国际贸易与金融双语ch.ppt

InternationalEconomicsByRobertJ.Carbaugh9thEdition,Chapter4:TradeModelExtensionsandApplications,Carbaugh,Chap.4,2,Factorendowmenttheory(Heckscher-Ohlin),Comparativeadvantageisexplainedentirelybydifferentnationalsupplyconditions,especiallyresourceendowmentsNationsexportproductsthatuseinputswhicharerelativelyabundant(cheap)athome,andimportproductswhichneedinputswhicharerelativelyscarce(expensive)athome,Whyrelativepricedifferentials?,Carbaugh,Chap.4,3,Factorendowmenttheory:assumptions,Nationsallhavethesametastesandpreferences(sameindifferencecurves)TheyusefactorinputswhichareofuniformqualityTheyallusethesametechnology,Whyrelativepricedifferentials?,Carbaugh,Chap.4,4,Comparativeadvantageaccordingtofactorendowmenttheory,Factorendowmentmodel,Autarkyequilibrium,Carbaugh,Chap.4,5,Comparativeadvantageaccordingtofactorendowmenttheory,Factorendowmentmodel,Post-tradeequilibrium,Carbaugh,Chap.4,6,Factorendowmenttheory:implications,FactorpriceequalizationTheshiftwithineachnationtowardsuseofcheaperfactors,andawayfromexpensiveones,leadstomoreequalfactorprices(iffactorsaremobile)DistributionofincomeTradechangesdomesticdistributionofincomeasdemandfordifferentfactorschangesTestsoffactorendowmenttheoryEmphasizetheimportanceofvarietiesofdifferentfactors(suchashumancapital)andaccountingforchangesinresourceendowment;otherexplanationsarealsoimportant,Factorendowmentmodel,Carbaugh,Chap.4,7,Doestradeworseninequality?,TradetheorysuggeststhatcountrieswithabundantskilledlaborwillimportgoodswhicharemadewithunskilledlaborEquilibriumwageratiosforskilled/unskilledlaborareaffectedbytradeandtechnologychange,immigration,andeducationbettereducationandtrainingarepotentialsolutions,Distributionofincome,Carbaugh,Chap.4,8,Economiesofscale&specialization,Economiesofscaleprovideincentivesforspecialization,sinceperunitcostsgodownasproductionincreasesTradeprovidesalargerpotentialmarketforproducts,makinghigherproductionlevelspossible,Bringingtheoryclosertoreality,Carbaugh,Chap.4,9,Economiesofscaleasbasisfortrade,Economiesofscale,Carbaugh,Chap.4,10,Trade&specializationunderdecreasingcosts,Economiesofscale,Carbaugh,Chap.4,11,Otherextensionsofthetheory,OverlappingdemandsIntra-industrytradeProductcyclesDynamiccomparativeadvantage-industrialpolicy,Bringingtheoryclosertoreality,Carbaugh,Chap.4,12,Trade&theenvironment,EnvironmentalregulationcanleadtoapolicytradeoffIncreasedcostscanreducecomparativeadvantageofregulatedindustryPublicreceiveshealthandenvironmentalbenefitsConcernthatpollutingindustrieswouldmovetopoorcountrieswithlessregulationButstudiesindicatethatenvironmentalruleshaveasmallroleininvestmentlocationdecisionsPolluter-paysprinciple:incentivetofindwaystoreducepollutionatleastcost,Bringingtheoryclosertoreality,Carbaugh,Chap.4,13,Tradeeffectsofpollution-controlregulations,Trade&theenvironment,Carbaugh,Chap.4,14,Freetradeunderincreasingcosts,Transportationcosts,Notransportationcosts,Carbaugh,Chap.4,15,Freetradeunderincreasingcosts,Transportationcosts,Transportationcostsof$2000perauto,Carbaugh,Chap.4,16,Specificfactortheory,Looksattheincomedistributioneffectsoftradeintheshortrun,whensomefactorinputsarenotmobileamongsectorsIndicatesthatworkersmaybebetterorworseoff,dependingonpreferencesPredictsthatownersoffactorsusedinexportindustriesgainfromtrade,whileownersoffact