初中+英语语法之+主谓一致.doc

上海乐之教育培训有限公司 初中 英语语法本章内容选自张道真先生主编的初中英语语法第十六章主谓一致学习导航主谓一致情况比较复杂，学习时要熟练掌握语法一致、意义一致和就近一致三个原则。要做到主谓一致，除了要考虑句子中主语人称和数的变化，还要考虑到谓语动词时态和语态的变化。很多情况下还要结合具体的语言环境加以判断。语法视窗1、 主谓一致的三条原则主语和谓语保持一致，即谓语动词的形式必须随着主语单、复数形式的变化而变化叫主谓一致。主谓一致一般要遵循三条原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。1、 语法一致原则。谓语动词与其主语在人称和数上要保持一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。Tom likes eggs，oranges and bananas.All the students in my class are hard-working.2、 意义一致原则。有些名词形式为单数，但表示复数意义；有些名词形式为复数，却表示单数意义。这种情况下，谓语动词要采取意义一致的原则，即谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致。People read for pleasure during their spare time.（people表示复数概念）Three months has passed since you left.（three months 表示单数概念）3、 就近一致原则。就近一致原则指的是谓语动词的人称和数与并列主语中最靠近它的那个主语保持一致。No food or water is allowed to take with.Either several telephones or a fax machine is needed in my office.Neither you nor he knows how to answer the question.Not only the students but （also）their teacher likes the film.There is a table and four chairs in the room.There are four chairs and a table in the room.2、 主谓一致的具体情况1、 不定式、动名词作主语单个的不定式、动名词作主语时谓语动词一般用单数形式。由and连接的两个或多个不定式、动名词作主语表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。To learn a foreign language well is not easy.Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.To do and to say are two different things.2、 and，both.and连接的并列成分作主语在连词and或both.and连接的并列主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。New York and Boston are American cities.Both bread and butter are sold out.特别提示：由and 连接的并列主语，如果是指一个人或一种事物时，其后的谓语动词就用单数形式。The writer and artist has come.那位作家兼艺术家已经来了。A knife and fork is on the table.餐桌上有一副刀叉。Fish and chips is a popular food.炸鱼加薯条是一种很受欢迎的食物。Five and five makes ten.5加5等于10。3、 More than one.，many a.作主语“more than one + 名词，many a + 名词，a（n）. and a half”等短语作主语时，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词需要用单数形式。A month and a half has passed since I saw him.More than one person here is going to find a new job.4、 假性主语主语后有with/together with/except/but/like/as well as.等短语时，谓语动词的单复数形式不受这类短语影响，仍与短语前的主语一致。Mr. Green，together with his children，has come to China.I，with someone else in my class，am staying in a Chinese home.The students as well as their teacher were playing a game on the playground.No one except the teachers knows the answer.She,like you and Tom,is very tall.5、 表示由两部分构成的物体的名词作主语主语为表示由两个相同的部分构成的物体的名词，如glasses，trousers，pants，shoes等时，谓语动词用复数形式。但如果它们前面用了pair修饰时，谓语动词的数取决于pair的单、复数形式。My new trousers are a bit tight.Here are some new pairs of shoes.6、 “the/a number of+可数名词复数”作主语主语为“the number of +可数名词复数（.的数量）”时，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为“a number of +可数名词复数（很多.）”时，谓语动词用复数形式。The number of cars is increasing.There were a number of people out this afternoon.7、 each及复合不定代词作主语each或由some-，any-，every-，no-构成的复合不定代词用作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Somebody is looking for you.Everybody is doing his best.There is nothing interesting in the newspaper.I cant find my pen-has anyone seen it？8、 either、neither作主语either、neither用作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。但是，如果后面接“of+可数名词复数或代词的复数”时，谓语动词用单复数均可。Either is very good.Neither of us wants/want to eat outside.Neither of the sisters was/were alive.9、 定语从句中关系代词作主语在定语从句中，关系代词that，who，which等用作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。This is the man who wants to see you.The girls who are coming soon are my students.10、 what引导的主语从句作主语由what引导的主语从句，主句谓语动词一般用单数形式。但如果表示复数意义，主句谓语动词一般用单数形式。What we need now is time.What he left me are only some old books.11、 表示时间、金额等的名词短语作主语表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等名词的复数形式用作主语时，通常作为整体看待，谓语动词要用单数形式。Six weeks is a very long time to be away from home.A hundred miles is a long distance.Ten thousand dollars is cheap enough for that house.12、 以-s结尾表示单数意义的名词作主语有些表示学科的名词或专有名词以s结尾，但表示单数意义，如news，physics，maths，politics，James等。这些词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Physics is my favourite subject. James is going to spend his holiday in Hawaii.13、 集体名词作主语集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于集体名词的意义。当集体名词指整体时，谓语动词用单数形式；当侧重其中的个体成员时，谓语动词用复数形式。这类集体名词常见的有army，class，club，family，group，team等。但集体名词cattle，people，police一般总看成复数形式。The class is the best one in the grade.The whole class are listening to the teacher carefully.Almost every family there owns a car.All my family enjoy the life in the country.Before the match our team was expected to be the best one.The team are driving to the game in their own cars.14、 None of 后接可数名词复数或代词的复数作主语口语中，none of 后接可数名词复数或代词的复数时，谓语动词常用复数形式；书面语中，谓语动词常用单数形式。None of our factories is/are in operation yet.None of the students has/have ever been to the island.15、 “some，most，分数等+名词”作主语some，any，most，all，more，the rest，分数或百分数等作主语时，谓语动词要与他们所指代的名词的数一致。Some of the apples remain green.Most of the money was spent on clothes.All was quiet in the street.All of the people have gone.Two thirds of these tasks have been done.模拟训练I. 用所给动词的适当形式填空。1. Neither you nor I _ （have）been to Hawaii Before.2. Not only you but also Tom _ （have）passed the exam.3. Each of you _ （be）responsible for the accident.4. Every means _ （have）been tried but without much result.5.Not only I but also David and Iris _ （be）fond of playing basketball.5. The gas works _ （be）near the city.6. Cattle _（be）grazing on the hillside now.7. The Philippines _ （lie）to the southeast of China.8. Early to bed and early to rise _（make）a man healthy，happy and wise.9. None of them _ （be）my friends.II.下列各句中均有一处错误，请改正。1. Lily,with her mother have gone to the zoo to see birds. _2. In our school library there are a number of books on science and the number of them are growing larger and larger. _3. Chinese，as well as English，are very important in middle schools. _4. Everything begin to grow fast in spring. _5. The police has caught in the murderer. _6. To do are much more difficult than to say. _7. How time flies！Three years are really a short time. _8. Mr. Green with two books in his hand are standing outside the classroom. _9. Everyone except Bill and Jim were there when the meeting began. _10. The old woman，together with her two grandsons，are crossing the road. _III.单项选择题。1. -Mum，Im hungry. _ no milk in the fridge. - Oh，Ill go and buy some at once.A. There is B.It is C.There are D.They are2. -Sixteen-year-olds _ to drive in China. -But in America，they can.A. is allowed B.is not allowed C.are allowed D.are not allowed3. Between the two hills _ a deep river. A. Are B.have C. has D.is4.He is one of the best managers who _ in the firm.A. works B.working C.is working D.work5.-Two months _ quite a long time. -Yes，Im afraid that his mother will worry about him.A. is B.are C.was D.were6. The girl with two cats _ in the yard when the earthquake happened.A. was playing B.is playing C.are playing D.were playing7. This pair of shoes _ too big for me. Would you please show me another pair?A. are B.is C.was D. Were8.Everyone except Mary and Mike _ there since the meeting began.A. have been B.were C.was D.has been9. More than one friend of mine _ the Summer PaLace.A. visit B. visits C. have visited D. has visited10. The Smiths _ nice to me when I was in England.A. was B. is C. were D.are11. I didnt think physics _ as important as English at that time.A. is B. was C. are D.were12. Tom，with his friends，_ basketball every Saturday afternoon. A. play B. plays C.has played D. have played13.Nothing but flowers and trees _ the hill.A. covers B. cover C. covering D. is covering14. Our knowledge _ growing all the time.A. be B.is C. are D. were 15. One of my friends _ moved to America. I miss her so much.A. has B. have C. is D. areIV.用括号内所给动词的适当形式完成短文 Most of us probably _ （not enjoy）doing housework. The thought of cleaning the bathroom or cooking dinner for the family _ （make） most of us tired. However,the fact is that someone _ （have）to do it. Most of the time it is the parents who _ （end）up doing housework. Is this really fair?Learn to do little things Doing housework _ （be）really not so bad. If we all do our part,it will seem much less frighting. Why should your mother have to wash dishes? You are able to take care of yourself. Doing little things around the house will show that you are becoming more mature（成熟的）and self-sufficient（自立的）. Divide housework among the familySome of us _ （think）that we are too busy to do housework,but most parents work all day and then _ （be