frisson of surprise shot through him.horrorhysteriaaffright/panic/terrorpanic attack/scarestage frightapprehension/apprehensiveness/dreadtimidity/timidness/timorousnessintimidationcold sweatconcern/careanxietyfrustration：在达成个人目标（personal goal）收到阻碍（obstructed）时的感受，类似挫折感。defeatdisappointment/letdownvexation/annoyance/chafegratitude：也叫thankfulness或appreciation，是对得到或即将得到好处（benefit）的感受，类似感激。appreciativeness/gratefulness/thankfulnessgrief：是对损失（loss）的一种多角度（multi-faceted）的感受。例如面对爱人的死亡。Bereavement指损失的状态，而grief指对损失的反应。brokenheartedness/heartache/heartbreaksorrowdolor/dolourguilt：指认识到（realise）或相信自己违反了道德规范（moral standard）或对此有责任（responsible），相当于内疚。与remorse类似。guiltinessblameworthiness/culpability/culpabalenessbloodguiltcomplicitycriminalism/criminality/criminalnessguilt by associationimpeachability/indictabilityguilt feelings/guilt trip/guilty consciencecompunction/remorse/self-reproachsurvivor guilthappiness：指满足（contentment）、满意（satisfaction）、开心（pleasure）与快乐（joy）的心态，类似幸福。felicitybeatification/beatitude/blessednessradiancebonheurgladfulness/gladness/gladsomenessgaiety/merrimentrejoicingbelonging：With his classmates, he feels a sense of belonging.blitheness/cheerfulness：His cheerfulness made everyone feel better.contentmenthatred：也叫hate，指强烈的不喜欢（dislike），类似恨或讨厌。hatreddetestation/execration/loathing/abhorrence/abomination/odiumdispisal/dispisingill will/enmity/hostilitymalevolence/malignityhope：是相信会有积极的结果（outcome）出现，类似希望。anticipation/expectancyhopefulnessexpectation/outlook/prospectrainbow：Chasing rainbows.horror：指在看到、听到或感觉到某种令人恐惧的事物之后的一种反感（repulsion），而terror一般指在令人恐惧的（horrifying）经历发生前的害怕（dread）与期待（anticipation）。或者说，horror与震惊（shocked）或吓坏（scared）有关，而terror与焦虑（anxious）与畏惧（fearful）有关。fear/fearfulness/frightrepugnance/revulsion/repulsiondisgusthostility：也叫inimicality，指内心的拒绝（rejection）与否认（denial），通常是anger与aggression的同义词，类似敌意。ill willunfriendlinessvirulence/virulencyantagonism/enmitylatent hostility/tension：He could sense her latent hostility to him. The diplomats first concern was to reduce international tensions.state of war/warcold warsuspicion：He tried to shield me from suspicion.animosity/animus/bad bloodclass feelingaggression/aggressivenessbelligerence/belligerencybitterness/rancor/rancour/resentment/gall hysteria：指无法控制的（unmanageable）恐惧或者过度的情绪，汉语译为歇斯底里。delirium/frenzy/fury/crazenympholepsymanic disorder/maniaepidemic hysteria/mass hysteriafear/fearfulness/frightjoy：一种幸福感。joyfulness/joyousnesshigh spirits/lightness/elationexultation/jubilance/jubilancy/jubilationexcitement/exhilaration：He could hardly conceal his excitement when she agreed.exuberancedelight/pleasurejealousy：在很重要的（valued）关系（relationship）被对手（rival）威胁时产生的不安全感（insecurity）、恐惧与焦虑。与envy对比，它一般指已经拥有的东西，而envy指还没有的东西。green-eyed monsterenviousness/envyalertness/vigilance/watchfulness/wakefulnessloathing：一种恨或讨厌的感受。abhorrence/detestation/execration/odium/abominationdisgusthate/hatredlove：强烈的喜欢（affection）与依赖（attachment），类似爱或喜爱。adoration/worshipagape love/agapefilial loveardor/ardouramorousness/enamorednesscalf love/puppy love/infatuation/crushdevotedness/devotionbenevolenceheartstringscaring/lovingnesspity：对人或动物的痛苦的一种温柔的、有时候有点儿看不起的悲悯（sorrow and empathy）。commiseration/pathos/ruthfellow feeling/sympathycompassionmercifulness/mercypride：对自我价值很高的感觉，或者考虑相关事务时的感觉，类似自豪。它是对自身优秀方面的一种喜爱。反义词是humility。pridefulnessdignity/self-regard/self-respect/self-worth：It was beneath his dignity to cheat.self-esteem/self-prideego/self-importance/egotismamour propre/conceit/self-love/vanitycivic pride/civic spiritsatisfactionsuperbiarage：是最强烈的愤怒；最轻微的愤怒是annoyance。fury/madnessanger/ire/cholerwrathlividityangrinessregret：是对过去行为的一种不喜欢。ruefulness/sorrow/ruesadness/unhappinesscontriteness/contrition/attritioncompunction/remorse/self-reproachremorse：指人对自己认为丢人的（shameful）、有伤害性的（hurtful）或暴力的（violent）行为的一种后悔。一个不知道remorse的人在美国叫sociopath，在英国叫punction/self-reproachregret/ruefulness/sorrow/rueguilt feelings/guilt trip/guilty conscience/guiltpenance/penitence/repentanceresentment：也叫rancour或ranklement，是一种反复出现的（repeated）、对错误（wrong）的一种愤怒或苦恼（bitterness）。bitterness/rancor/rancour/gallill will/enmity/hostilityheartburning：His promotion caused much heartburning among his rivals.huffishness/sulkinessgrievance/grudge/score：Holding a grudge. Settling a score.enviousness/envysadness：面对不利（disadvantage）、损失或无助的感受。人会变安静（quiet）、没有活力（less energetic）并逃避（withdrawn）。反义词是happiness。unhappinessdolefulnessheaviness：Nothing lifted the heaviness of her heart after her loss.melancholymisery：She was exhausted by her misery and grief.forlornness/loneliness/desolationtearfulness/weepinesssorrow/sorrowfulness：He tried to express his sorrow for her loss. He drank to drown his sorrows.regret/ruefulness/rue：He wrote a note to express his regret. To his rue, the error cost him the game.cheerlessness/uncheerfulnessdepressiondejectedness/dispiritedness/downheartedness/low-spiritedness/lowness：He felt responsible for her lowness of spirits.bereavement/mourningpoignance/poignancy：A moment of extraordinary poignancy. lugubriousness/gloominessshame：违反文化或社会标准后的感觉，本意是遮盖，指捂住脸，即使谁都不知道，一个人也可能感到ashamed。但guilt是指违反了自己心中的道德标准，所以即使他人赞同，一个人也有可能感到guilt。conscience：He has no conscience about his cruelty.self-disgust/self-hatredembarrassmentdisgrace/ignominydishonor/dishonour：He was resigned to a life of dishonor.humiliationobloquy/opprobriumodiumreproachsuffering：也叫pain，指面对伤害（harm）或有伤害威胁的一种反感或不快，可以是肉体的，也可以是精神的。类似痛苦。excruciation/agonyhurting/painthroewoemiserableness/misery/wretchedness：The misery and wretchedness of those slums is intolerable.distress：The death of his wife cause him great distress.painfulnessanguish/torture/tormentself-torment/self-torturetsoriswound：He feared that mentioning it might reopened the wound.discomfort/soreness/irritationsurprise：对意外（unexpected）事件的感受，可以是愉快的、中性点或不愉快的。amazement/astonishment：He looked at me in astonishment.alteration/change/modificationbombshell/thunderbolt/thunderclap：News of the attack came like a bombshell.coup de theatreeye openerperipeteia/peripetia/peripety：A peripeteia swiftly turns a routine sequence of events into a story worth telling.blow/shock：It came as a shock to learn he was injured.stunner：The stunner was what happened on Saturday.wonder：类似surprise，是对罕见（rare）或意外事物的感受，但它更持久，并且通常是正面的含义。而awe通常强调畏惧与尊敬，而不是快乐。wonderment/admirationamazement/astonishmentawemarvelhappening/natural event/occurence/occurentcuriositydesire to know/lust for learning/thirst for knowledgeinterest/involvementcuriousness/inquisitivenessworry：对事物的关心（concerned）或焦虑（anxious）。headache/vexation/concernbugaboo：The old bugaboo of inflation still bothers them.burden/encumbrance/onus/incumbrance/load：The burden of responsibility. Thats a load off my mind. business：Its none of your business. Mind your own business.troubleanxiety sympathy：指一种社会亲近关系，人们之间能够互相理解情感，也指被他人的情感所影响。与empathy常常互换使用，但含义有微妙的不同。To empathize指体验一种类似的感受来对另一个人的情绪状态作出反应；但sympathy不仅如此，还体现一种对对方的在意与持续的关心。在一般用法上，它指让他人知道自己了解对方的喜怒哀乐，特别是理解对方的痛苦。它也指与对方的政治观点或意识形态相同，例如a communist sympathizer。understanding：I knew I could count on his understanding.inclination/tendency/disposition：He has an inclination to give up too easily. A tendency to be too strict.fellow feelingconcern：She felt strong concern for those less fortunate.kind-heartedness/kindheartednesscompassion/compassionatenesscompatibilityempathykinship/affinity：Found a natural affinity with the immigrants. Felt a deep kinship with the other students. Anthropologys kinship with the humanities.mutual affection/mutual understanding 参考资料： /wiki/Emotion/wiki/Temperament/wiki/Disposition/wiki/Mood_(psychology)/wiki/Acceptance/wiki/Affection/wiki/Anger/wiki/Annoyance/wiki/Apathy/wiki/Anxiety/wiki/Awe_(emotion)/wiki/Disappointment/wiki/Boredom/wiki/Compassion/wiki/Contempt/wiki/Curiosity/wiki/Depression_(mood)/wiki/Desire_(emotion)/wiki/Despair/wiki/Disappointment/wiki/Disgust/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)/wiki/Empathy/wiki/Envy/wiki/Embarrassment/wiki/Euphoria_(emotion)/wiki/Fear/wiki/Frustration/wiki/Gratitude/wiki/Grief/wiki/Guilt/wiki/Happiness/wiki/Hatred/wiki/Hope/wiki/Horror_(emotion)/wiki/Hostility/wiki/Hysteria/wiki/Joy/wiki/Jealousy/wiki/Loathing/wiki/Love/wiki/Pity/wiki/Pride/wiki/Rage_(emotion)/wiki/Regret_(emotion)/wiki/Remorse/wiki/Sadness/wiki/Shame/wiki/Suffering/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)/wiki/Worry_(emotion)/wiki/Resentment/wiki/Sympathy 人类只有4种情绪？作者 朱利贝克 译者 贾晓静 青年参考 （ 2014年02月26日 35 版）“虽然你的情绪只有一小茶匙那么少，但这并不意味着所有人都只有这么一丁点儿。”在电影哈利波特与凤凰社里，怒气冲冲的赫敏对罗恩说。但事实上，我们的情绪恐怕真的只有这么一丁点。日前，英国格拉斯哥大学精神与心理研究所在当代生物学上发表了最新研究结果，该研究发现，人类的情感范围远远小于科学界此前的结论。传统科学认为，人类的情绪可划分为6种经典类型高兴、惊讶、恐惧、厌恶、生气和伤心，但格拉斯哥大学的科学家们对此并不赞同。实验中，他们向志愿者展示了由计算机生成的面部动画，并要求志愿者根据6种情绪类型，对不同的面部表情进行描述。结果显示，对这些志愿者来说，“生气”与“厌恶”的初期表现其实非常相近，类似状况还发生在“恐惧”与“惊讶”中。比如，当人们产生“生气”或“厌恶”的情绪时，都会皱起鼻子；而“恐惧”或“惊讶”时，都会挑高眉毛。当然，随着时间推移，上述两组面部表情间的区别将会逐渐显现，但在情绪发生之初，面部信号非常相似。研究者指出，这说明生气与厌恶、惊讶与恐惧间的差异