（京津鲁琼专用）2020版高考英语专题一阅读理解第二部分第三讲理解主旨要义——主旨大意题专题强化训练.docx

专题一 阅读理解主旨大意题标题归纳题(建议用时：25分钟)A(2019青岛质量检测)Recently whenever I turned on my computer or my mobile phone, news about the great effect of Hurricane Harvey on thousands of people caught my eye. I saw many unfortunate events. However, there was also the bright news that confirmed the goodness of mankind. As a journalist, I wrote many humaninterest stories during my career. Thats why the story about the guys in the bakery caught my eye.When the staff at a Mexican bakery chain in Houston were trapped inside the building for two days, they didnt sit there feeling sorry for themselves. They used their time wisely after flooding caused by Hurricane Harvey. While they were waiting for the eventual rescue that came on Monday morning, four decided to make as many loaves of bread as possible for their community.The flood water rose in the street outside. They took advantage of their emergency power supply to bake bread. They used more than 4，200 pounds of flour to create hundreds of loaves and sheets of sweet bread. Although the water kept rising, they continued baking to help more people. By the time the owner managed to get to them, they had made so much bread that they took the loaves to loads of emergency centers across the city for people affected by the floods.The store manager, Brian Alvarado, told The Independent, “Whenever a disaster occurs, nobody should just feel forlorn. Instead, we should take positive action to save ourselves and help others. Our acts of kindness will make a big difference.”【解题导语】本文是一篇记叙文。一家连锁面包店的员工们在面对哈维飓风带来的洪水、断电时，在等待救援的同时采取积极的行动，利用应急电源烤面包去帮助社区受洪水影响的居民。1What did the bakery store workers do after flooding caused by Hurricane Harvey?AThey volunteered to make bread for their community.BThey managed to live by selling more bread in the store.CThey felt sorry that they couldnt escape from the store.DThey ate nothing but to wait for their community to rescue them.A解析：细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“While they were waiting for the eventual rescue that came on Monday morning, four decided to make as many loaves of bread as possible for their community.”可知，当这家面包房的员工们在等待周一上午的最终救援时，四人决定为他们的社区烤尽可能多的面包。故选A项。2Which of the following best explains “forlorn” underlined in the last paragraph?AFortunate.BHopeful.CShallow. DDesperate.D解析：词义猜测题。根据最后一段中的“Instead, we should take positive action to save ourselves and help others.”可知，相反，我们应该采取积极的行动来拯救自己和帮助他人。由Instead可知，forlorn的意思与positive相反，故forlorn与desperate(绝望的)意思相近。故选D项。3What can we infer from the text?AAlvarado organized his workers to bake much bread.BHurricane Harvey caused a power failure in Houston.CThe staff in the bakery sent enough flour to emergency centers.DThe author preferred to write stories about people facing disasters.B解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“They took advantage of their emergency power supply to bake bread.”可知，他们利用应急电源烤面包。由此可推知，哈维飓风造成休斯敦停电。故选B项。4What can be the best title for the text?AA Popular Mexican Bakery Chain in HoustonBWait for the Eventual Rescue in a Big DisasterCAll Kinds of Disasters Caused by Hurricane Harvey in HoustonDBake Bread to Make a Difference in the Face of Hurricane HarveyD解析：标题归纳题。根据第二三段的内容和最后一段中的“Our acts of kindness will make a big difference.”可知，D项(在面对哈维飓风时，烤面包起了很大作用)作为标题最能概括全文内容。故选D项。B(2019河南高考适应性测试)Every year between May and September, all 54 employees of Basecamp, a Chicagobased web application company, have a short work week: just four daysa total of 32 hours. Also, they usually work five days a week for the rest of the year.“Thats plenty of time to get great work done. This is all we expect and all we want from people，” says Jason Fried, a cofounder. “Working 50， 60， or 70plus hours is unnecessary. In fact, if you have to work 50， 60， or 70plus hours a week, theres a management problem.”The companys summer workload must fit reduced hours, Mr.Fried insists, otherwise the benefits of a shorter weekto recover from work, enjoy time with family and pursue(追求) outside interestswould be undone.His new research finds that it is not just long hours that are harmful to employees physical and mental health. It is also the intensity(强度) of work. Moreover, it suggests that intense work harms career prospects. That is because unbearable hours and intensity are in the opposite direction, reducing the quality of the work.The research concludes that the level of intensity we apply to the work we do is generally “a stronger predictor of unfavorable outcomes than overtime work”The research compared people of similar jobs and education levels, and found they were more likely to suffer poorer happiness and worse career prospects, including satisfaction, security and promotion, when they worked at an intense level for long periods.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文以一家总部位于芝加哥的网络应用公司Basecamp的54名员工将近半年时间每周只工作4天，共32小时的情况为例说明了较短的工作周有益于人们的身心健康，并以一项研究来证明。5What do we know about Basecamps fourday work week?AIt lasts nearly half a year.BThe work pressure is too high.CThere are some management problems.DEmployees work more than 8 hours a day.A解析：细节理解题。根据第一段可知，一家总部位于芝加哥的网络应用公司Basecamp的54名员工在每年5月到9月期间每周的工作时间都很短：只有四天，共32小时，持续5个月，大概半年时间。故选A项。6What does Mr.Fried intend to say in paragraph 2?AGiven plenty of time, people can do more.BTo get work done well needs plenty of time.CPeople can do a job very well in a short work week.DA long work week is appropriate for reduced workload.C解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Working 50， 60， or 70plus hours is unnecessary. In fact, if you have to work 50， 60， or 70plus hours a week, theres a management problem.”可知，弗里德先生认为一周工作五六十个小时，甚至七十几个小时是没有必要的。如果真这么做了，反而会出现管理上的问题，由此推知，弗里德先生认为人们可以在短时间内把工作做好，故选C项。7What does the research mentioned in the text want to tell us?AGetting much more rest.BImproving work quality.CRefusing a fiveday work week.DAvoiding working too intensely.D解析：推理判断题。根据题干中的the research可定位到第四至六段。通读这几段，尤其是第四段可知，这个新研究发现长时间工作不只对员工的身心健康有害，工作的强度也会影响员工的职业前景。这是因为难以忍受的工作时长和工作强度会降低工作质量。第五六段进一步说明了长时间高强度工作的坏处。由此可以推知，该研究是建议人们要避免高强度工作，故选D项。8What can be the best title for this passage?AMore Work, More ProfitsBLess Work, Less BenefitsCShorter Week, Better RewardDLonger Hours, Higher IntensityC解析：标题归纳题。本文以一家总部位于芝加哥的网络应用公司Basecamp为例，说明了较短的工作周的好处。除此之外，还介绍了一项有关工作时长和工作强度对人的影响的研究，由此更进一步印证了较短工作周对人身心方面的益处。因此C项最能概括全文内容。C(2019邯郸一模)Its common knowledge that some countries have higher life expectancies than others, but the city you live in can also affect your health.Some cities are hard on their residents. In places with poor city planning, for example Lagos, which was called out recently by the Economist Intelligence Unit, public spaces are few, making outdoor activities hard. Lack of infrastructure(基础设施) blocks the streets with cars and the air with pollutants, and residents work long hours for little money.These are just some of the factors added up by Spotahome, a rental agency. Theyve analyzed data from a range of sources, including the World Health Organization, TripAdvisor and the CIA World Factbook to score each city on health, gym availability and quality, life expectancies, obesity, green space and other elements to make a list to work out which are the worlds healthiest cities.The list is certainly Eurocentric and sunshine is seen as a positive factor. It does go some way toward suggesting which cities are getting it right in providing a good life for their residents. It may not be surprising to learn that most of the healthiest cities are in northern Europe, known for its peoplefirst approach to city planning. The cities of Australia and Canada also do well. However, the first American city is only in 34th place. The UK. doesnt fare too well eitherits only city in the top 50 list is London, in 40th. Whether youre planning a wholesome holiday, or simply wondering what your city can do better in its quest for happy citizens, the list of the 50 healthiest cities will give you pause for thought about the future of city planning. Here are the slender, healthyeating, cleanaired cities that are getting it right.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究者们通过调查发现城市建设会影响居民的健康。通过分析健康、绿化、预期寿命等因素，研究者们还列出了一个世界上最健康的城市的清单。9What plays the key role in building a healthy city according to the text?ALocal culture.BCity planning.CEconomic condition.DGeographical position.B解析：细节理解题。根据第一段可知，大家都知道一些国家比其他国家拥有更高的预期寿命，但是人们居住的地市也会影响人们的健康，即城市规划在创建一个健康城市方面扮演着一个很重要的角色，故选B项。10What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?AHow the list of the healthiest cities came into being.BWhat Spotahome discovered in the recent study.CThe reasons why Spotahome carried out the study.DThe places where the data of the study came from.A解析：段落大意题。第三段主要介绍了研究者们通过从各种来源中分析数据，然后根据健康、体育设备的利用率和质量、预期寿命、肥胖指数、绿化方面和其他的一些因素对每个城市进行打分来制订清单并列出世界上最健康的城市。由此可知，本段主要介绍了这份最健康城市的清单是怎样形成的，故选A项。11What can we learn from the text?ACities in America lack enough sunshine.BThe UK. ranked higher than America in the list.CAustralia and Canada have the best city planning.DSome people in Lagos may live a poor life.D解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Lack of infrastructure(基础设施) blocks the streets with cars and the air with pollutants, and residents work long hours for little money.”可知，在拉各斯，一些居民可能过着贫穷的生活，故选D项。12What may be the best title for the text?AThe Best Places to Have a Rich Life BThe Happiest Lifestyle in the WorldCThe City Factors Affecting Your HealthDThe Nice Countries to Keep HealthyC解析：标题归纳题。纵观全文可知，本文主要介绍了城市建设对居民健康的影响，故选C项。主旨大意题文章大意题(建议用时：25分钟)A(2019昆明教学质量检测)Fiveyearold Prisilla Perez, a student at Meador Elementary School in Willis, was unhappy with her recent haircut, which resulted from a severe disease. When students in her class started calling Prisilla a boy, she felt ashamed, often crying and losing focus in school.Her teacher, Shannon Grimm, sympathized with her unhappiness. Grimm and Prisillas mom were concerned, but their ideas didnt work. “We had classroom discussions about how girls have short hair and boys have long hair, and I showed them photos of movie stars with different looks，” Grimm said. “However, it wasnt sinking in.”Grimm thought about Prisilla throughout the winter break, and one morning, she had an idea: Cut off her haira scary thought for Grimm, who wore her hair long and took pride in it. “Ive never had short hair, and I stressed about it for two weeks before making a decision，” she said. On Jan. 4, Grimm invited a hairstylist friend to her home. “I told him to keep going, even if I cried，” she said.The class loved their teachers new do, especially Prisilla, who excitedly ran off the school bus that afternoon yelling, “Mom, Ms. Grimm cut her hair！” The teacher also bought matching bows for herself and the girl, so they could style their hair together.In February, the teacher recommended Prisilla for the school districts Student of the Month Award, but during the Monday ceremony, she received a surprise “hero medal” from the girl. “Now we have matching awards，” says Grimm.Prisillas mother, Maria, said that Grimms thoughtfulness brought her to tears. “I was shocked. I was crying. I couldnt believe itshe did something I wouldnt have the bravery to do. I will never forget that.”【解题导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了Grimm老师剪短头发以帮助学生Prisilla的故事。1Why was Prisilla unhappy at school?AShe wasnt satisfied with her teacher.BShe couldnt concentrate in class.CShe was laughed at by her classmates.DShe couldnt get on well with others.C解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“When students in her class started calling Prisilla a boy, she felt ashamed, often crying and losing focus in school.”可知，Prisilla在学校不开心是因为她被同学嘲笑。2What made Grimm have her own hair cut?APraise from her students.BDevotion to her students.CRequest of Prisillas mother.DSuggestion from the hairstylist.B解析：推理判断题。根据第三段的内容，尤其是“Grimm thought about Prisilla.she had an idea: Cut off her hair”可知，Prisilla因为是短头发而被同学嘲笑，为了安慰Prisilla, Grimm老师决定把自己的头发剪短。由此可推知，Grimm老师出于对学生的关爱才剪短了头发。3What can we know about Grimm?AShe had her hair cut together with Prisilla.BShe expressed her sincere thanks to her pupils.CShe hesitated a lot before having her hair cut.DShe won a gold medal for facing difficulties bravely.C解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Ive never had short hair, and I stressed about it for two weeks before making a decision， she said.”可知，Grimm老师剪短头发之前很犹豫。4What is the text mainly about?AHow Grimm helped her student out.BWhat problem Prisilla had at school.CWhy Prisilla won the Month Award.DWhen Grimm got her new hairstyle.A解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，Prisilla因为是短头发而被同学嘲笑，她在学校很不开心，Grimm老师为了帮助、安慰她而剪短了自己的头发，故A项正确。长难句分析I couldnt believe itshe did something I wouldnt have the bravery to do.(最后一段第四句)分析：句中“I wouldnt have the bravery to do”是省略了关系代词that的定语从句。译文：她做了连我都没有勇气去做的事儿，我难以相信。B(2019郑州第二次质量预测)Thomas Cheatham had planned to study Latin during his time at Hebron High School in Texas. But when he learned that the school district was going to offer a Mandarin(普通话) class, he quickly changed his mind.“I thought Mandarin would be more beneficial than Latin，” said Cheatham, who is now in his second year of studying the language.He speaks Mandarin to order food at Chinese restaurants and can read social media posts from his Chinesespeaking friends. While its a difficult language to master, the high school junior, who plans to study computer engineering, thinks it will be important for his career. “Chinese is a good language to know, especially with China becoming a growing power，” he said.Many experts agree that proficiency(熟练) in a language spoken by a billion people worldwide will give American students an edge in the global economy.“People are looking at China as our next economic competitor, and interest in Mandarin is growing fast，” said Marty Abbott, director of the American Council(议会) on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. “Were seeing it in all parts of the country.”Abbott predicts that as many as 100，000 students are now studying Mandarin in public and private schools throughout the US. She said the US government has designated(指定) Mandarin as an “important needs” language and provides professional development programs for teachers. “Our government wants to increase our language ability for national security and economic competitiveness，” Abbott added.At the same time, the Chinese government is spreading knowledge of the Chinese language and culture through Confucius Institutes set up in many US states. For example, the Confucius Institute at the University of Texas in Dallas has been the home of a Confucius Institute for 10 years. It sponsors Confucius Classrooms at 21 local public and private schools, where tens of thousands of students are learning Mandarin.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了普通话在美国学生中日益流行。5Why did Thomas Cheatham decide to study Mandarin instead of Latin?AMandarin was easier to learn than Latin.BMandarin could be helpful to his future career.CMandarin might help him learn more about China.DMandarin could enable him to study computer engineering.B解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“While its a difficult language to master, the high school junior, who plans to study computer engineering, thinks it will be important for his career.”可知，Thomas希望中国普通话能够对他今后职业发展的道路有所帮助。故选B。6The underlined word “edge” in paragraph 4 probably means “_”Aa slight advantageBthe outside limitCa sharp tone of voice Dan exciting qualityA解析：词义猜测题。根据第四段可知，许多专家同意熟练掌握一种被全球10亿人说的语言将会给美国学生在全球经济方面带来优势。故选A。7Which of the following statements might Marty Abbott agree with?AMandarin should be taught in classrooms throughout the US.BThose skilled at Chinese will be the most competitive in the future.CThe US governments policy has helped popularize Mandarin in the US.DAmericans learn Mandarin because they worry about their national security.C解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“She said the US government has designated(指定) Mandarin as an important needs language and provides professional development programs for teachers.”可知美国政府对于中国普通话的重视，将中国普通话归类为“重要需求”并为教师提供职业培训项目，促使更多的学生学习中国普通话。故选C。8What does the author mainly talk about in this passage?AThe rising popularity of Mandarin among American students.BThe great benefits of learning Mandarin for American students.CThe influence of Chinas growing power on American education.DThe effect of Confucius Institutes in promoting Mandarin in the US.A解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者主要介绍了美国学生学习中国普通话的热情升温的现象，并分析出现该现象的背景和原因。故选A。长难句分析While its a difficult language to master, the high school junior, who plans to study computer engineering, thinks it will be important for his career.(第三段第二句)分析：本句是一个主从复合句。while引导让步状语从句；who引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，修饰先行词the high school junior；句中“it will be important for his career”是省略了that的宾语从句，作及物动词think 的宾语。译文：尽管对于这个计划学习计算机工程的高中三年级学生来讲，这是门很难掌握的语言，但是他认为这对他的职业来讲将会是重要的。C(2019郑州高三第一次质量预测)Are you a procrastinator(拖延者)? Its a common problem. And it can be harmful, as previous research has shown that people who procrastinate have higher levels of stress and lower wellbeing, reported the Association for Psychological Science in the US. But a new study has found a way to deal with this problem: Be more connected to your future self.Psychologists think that each person believes that they are really two people：“Present Me” and “Future Me”. “People act as if they prefer their current selves needs and desires to those of their future selves，” wrote psychologists Neil Lewis and Daphna Oyserman.Oyserman and Lewis decided to try to find a way to make “Present Me” imagine exactly how “Future Me” would feel the night before a big paper was due, though “Present Me” hadnt started yet. They made “Present Me” think about a faroff event a number of days away, not months or years.Thinking about events in this_way meant that something like a friends wedding seemed 16.3 days sooner when consider