如何上好一堂儿科理论课.ppt

NutritionofChildhood,DepartmentofPediatricsSoochowUniversityAffiliatedChildrensHospital,NutritionofChildhood,Goodnutritionhelpstopreventacuteandchronicillness,todevelopphysicalandmentalpotential,andtoprovidereservesforstress.,1.NUTRITIONALREQUIREMENTS,EnergyEnergyneedsofchildrenatdifferentagesandundervariousconditionsvariousgreatly.,BasalMetabolism基础代谢TheThermicEffectofFood(TEF)食物特殊动力作用EnergyRequiredforgrowthanddevelopment生长发育PhysicalActivities体力活动Elimination排泄损失,Energy,Theaveragedailyrequirementisapproximately110kcal/kgforthefirstyearoflife,withsubsequentdecreasesofabout10kcal/kgforeachsucceeding3yearsperiod.,Energy,Generally,approximately10%-15%ofthecaloriesarederivedfromprotein;50%-60%fromcarbohydrate;35%-45%fromfat.,Energy,VitaminsMineralsWaterThenormalinfantsabsoluterequirementforwaterprobablyis150ml/kg/dayisrecommended.DietaryFiber,THEFEEDINGOFINFANTS婴儿喂养,BreastFeeding,Breastfeedingprovidesoptimalnutritionforthenormalinfantduringtheearlymonthsoflife.,(Thefirstmilk)colostrum初乳Thebreastwithfivedaysafterdeliveryiscolostrum.Thecolostrumisalemon-yellowcolorandalkaline.Thetotalamountofcolostrumsecreteddailyis10-40ml.,Colostrumcontainsmoreproteinsandmoreminerals,butlowerincarbohydrateandfat.Humancolostrumalsocontainssomeuniqueimmunologicfactorsandhighinglobulins.,Thetransitionalmilk过度乳Whichisthesecretionofthebreastfromfivedaysto10daysafterbirth,ThematureMilk成熟乳Whichisthesecretionofthebreastfrom11daysafterbirthto10months.,CompositionofHumanMilk母乳成分,HumanmilkproteinMilklipidsCarbohydrateMineralcontentofhumanmilkVitamins,AdvantagesofBreastFeeding,EasytobenursingNutritionalbenefitsPsychologicalbenefitsImprovementofimmunitybenefitsDevelopmentalbenefitsBenefitstoMothers,ManagementofBreastFeeding,Breastfeedingshouldbeginassoonafterdeliveryastheconditionofthemotherandofthebabypermits,preferablywithinthefirsthours.Infantsshouldbebroughttothemotherforfeedingaboutevery3hoursduringthedayandevery4hoursduringnight.,WeaningofBreastFeeding,Praise,lovingattention,cuddling,andselectionofappropriatetime(about10monthsofages)arevitaltosuccessfulweaning.Avoidweaninginhotweatherorwheninfantissick.,CombinedFeeding混合喂养,Combinedfeedingmeansthattheinfantisreceivingbothbreastmilkandartificialmilkfeeds.,ArtificialFeeding人工喂养,Artificialfeedingmeansthatnutritioussubstitutesforhumanmilkhavebeendeveloped.,Calculationfortheamountofcowsmilkrequiredbyinfant（婴儿的奶量计算）,Ifaninfantisfedby8%sugared-milk,thetotalenergyandtheamountofmilkandliquidneedtobecalculated.Forexample,one3-monthsinfant,weight5kg:,Calculationfortheamountofcowsmilk,Theamountofenergyprovidedbywholecowsmilkis68kcal/100mlTheamountofenergyprovidedbysugaris4kcal/gEnergyprovidedby100ml8%sugared-milk:68kcal+4kcal/g8g=100kcalEnergyprovidedby1ml8%sugared-milkis1kcal,Totaldailyenergyneed:110kcal/kg5=550kcalTheamountofdailymilkrequired:550100/100=550mlTheamountofdailysugarrequired:8/100550=44gTheamountofdailyliquidrequired:1505=750mlSupplyliquidbesidesmilk:750-550=200mlTheaboveamountisdividedinto5-6timesperday,ArtificialFeeding人工喂养,DriedWholeMilk奶粉Warmwaterisaddedtomakewholemilk,withtheratioofl:8byweight(1gdriedwholemilkadd8gwater)orl:4byvolume(lspoonofdriedwholemilkadd4spoonsofwater).,ComplementarySolidFood（辅食添加）,ObjectsofComplementarySolidFoods,WeaningImprovegrowthan