虚拟语气用法详解2.doc

。虚拟语气语气（mood）也是动词的一种形式变化。这和中文中的语气是不一样的。它表示说话者对所指的动词或状态所持的态度，而且，在谓语动词上有所体现，而中文没有体现。语气可分为三种：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。虚拟语气（the Subjunctive Mood）表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一、虚拟条件句1主句和从句都与现在事实相反时，从句用一般过去时，be的形式要用were，主句用would/could/ should/might+不定式一般式。If I were you, I should not go with him. 2主句和从句都与过去事实相反时，从句用过去完成时，主句用would/should/could/might+不定式完成式。If I had tried hard last term, I would have succeeded. 3当主句和从句都与将来事实相反，或指不大可能发生的事的时候，从句和与现在事实相反的从句时态相同，或用should/were to+不定式一般式，主句和与现在事实相反的主句相同。If it rained/were to rain/should rain tomorrow, the match would be put off. 4在使用虚拟条件句时，由于语言环境的千差万别，各种时间关系混合使用是很常见的。如果逻辑上讲得通，主句和从句的动词时态可进行各种各样的搭配。If it hadnt rained those days, （从句与过去事实相反）1 work would be finished next week. （主句与将来事实相反）2.here wouldnt be any water in the river now. （主句与现在事实相反）一、语气及其种类1语气（mood）语气是一种动词形式，表示讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2语气的种类语气可分为下列三种：1）陈述语气（indicative mood）表示讲话人认为他所说的话是一个事实。There are two sides to every question每个问题都有两个方面。2）祈使语气（imperative mood）表示讲话人对对方的请求或命令。Dont be late for class上课不要迟到。3）虚拟语气（subjunctive mood）是一种特殊的谓语动词形式，如：I ere，He be，She return等，用来表示一种假设、愿望、建议、请求、命令、猜测、可能、空想等。二、Wish和As if之后的虚拟语气对wish和as if掌握关键是对它们后面的时态的理解和使用，这完全不同于虚拟条件句。wish是指未能实现或不能实现的愿望。如果所希望的事是指过去，就用过去完成时，而不管wish本身是那种时态，即从句的动作或状态先于wish：I wish had been to Beijing（现在希望过去）I wished I had been to Beijing. （过去希望过去的过去）如果所希望的事是指将来，就用过去将来时或情态动词的过去时，不论wish本身是什么时态，即从句的动作和状态同时落后于wish：I wish I would be an astronaut. （现在希望将来）I wished I would be an astronaut. （过去希望过去的将来）如果所希望的事是当时的事，就用一般过去时，即从句的动作或状态与wish同时：二、虚拟语气的应用1虚拟语气在条件句中的应用1）条件句的从句和主句的谓语动词形式表及几点说明条件句的从句和主句的谓语动词形式表If I were you，I should do it如果我是你的话，我就要做这件事。（与现在事实相反）If he had come a few minutes earlier，he would havemet me如果他早来几分钟，他就见到我了。（与过去事实相反）If you were to come tomorrow，I should ask you to help me with my work如果你明天来，我就请你帮助我做这件工作。（与将来事实相反）虚拟语气谓语动词的形式一般不受主语的人称和数的影响。但主语的人称对主句中should和would的使用还是有一定的影响。英国英语的第一人称常用should，其他人称用would，而美国英语即使第一人称也常用would。情态动词could，might等除了可以用于主句外，有时也可以用于从句。特殊结构的条件句：“If it were not for”或“If ithad not been for”，“If it were not for”或“If ithad not been for”相当于but for或without。If it werent for your help，he could never go to college要不是你的帮助，他绝不可能上大学。虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式表的灵活应用虚拟条件句的谓语动词表可有一定的灵活性。A用进行时替换相应的一般时，如用过去进行时代替一般过去时，表示与现在事实相反。B用完成进行时替换相应的完成时，如用过去完成进行时替换过去完成时，仍表示与过去事实相反。If it had been raining yesterday，I would not havecome here如果昨天还在下雨的话，我就不会到这里来。 混合型的条件句按照条件句的谓语动词形式表，其主句和从句的谓语动词是相互呼应的，有着固定的搭配关系。但有时主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应，这种条件句叫混合条件句。较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去完成时（指过去行为），而主句用一般时（指目前状态）。He would pass the test if he had taken my advice如果他听了我的劝告，他现在会通过考试。2）虚拟条件句的省略情况 省略if的虚拟条件句：如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were，had和should时，可省略if，把were，had和should放到从句主语前面去。Had you not helped me，I should have failed.要是没有你的帮助，我就失败了。如果没有were，had和should则不能省略if，当然也不能倒装。 条件从句的省略He could not fly（if he tried）（即使他试的话）他无论如何不能飞。 条件主句的省略If only I had more money！要是我有更多的钱就好了！ suppose 或 supposing =what ifSupposing it were so？（=Supposing it were so，what would happen？）要是这样的话，会怎么样呢？suppose后也可用陈述语气。3）表示虚拟条件句的其他形式 用介词without（或with no），but for等表示“如果没有”。But for air and water，nothing could live要是没有空气和水，也就不能有生命。 用动词不定式、比较级、连词but等手段来表示虚拟条件，还可以根据内容的需要来应用虚拟语气。She would have come here，but she was too busywith her homework她本来早就要到这里来，但是她当时太忙于写作业了。2虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用1）宾语从句在表示提议、要求、命令、意志等动词后，可用“should do”或“do型”（be原形动词）虚拟语气。这类动词有：suggest，request，demand，urge，propose，prefer，advise，insist，require，order，command，maintain，ask，object 等。The doctor suggested that he not go there医生建议他不要去那里。学习这种句型时，要注意宾语从句的虚拟语气是固定形式，并不随主句谓语动词时态的变化而变化。“do型”与“should do型”有时可以互换使用，但前者比后者用得更普遍特别在美国英语中。2）宾语从句用在动词wish之后（同时参见强化训练一、正错辨析2） 过去式用来表示现在的愿望；“could（would，might）+动词原形”用来表示将来的愿望，虽实现的可能性不大，但仍有实现的可能。I wish it were true我但愿这是真的。“had +过去分词”或“could（would，might）+have+过去分词”都是用来表示无能为力的过去愿望。I wish you had called yesterday我希望你昨天来过电话。注意wish与hope的区别。wish后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，而hope后的宾语从句要用陈述语气。但如果不定式做宾语时，则意思上无区别。I hope to see you（I wish to see you）我希望看见你。3）宾语从句在动词would，wouldhad rather，wouldhad sooner，wouldhad as soon等后面，表示与事实相反的虚拟语气要用“did”型，表示现在和将来的含义，用“had done型”表示过去的含义。3虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用1）“It +is +形容词+that引导的主语从句”句型，与用动词原形或“should +动词原形”虚拟语气。用于本句型的形容词有：necessary，important，essential，reserved，urgent，impossible 等；还有与表示提议、要求、命令等动词有关的形容词，如desirable（desire），urgent（urge），advisable（advise），preferable（prefer）等。It is necessary that he listen to the radio frequently他很有必要常听收音机。2）用于“it + is +过去分词+that引导的主语从句”句型，可用“（should）+动词原形”虚拟语气。用于本句型中的过去分词就是表示提议、要求、命令等动词的过去分词，如suggested，required，requested，demanded，urged，proposed，ordered，desired，advised等。It has been suggested that the meeting（should）beput off有人建议推迟会议。4虚拟语气在“It is”句型中的应用在“ It +is +（high或about）time +（that）主语从句”句型中，可用“did型”虚拟语气，表示“做某事的时间早完了或早该做了”。Its time you went to bed.你该睡觉了。5虚拟语气在表语从句和同位语从句中的应用在proposal，suggestion，order，requirement，desire，decision，advice，plan，necessity等表示提议、要求、命令等名词的后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，可用“动词原形域“should + 动词原形”虚拟语气。His suggestion is that the meeting be put off他的建议是推迟开会。6虚拟语气在让步状语从句中的应用1）以be开头的让步状语从句Be the problem easy or difficult，this method works不管问题容易还是难，这种方法都起作用。2）though 可用来引出一个虚拟让步句Though he studies hard，he cannot pass the test即使他学习用功，他考试还是不及格。though后面的句子也可用陈述句，这时可与although有虚拟语气时，不可改用although。7虚拟语气在lest引导的从句中的应用1）lest（免得，惟恐）引导目的状语从句，用“（should +）do 型”。He studies very hard，lest he fail in the examination他学习很刻苦，惟恐考试不及格。2）lest（=that）引导宾语从句，用“（should +）do型”。I feared lest the students be late我害怕学生们会迟到。8英语中有些惯用语包含着虚拟语气1）as it were 好像是，可以说是2）Long live！万岁3）God bless you！一路平安（送别时用语）。三、带有“建议”、“命令”、“要求”等含义的虚拟语气这种虚拟语气往往不需要对时间概念的理解，大都是固定的句型。它们的谓语形式都是should+一般式不定式。1在表示“建议”、“命令”、“要求”的动作后使用这种虚拟语气，常见的动词有，suggest，propose，order，demand，decide等。ask作“要求”解时用于此种虚拟语气，但做“询问”解时则不用。insist做“要求别人作某事时使用此种虚拟语气，但做“坚持自己的主张”则不用。should可以省略。They decided that we（should）leave at once. （这句话有“要求”的意思）2用于下面句型中It+be+上述动词的过去分词+that从句It is suggested that each student（should）sing a song. 3上述动词的名词形式做主语+be+that从句My decision is that the child sleep in that room. 4上述动词的名词形式后接同位语从句时I told them my decision that the child sleep in that room. 5在下面的句型中，虽然没有“建议”、“命令”、“要求”等含义的词汇，但当它们在语气上却有这种含义时也用此种虚拟语气It+be+形容词+that从句Its important that we（should）work out a plan. （带有“要求”的含义）Its better that he go at once. （带有“建议”的意思）这样的形容词并不多，常用的还有：best, right, necessary等。四、带有惊讶、喜悦、遗憾等感情色彩的虚拟语气这种虚拟语气也属于should型虚拟语气。常用于这种句型中：it+be+形容词/名词+that从句。Its right that you should think that way. （赞赏）Its a pity that you should leave so soon. （惋惜）如果从句的动作是一个已完成的动作则要用should+不定式的完成式Its surprising that Alice should have married her. （惊讶）值得注意的是，如果说话人并不表达他的这些感情，而只是对某种事实的陈述，其谓语动词则不用should 型虚拟语气。Its surprising that Al married her. （说话人并没有惊讶的意思，只是把这件事告诉别人）许多人认为这种句型后一定要接should型虚拟语气，其实这是种误解。1虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的使用如果假设的情况与事实相反，或是根本不可能发生或是发生的可能性很小，这就是非真实条件句，即虚拟条件句。虚拟条件句的谓语动词的形式是不同于真实条件句的谓语动词形式的。虚拟条件句有三种情况。1）与现在事实相反的假设的动词形式（从句和主句的）【例】If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic. 如果现在不下雨的话，我们就出去野餐了。（事实是：天在下雨，我们不能出去野餐。表示愿望。）If he came here, he might be able to help you. 如果他来这，他就能够帮助你了。（事实是：他没来这，他不可能帮助你。表示对他的良好印象。）2）与过去事实相反的假设的动词形式（从句和主句的）【例】She would have gone to the party if she had been invited. 要是当初她被邀请的话，她就会去参加这次聚会了。（事实是：当时没有人邀请她，因此，她没有来参加聚会。表示后悔。）If she hadnt called me, I would have overslept this morning. 今天早上，她要是不叫我的话，我就会睡过头了。（事实是：她今天早上叫我了，我没有睡过头。表示感激她。）3）与将来事实相反的假设的动词形式（从句和主句的）If I were to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of computer science. 明年我要是二十岁，我就会学计算机课程。（事实是：我现在已经老了，明年我学不了计算机课程了。表示羡慕青年。）If it should fail, I would try again. 要是失败了，我会再试一次。（事实是：有可能失败，可我会再试。表示未知。）2虚拟语气在宾语从句中的使用虚拟语气在宾语从句中表示愿望、建议、请求、命令等。不过，宾语从句的虚拟语气可以分为两种情况。1）在动词order, demand, insist, command, advise, suggest, request, decide, ask等后的宾语从句中谓语动词用should +动词原形或省略should。【例】Joans uncle insisted that she not stay in the hotel. 琼的叔叔坚持不让她住宾馆。注意：insist在表示“坚持自己的看法”时，不必使用虚拟语气。【例】He insisted that he did right. 他坚持自己做得对。2）在动词wish后的宾语从句中的谓语动词与条件从句中的谓语动词形式一样。它很独特，其后宾语从句的谓语动词特点是：现在使用过去式；过去使用过去的过去；将来使用过去将来。不管主句谓语动词形式如何。【例】I do wish that I could help you. 我真希望我能帮助你。（事实是：我不能帮助你。事与愿违）I wish I had known the answer to the question. 我真希望我当初知道这个问题的答案。（事实是：不知，表示后悔。）3虚拟语气在主语从句中的使用虚拟语气在主语从句中也可以分为两种情况讨论。1）主语从句的某些常见句型中真正主语从句的谓语动词用should +动词原形或省略should。【例】Its strange that he should say so. 他那样说话，令人吃惊。Its important that we should learn some useful expressions by heart. 重要的是我们应该把一些有用的短语记在心里。这样的句型还有：Its natural/ important/ strange/ necessary/ surprising/ funny/ possible/ probable/ imperative/ better that很自然重要的是奇怪的是必要的是令人吃惊的是有趣的是很可能很可能迫切的是最好Its suggested/ demanded/ requested/ required/ desired/ arranged/ planned/ ordered that有人建议请求要求要求希望安排计划命令Its a pity/ a matter of regret/ wonder/ shame that.很遗憾很遗憾很奇怪很不好意思。2）主语从句的另一种常见句型的从句谓语动词用动词过去式或should + 动词原形。Its time that. （早该），Its high time that.（早该），Its about time that. （早该）。【例】It is time the children went to bed. 孩子们早该上床睡觉了。（表示催促）Its high time that he began to think how to deal with money. 他早该开始考虑如何与钱打交道。4虚拟语气在方式状语从句中的使用由as if或as though引导的方式状语从句的谓语动词常常使用虚拟语气动词形式，其特点是：现在使用过去式；过去使用过去的过去；将来使用过去将来。不管主句谓语动词形式如何。【例】They look rather puzzled as if they didnt know anything about it. 他们看上去莫名其妙，好像他们对此事一无所知。When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as though it were broken. 当一支铅笔一部分放入一杯水中，它看上去好像断了一般。5虚拟语气在目的状语从句中的使用由so that/ in order that/（为了），for fear that（以免），lest（以免）引导的从句中的谓语动词常常使用情态动词，如may/might/ can/ could等。【例】I got there earlier than usual so that I could be the first one to enter the church. 我比平时起得早，目的是我能够第一个进入教堂。He tried his best to study in order that he might pass the exams. 他尽力学习，以便考试及格。6虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句中的使用名词suggestion（建议），proposal（建议），order（命令），advice（建议），demand（要求）等可以接名词性从句，从句中的谓语动词一般使用虚拟语气。使用should +动词原形或省略should。【例】My suggestion is that we (should) send a few soldiers to help them. 我的建议是我们应派几个战士去增援他们。My advice is that you (should) treat her well. 我的忠告是你应该善待她。He makes the demand that she (should) leave the place at once. 他提出一个要求，要求她立刻离开这个地方。7虚拟语气的特别用法所谓“虚拟语气的特别用法”就是它在简单句中的应用。1）If only 引导的虚拟语气的句子，相当于I wish。译为：就好了。其后句子的谓语动词特点是：现在使用过去式；过去使用过去的过去；将来使用过去将来。【例】If only she were my sister. 她要是我的妹妹多好啊。2）某些介词短语作状语，相当于条件状语从句，句中的谓语动词应用虚拟语气形式。【例】Without air, we would not live even for five minutes. 没有空气，我们连五分钟都活不了。3）在I would/ should rather句型中，在rather后接句子，其后句子的谓语动词往往使用过去式。【例】I would rather you did it right now. 我愿意你马上做。4）混合虚拟条件表示有些条件状语从句和主句的时态关系不像条件状语从句的虚拟语气那么规范。常常把三个时间混合使用。这也需要大家注意：。（1）过去时与现在时混合使用，即条件为与过去事实相反的假设，而主句为与现在事实相反的说法。【例】If he had followed the doctors advice, he would be all right now. 要是他当初听医生的劝告，他现在早没事了。（2）现在时与过去时混合使用。【例】If he could pass the exam now, he would have passed it last time. 他要是现在考试及格，那他上次就及格了。（3）现在时与将来时混合使用。【例】If he were here now, he was to start off with us tomorrow. 如果他现在在这，明天他会和我们一道出发。I wish I were younger. （现在希望现在）I wished I were younger. （过去希望当时）as if所引导的从句可充当状语，也可以充当表语，常用于look和seem之后。as if常用作与事实相反的比喻。对它后面从句时态的理解与wish同理：即注意分析主句和从句发生的时间先后关系。He spoke/speaks as if he were a foreigner. （同时发生）He spoke/speaks as if he had done something wrong. （“好像以前作错了事”先于主句发生）一、语气及其种类1语气（mood）语气是一种动词形式，表示讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2语气的种类语气可分为下列三种：1）陈述语气（indicative mood）表示讲话人认为他所说的话是一个事实。There are two sides to every question每个问题都有两个方面。2）祈使语气（imperative mood）表示讲话人对对方的请求或命令。Dont be late for class上课不要迟到。3）虚拟语气（subjunctive mood）是一种特殊的谓语动词形式，如：I ere，He be，She return等，用来表示一种假设、愿望、建议、请求、命令、猜测、可能、空想等。二、Wish和As if之后的虚拟语气对wish和as if掌握关键是对它们后面的时态的理解和使用，这完全不同于虚拟条件句。wish是指未能实现或不能实现的愿望。如果所希望的事是指过去，就用过去完成时，而不管wish本身是那种时态，即从句的动作或状态先于wish：I wish had been to Beijing（现在希望过去）I wished I had been to Beijing. （过去希望过去的过去）如果所希望的事是指将来，就用过去将来时或情态动词的过去时，不论wish本身是什么时态，即从句的动作和状态同时落后于wish：I wish I would be an astronaut. （现在希望将来）I wished I would be an astronaut. （过去希望过去的将来）如果所希望的事是当时的事，就用一般过去时，即从句的动作或状态与wish同时：一、正错辨析1错：It is（high）time we go正：It is（high） time we went正：It is（high） time we should go正：It is time for us to goIt is time后的定语从句通常要用虚拟语气，动词要用过去式，或用should加原形动词。这类句子含有“我们做某事的时间已过了（早就应该做了）”之意。2错：I wish you could join us in the party last night正：I wish you could have joined us in the party last night“wish”后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。其谓语动词有下面三种情况：（1）对目前的状况所表示的祝愿或抱歉，谓语动词为：were或一般过去式；（2）对将来发生的事情表示祝愿，谓语动词为：could（或would）+动词原形；（3）对过去发生的事情表示遗憾、后悔，谓语动词为：过去完成时或could（would）+ have +过去分词。3错：He would not do so unless he is ordered to正：He would not do so unless he were ordered tounless 引导条件状语从句相当于if的反意词“除外”，这一从句常用虚拟语气。因此，主句用虚拟语气时，从句应作相应的配合。4错：He speaks as if he is a hero正：He speaks as if he were a heroas if或as though引导状语从句大多数情况下要用虚拟语气，从句中动词用过去时或过去完成时。不过在look后面的as if 引起的从句中用虚拟和陈述两种语气都可以：She looks as if she is only in her thirtiesIt looks as if it were going to rain此外 smell，sound，seem等用作系动词时也有类似的情况。5错：Without our interruption，you may finish it earlier正：Without our interruption，you might have finished it earlierwithout是一带条件状语性质的介词，表示虚拟条件时，句子也要用虚拟语气。二、选择填空1If I _ you，I wouldnt return the callAbe Bam Cwas Dwere2If he _ the storekeepers scissors, he would have forgotten to Buy a pairAwould of seen Bhad not seenChad not of seen Dhas seen3I would have gone to the meeting，if I _ more timeAhad had Bhave had ChadDwould have had4I could have Done Better if I _ more timeAhave had Bhad Chad had Dwill have had5Your examination results were quite good，but _ if you had spent less time in playing football？Awouldnt they have Been Better Bwouldnt they Be BetterCwont they Be Better Dwont they have Been Better6 _ today，he would get there By FridayAWould he leave BWas he leavingCWere he to leave DIf he leaves7If I had hurried，I _ the train Awould catch Bcould catchCwould have caught Dhad caught8If you had Been with us，you _ our excitementAhave understood BunderstoodCwill understand Dwould have understood9Without your help，we _ so muchAwill not achieve Bdidnt achieveCdont achieve Dwould not have achieved10Mary insisted that Tom _ her the ring BackAgives Bgive Cgiven Dhave given11His Doctor suggested that he _ a short leave of absenceAwill take Bwould take Ctake Dtook12The job would require that _ at 7 oclock every morningAhe will Be at the factory Bhe Be at the factoryChe was at the factory Dhe has Been at the factory13Your advice that she _ till next week is reasonableAwill wait Bis going to wait Cwaits Dwait14The housemaster was strictHe requested that we _ television on week nightsAnot watch Bmust not to watchCnot Be watching Dhave not watched15It is necessary that a worker _ his work on timeAaccomplishes Bcan accomplishCaccomplish Dhas accomplished16It is important that he _ his Decision Before FridayAwill make Bmakes Cmake Dmust make17You look so tired. Its time you _ Ago to sleep Bwent to sleepCgo to Bed Dwent to Bed18Id rather you _ anything about it for the time beingAdo Bdidnt Do Cdont Ddidnt19But for water，it _ impossible to live in thedesertAis Bwas Cwere Dwouldnt Be20 _ it_ for your help，I couldnt have ade any progressAHad；not Been BShould；not BeenCDid；not Been DNot；be21Long _ the Party！Alives Blive Cwill live Dshould live22If only I _ my car！Ahadnt lost Bwould not loseCdidnt lose Dhavent lost23My suggestion was that the meeting _ off tillnext weekAto put Bbe putCshould put Dbe putting24Mother suggested that I _ my homework first before watching TVAdid Bdo shall DoDHave Done25 _ I Be free tomorrow，I could go with youACouldBShould CMightDMust【参考答案】1D2B3A4C5A6C7C8D9D10B11C12B13D14A15C16C17D18B19D20A21B22A23B24B25BA层次选题：（一）1If I _ ten years younger, I _ very happy. Awere, would be Bam, shall be Cwere, shall be Dam, would be 2-You can ask your brother for help. -He is not at home. If he _ , I _ . Ais, would Bwere, would Cis, will Dwere, will 3If you the doctors advice, you would have already recovered. Afollow Bfollowed Cwould follow Dhad followed 4If he had not missed the train, he _ by then. Amight get Bmight have got Cgot Dhad got 5What would you have done last night, if you _ to write your homework. Ahadnt Bhavent had Cdidnt have Dhadnt had 6-Did you catch the plane? -No, if I had hurried, I _ . Awould Bwould have Ccould D did 7Why didnt you tell him the truth? If I _ you, I would have. Awere Bhad been Cam Dwould be 8-How do you like the party? -Wonderful. If you had come with us, you _ a good time. Ahad Bhad had Cwould have Dwould have had 9If I _ out of my ink, I would have finished writing the paper. Adidnt run Bshouldnt run Chavent run Dhadnt run 10If you _ early tomorrow morning, you would be there by noon. Ahave started Bwere start Cwere to start Dhad started 11If you _