地理信息科学GIS.ppt

,地理信息科学第一讲概述从GISystem到GIScience艾廷华,艾廷华资源环境科学学院,地图制图与地理信息工程系办公室:3区7号楼519,506(机房实验室)Email:tinghua_aiOP:68778375MP究方向:地图综合,空间数据挖掘,移动计算与MobileGIS,课程介绍课程名:地理信息科学课程类别：选修学分数：2总学时：36授课对象：地理信息系统（计算机地图制图学）专业期间：2011年11月12月（1015周）上课时间：星期一、三7,8,9节(14:05-16:30),1-601授课方式：分8个专题讲授,每个专题授课4节参考教材:讲义祝国瑞教授编科学出版社,承继成等编考试方式：开卷考试。,课程介绍课程学习目标：通过较高层次的关于GI-3S(_cience,_ystem,_ervice)的学习,了解地理信息科学的发展过程掌握GI信息的特征、表达、加工技术及社会服务的基本问题,是对过去课程“GIS原理”,“数字制图”进一步拓宽.课程特点:本学科发展前沿介绍,涉及多门课程的研究,综合性强,信息量大.但没有完整的结构体系.课程内容:地理信息科学的产生、发展及研究现状地理信息的空间认知与心象地图地理信息模型表达地理信息的融合与尺度变换数据加工处理(挖掘、推理、智能化处理)地理信息可视化地理信息工程与地理信息的社会化服务,第一讲概述从GISystem到GIScience,0内容信息科学概述地理信息科学的确立地理信息科学的研究内容：3S与计算科学的结合研究群体主要研究问题研究现状,1信息科学概述1.1定义,信息科学是研究信息现象及其运动规律的科学:以信息作为主要研究对象,以信息过程的运动规律作为主要研究内容,以信息科学方法论作为主要研究方法,以扩展人的信息功能(全部信息功能形成的有机整体就是智力功能)作为主要研究目标的一门科学.,(1)信息本体论的信息_事物的运动状态和状态改变方式认识论的信息_主体所感知的运动状态和状态改变方式全信息:同时考察形式-语法信息syntactic含义-语义信息semantic价值-语用信息pragmaticShanon只是语法信息的统计情形,信息与物质,能量:物质是信息的载体,物质的运动是产生信息的源泉,但信息只是物质运动状态和状态改变的方式,而不是事物本身;传递和处理信息需要能量,控制能量需要信息,信息是事物运动的状态和状态改变的方式,能量则是物体做功的本领,(2)信息的运动规律产生:本体论意义上的信息获取:转换为认识论上的信息再生:认识论上的转换施效:认识论上的信息反作用于对象,产生新的信息传递:系统优化或自组织过程智能化探讨信息的定性本质;研究信息的定量测度;阐明信息过程的基本规律(以上所列);揭示利用信息来优化系统的方法和原理;归纳和构建信息科学的方法论,1.2与几个概念的区分,信息与数据信息的载体,信息的数字表达,其他表达包括语音,图像,文本,图形等.等目前已范化.,(2)信息与媒体信息的表达的依附体.单媒体与多媒体,(3)信息与资料具有某种目的,用途的材料的集合,携带有价值的信息,(4)信息与知识主体关于该类事物运动状态及其变化规律的表述,信息是知识的原材料,知识是信息提炼抽象出来的,2.地理信息科学的确立2.1GISystem的发展历史,(1)GIS的定义Ageographicinformationsystemis:Acomputersoftwaresystem(withsupportinghardware)thatmanagesdatapertaining（有关的）toland,water,andairresources,suchthatonecanstoreandretrievesuchgeographicinformationaswellasanalyzestoredinformationoradditionalparametersderivedfromstoredinformation.,多种定义:,GeographicInformationSystem(GIS)isaninformationsystemabletoencode,store,transform,analyze,anddisplaygeospatialinformation/society.html,Geographicinformationsystem(GIS)isasystemforinput,storage,manipulation,andoutputofgeographicinformationNCGIACoreCurriculuminGeographicInformationScience,(2)起源于地图制图学的发展1960s:最早的机器制图作品AtlasofBritishFlora,基于穿孔卡片计算机,后由针式打印机取代.地图学家Bertin在IBMSelectric打字机上设计了可缩放的地图符号In1963,agrantwasobtainedfromtheFordFoundationtoinitiatetheLaboratoryforComputerGraphicsatHarvardUniversity,whereFisherandhiscolleaguesbuiltateamofscientists,engineers,andprogrammerswhoeventuallycreatedSYMAP.Thiswasacomputermappingpackagethatcouldproduceisoline,choropleth,andproximalmapsonthelineprinter.,(3)GIS之父Tomlin,1966年完成加拿大地理信息系统并投入应用CGIS.60年代,当他在SpartanAirServices工作时,与农业部门的技术管理人员合作对地图数字化产生了兴趣.最终与IBM合作在AgriculturalRehabilitationandDevelopmentAdministration(ARDA)部门完成了该系统.,该系统存储了1000多幅地图,覆盖了全国,并投入正式使用.对GIS技术的发展有三个方面的突出贡献:滚筒式扫描对航片数字化;高效率的Morton码索引机制的建立;对区域边界的表达采用拓扑结点/链式编码,(4)GIS发展历史大事记,GIS发展历史大事记(continue),(5)当今多种类型的GIS,ProfessionalGISThedistinctivefeaturesofprofessionalGISincludedatacollectionandediting,databaseadministration,advancedgeoprocessingandanalysis,andotherspecialisttools,suchasESRIArcInfo,SamllworldGISDesktopGISDesktopGISfocusondatause,ratherthandatacreation,andprovideexcellenttoolsformakingmaps,reports,andcharts.Well-knowexamplesincludeESRIArcView,IntergraphGeoMedia,MapInforprofessionalHand-heldGISHand-heldGISarelightweightsystemsdesignedformobileandfielduse,suchasAutodeskOnsite,ESRIArcPad,ComponentGISComponentGISaretoolkitsandusedbyknowledgeableprogrammerstocreatefocusedapplications.ExamplesincludeESRIMapObjectsandMapInfoMapX.GISviewerGISviewerareabletodisplayandquerypopularfileformats,suchasESRIArcExplorer,IntergraphsGeoMedia,andMapInfosProViewerInternetGISInternetGISfocusondisplayandqueryapplications,aswellasmaping.ExamplesincludeAutodestkMapGuide,ESRIArcIMS,IntergraphGeoMediaWebMap,andMapInfoMapXtreme.,2.2GIScience的确立,(1)名称的更改GoodChild于1990年7月在苏黎世第四届SDH会议上作特邀报告“SpatialInformationScience”,两年后在IJGIS期刊上发表了“GeographicalInformationScience”(1992,6,p31-45),美国NCGIA地理信息与分析中心主任,GoodChild提出了GIScience关注的8个问题:,Datacollectionandmeasurementdiscretization:generalization,abstraction,approximation.GPS,map,orremotesensing?DatacaptureSpatialstatisticsDatamodelingandtheoriesofspatialdataDatastructures,algorithmsandprocessesDisplayAnalyticaltoolsInstitutional,managerialandethicalissues,1996年，期刊“InternationalJournalofGeographicalInformationSystem”改名为“I.JournalofGeographicalInformationScience”,随后，美国测绘学会期刊ACSM的“CartographyandGeographicalInformationSystem”也改名为“CartographyandGeographicalInformationScience”.一批学校相应的系名专业名改为Geomatics,Geoinformatics.,GI是关于地球表面地理要素与地理现象的信息；与其他信息相比的显著特征在于地理位置参考系；描述GI的地理概念包括：GI本身的基础框架描述大地坐标系、投影、距离度量）；地理要素类字典条目（湖泊、河流、城市、建筑物）；地名字典条目；描述地理实体间关系的术语（远近、相交、南、前后）；现象要素的基本类型（植被、水系、行政区划）,3.地理信息科学的研究内容3.1地理信息GI,geographichastodowiththeEarthitstwo-dimensionalsurfaceitsthree-dimensionalatmosphere,oceans,sub-surfacespatialhastodowithanymulti-dimensionalframemedicalimagesarereferencedtothehumanbodyengineeringdrawingsarereferencedtoamechanicalobjectarchitecturaldrawingsarereferencedtoabuildinggeographicisasubsetofspatialoftenthetermsareusedinterchangeablygeographicsoundtoosoft?,区分两个概念地理与空间（GeovsSpatial）,3.2地理信息科学(1)定义信息科学：根据信息的性质与特征，应用科学原理方法对信息进行系统化研究；地理信息科学:信息科学的一个分支，关于GI的研究；,GeographicinformationscienceisthesciencebehindthetechnologyconsidersfundamentalquestionsraisedbytheuseofsystemsandtechnologiesisthescienceneededtokeeptechnologyatthecuttingedgeNCGIACoreCurriculuminGeographicInformationScience(1997)/giscc/units/u002/,“GeographicInformationScience(GIScience)isthebasicresearchfieldthatseekstoredefinegeographicconceptsandtheiruseinthecontextofgeographicinformationsystems.GISciencealsoexaminestheimpactsofGISonindividualsandsociety,andtheinfluencesofsocietyonGIS.GISciencere-examinessomeofthemostfundamentalthemesintraditionalspatiallyorientedfieldsuchasgeography,cartography,andgeodesy,whileincorporatingmorerecentdevelopmentsincognitiveandinformationscience.Italsooverlapswithanddrawsfrommorepsychology,andcontributestoprogressinthosefields.Itsupportsresearchinpoliticalscienceandanthropology,anddrawsonthosefieldsinstudiesofgeographicinformationandsociety.”1999,workshopheldbyNationalScienceFoundation,(2)有关论述,地理信息的认知；地理信息的计算问题；地理信息的社会化服务；(fromNCGIA),GI_,Science,System,Society,GIS,GPS,RS,(3)研究领域3S,GeographicInformationSystems(1980s)GeographicInformationScience(1990s)GeographicInformationServices(2000s),发展历程,Geo-InformationScience:Concernsgenericissuesinthehandlingandanalysisofgeo-spatialdatasuchasdatastructures,visualisation,spatialdataanalysis,spatialdataqualityandthepropagationofuncertainty.Geo-InformationSystems:Concernstheuseofspecialistsoftwareinmappinganddataminingapplicationsinsuchdiverseareasastheenvironment,crime,health,education,transportandbusiness.Geo-InformationService:Concernsthedesignandconstructionofspecificspatialinformationsolutionssuchasinpredictivemodelling,spatialdecisionsupportandlocation-basedservices.,(4)GIScience需研究的问题A空间如何表达？地球表面是无限复杂的decisionsmustbemadeabouthowtocaptureit,representitinadigitalsystemabouthowandwheretosampleaboutwhatdataformatoptionstouse采用什么标准来选取表达复杂事物与现象accuracyofrepresentationaccuracyofpredictions,decisionsbasedonrepresentationminimizingvolumeofdatamaximizingspeedofcomputationcompatibilitywithotherprojects,users,softwarecompatibilitywithhowpeopleactuallythinkabouttheworld,B怎样分析该空间表达？如何描述分析准确度？（粒度、分辨率、精度、比例尺）如何量算信息损失量、产生的不确定性？（墒、误差）如何让用户理解这一描述？howtodescribethemindocumentationhowtovisualizethemhowtosimulatetheirimpactsC如何建立表达与用户之间的关系？howdopeople,ratherthanmachines,thinkabouttheworld?howcancomputerrepresentationsbemademorelikethewayspeoplethink?howdopeoplereasonwith,learnabout,communicateaboutthegeographicalworld?howcanoutputfromGISbemademoreintelligibletocertaintypesofusers,e.g.childrenundercertainconstrainedsituations,e.g.inafightercockpit,D关于数据模型与数据结构的问题howtostoreagivenrepresentationefficientlyhowtoretrieveinformationrapidlythroughappropriateindexinghowtoachieveinteroperabilitybetweensystemsE地理数据的可视化问题howdomethodsofdisplayaffecttheinterpretationofgeographicdata?howcanthescienceofcartographybeextendedtotakeadvantageofthepowerofthedigitalenvironment?whatbasicpropertiesofdisplaydetermineitssuccess?F分析工具的问题whatisthenatureofhumanspatialintuition,andhowcanitbeenhancedbyGIStools?whatmethodsofanalysisareneededtosupportspecifictypesofdecisionsmadeusingGIS?howcanmethodsofanalysisbepresentedsothatuserscanchooseeffectivelybetweenthem?,AiGore在数字地球报告中提出的5大核心技术：计算科学;海量存储；卫星图象；宽带网络；互操作,(6)地理信息科学涉及的相关学科地理学计算机科学统计学（空间统计）经济学（信息管理）认知科学（空间认知）心理学（环境心理、景观心理、社会心理）数学（几何）,4.地理信息科学的研究群体4.1有影响的学术会议(1)SDH（空间数据处理）国际地理联合会IGU的地理信息系统专业委员会cccc(http:/www.hku.hk/cupem/igugisc/）组织；从84年开始，每两年举行一次，第九届在北京召开ccccc(http:/www.hku.hk/cupem/igugisc/sdh2000/）为Refereedconference,论文集由权威出版社TaylorFrancis出版；第十届，2002年7月在加拿大Ottawacccc5/committees/sdh_e.html十一届，2004年7月在英国Leicestercccchttp:/www.geog.le.ac.uk/sdh2004/第十二届2006年7月在维也纳/conference.htm08年十三届6月法国，http:/sdh-sageo.teledetection.fr/,SDH会议讨论专题,1st-Zurich,19842nd-Seattle,19863rd-Sydney,19884th-Zurich,19905th-Charleston,19926th-Edinburgh,19947th-Delft,19968th-Vancouver,19989th-Beijing,200010th-Ottawa,2002(jointlyorganizedwithISPRS)11th-Leicester,200412th-Vienna,2006,(2)COSIT（ConferenceonSpatialInformationTheory）计算机科学、认知科学、心理学、机器人科学领域的vvvv学者会聚讨论GI信息理论1993年发起，每两年一次分别在欧洲、北美举行；是公认的GI理论研究的最高权威会议，论文严格ccccc评审，由Springer-Verlag出版最近一次，05年，美国,Ellicottville,NewYork/COSIT05/研究领域包括：,研究领域包括：*GeographyandGeoinformationScience*ComputerScience,ArtificialIntelligence,andCognitiveScience*Cognitive,Perceptual,andEnvironmentalPsychology*EngineeringandHumanFactors*Architecture,Planning,andEnvironmentalDesign*AdministrationandLaw*CognitiveAnthropologyandPsycholinguistics*History,Sociology,andPhilosophyofMind*SocialandCulturalStudies,讨论专题*Cognitivestructureofspatialknowledge*Structureofgeographicinformation*Languagesofspatialrelations*Timeingeographicinformation*Spatialandtemporalreasoning*Navigationbyorganismsandrobots*Socialandculturalorganizationofspace*Qualityissuesingeographicinformation*Incompleteorimprecisespatialknowledge*Spatialdataintegration/interoperability*Presentation/communicationofspatialinformation*Simulationofprocessesingeographicspace*User-interfacedesign/spatializationofinterfaces,*Informationmetaphors*Naivegeography/behavioralgeography*Ontologyofspace*Virtualandaugmentedreality*Cooperativeworkwithspatialinformation*Spatialdecision-supportsystems*Administrativeandlegalprocessesinspace,(3)SSD/SSTD（大型时空数据库学术会议）1989年由美国NCGIA发起，每两年一次,99年在香港；更多的关注GI的计算机技术，参加学者多为计算机vvccv科学领域的GIS研究人员；最近一次，2005年，第九届http:/www.ic.unicamp.br/sstd05/Welcome.html,ManagementofMovingObjectsSpatialandTemporalAspectsofMobileComputingOntologiesandTaxonomiesRequirementsAnalysisforApplicationsDatabaseDesign,includingPhysical,Logical,andConceptualcccccModelingDataSemanticsandModelsDataTypesandQueryLanguagesSystemsArchitectures,includingInteroperabilitySpatialandTemporalExtensibilityofObject-RelationalDBMSsQueryProcessingandIndexingQueryOptimizationTechniques,includingCostModelsIntegrationwithExistingCommercialProductsNovelandChallengingApplicationsExperienceswithRealApplicationsandSystemsExperiencesPracticalApproachesfromComputationalGeometryandcccConstraintDatabasesDesignofExperimentsandBenchmarkscccccExperimentalPerformanceEvaluationsandBenchmarking,TemporalandSpatialDataWarehousingandDecisionSupportSpatialandTemporalDataMiningandKnowledgeDiscoveryReasoningSimilarityUncertaintyandImprecisionManagementofRasterandVectorDataParallelandDistributedDatabaseSystemsReal-TimeDatabasesActiveDatabaseTechnologyUseofSpatio-TemporalDataforSimulationUserInterfaces,includingVisualInterfacesSpatialandTemporalDataandtheWebVisualizationCriticalEvaluationofStandardsProposals,(4)ACM-GIS(计算机协会ACM关于GIS的学术讨论会）每年举行一次，在ACM网站上公布，(）2001年,/ACM_GIS2001/2002年,/ACM_GIS2002/讨论专题,-Location-basedservices,andthedigitalearth-MobileanddistributedGIservices-Smartcitiesandthedigitalgovernment-Privacyandsecurity-Intelligenttransportationsystems-Real-timespatio-temporalGIS-Visualquerylanguagesandexpressiveness-Algebraandontologies-Interoperability,XML,andstandards-EmbeddedandubiquitousGIS-Fuzzyspatio-temporalobjects-Computergeometry,networking,andapproximationalgorithms-Large-scaleGISserversandParallelGIS-Userinterfaces,visualizationtechniques,andanimation-MultimediaandGIS,anddigitallibraries,-Spatial,spatio-temporalandmultidimensionalaccessmethods-Queryprocessingandspatial/distancejoinalgorithms-Modelingandmultiplerepresentations-Spatialandspatio-temporalaggregationandsummaries-Dynamicmaps,sensors,andmovingobjecttechnologies-Novelapplicationsanddecisionsupport-Spatialandspatio-temporaldatamining-Spatialandspatio-temporaldatawarehousing-Performanceevaluationandbenchmarking-Reasoningandspatio-temporaldataquality-Onlineandadaptivewide-areaspatialqueryprocessing-Spatialmediatorsandintelligentagents,(5)其他学术会议ISPRS(http:/www.ISPRS.org/)ICA(，地图综合委员会（http:/www.geo.unizh.ch/ICA/）FIG国际测量师学会；其他计算机图形学有关学术会议,4.2期刊杂志InternationalJournalofGeographicalInformationScience(IJGIS),UK;GeoinformaticCartographyandGeographicalInformationScience(CaGIS,ACSM)Cartographica,CanadaIEEE,ACM的有关期刊，IEEETransactionsonKnowledgeandDataEngineering,ACMTransactionsonDatabaseSystem,TheJournalofVisualLanguageandComputing,5.地理信息科学计算问题的研究现状5.1GI的计算问题(在计算机中如何表达、建模、操作、运算),aSDBMSisasoftwaremodulethatcanworkwithanunderlyingDBMSsupportsspatialdatamodels,spatialADTsandaquerylanguagefromwhichtheseADTsarecallablesupportsspatialindexing,algorithmsforprocessingspatialoperations,anddomainspecificrulesforqueryoptimizationSDBMScomponentsincludespatialdatamodel,querylanguage,queryprocessing,fileorganizationandindices,queryoptimization,etc.,SpatialquerylanguageSpatialdatatypes,e.g.point,linestring,polygon,Spatialoperations,e.g.overlap,distance,nearestneighbor,Callablefromaquerylanguage(e.g.SQL3)ofunderlyingDBMSSELECTS.nameFROMSenatorSWHERES.district.Area()300SELECTS.nameFROMSenatorS,BusinessBWHERES.district.Area()300ANDWithin(B.location,S.district)StandardsSQL3(a.k.a.SQL1999)isastandardforquerylanguagesOGISisastandardforspatialdatatypesandoperatorsBothstandardsenjoywidesupportinindustryOracleSpatial9i,(1)空间查询,EfficientalgorithmstoanswerspatialqueriesCommonStrategy-filterandrefineFilterStep:QueryRegionoverlapswithMBRsofB,CandDRefineStep:QueryRegionoverlapswithBandC,QueryOptimizationAspatialoperationcanbeprocessedusingdifferentstrategiesComputationcostofeachstrategydependsonmanyparametersQueryoptimizationistheprocessoforderingoperationsinaqueryandselectingefficientstrategyforeachoperationbasedonthedetailsofagivendatasetExampleSELECTS.nameFROMSenatorS,BusinessBWHERES.soc-sec=B.soc-secANDS.gender=FemaleProcess(S.gender=Female)before(S.soc-sec=B.soc-sec)Donotuseindexforprocessing(S.gender=Female),(2)空间索引,Choiceforspatialindexing:B-treeisahierarchicalcollectionofrangesoflinearkeys,e.g.numbersB-treeindexisusedforefficientsearchoftraditionaldataB-treecanbeusedwithspacefillingcurveonspatialdataR-treeprovidesbettersearchperformanceyet!R-treeisahierarchicalcollectionofrectanglesMoredetailsinlaterlectures,B-tree,R-tree,AnalysisofspatialdataisofmanytypesDeductiveQuerying,e.g.searching,sorting,overlaysInductiveMining,e.g.statistics,correlation,clustering,classi