初中语法-陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句.doc

鸣志教育-初中语法之陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句在英语中，句子按使用目可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。一、陈述句陈述句用来说明一个事实或是陈述说话人的看法，句末用句号。（一）五种基本句型基本句型一：主语+不及物动词1. Great changes have taken place.2. We all breathe, eat and drink.3. The blind study in special schools.4. Fighting broke out between the South and North.5. To tell the truth always pays.6. What he said doesnt matter.以上例句中的斜体部分是句子的主语。主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme)， 是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词化的名词、动名词、不定式、从句等等。谓语动词说明主语的动作和状态。以上例句中， 我们不难看出，句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，这些不及物动词可以是单个的动词，也可以是短语。由此，可以归纳出句型一：主语+不及物动词。基本句型二：主语+系动词+表语1. He is a teacher.2. The best composition is hers.3. Five and five is ten. 4. He is asleep.5. His father is in.6. The picture is on the wall.7. My watch is gone missinglost.8. To see is to believe.9. The question is whether they will come. 以上例句中的斜体部分是句子的表语。表语说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身分，通常有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、形容词化的分词、不定式或者从句充当。句子中的be 是系动词。由此可以总结出句型二：主语+系动词+表语。除了be动词，系动词还包括：“似乎类”：seem, appear“感觉类”：feel, look, sound, smell, taste“变成类”：become, come, go, get, grow, fall, turn“仍然类”：remain, continue, stay, keep“证明是”：prove 基本句型三：主语+及物动词+宾语1. I like China. （名词）2. He hates you. （代词）3. How many do you need? We need two. （数词）4. We should help the old and the poor. （名词化的形容词）5. I enjoy working with you.（动名词）6. I hope to see you again.（不定式）7. Did you write down what he said （宾语从句）分析以上例句，可以看出斜体部分是句子的宾语。句子的宾语可以由名词、代词、数词、形容词化的名词、动名词、不定式、从句充当，宾语表示及物动词或及物动词短语的对象或内容， 或者用于介词后构成介词短语。句中的谓语动词可以是单个的动词，也可以是短语，如look forward to, adapt to, look after等等。由此可以总结出句型三：主语+及物动词+宾语。基本句型四：主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语1. She ordered herself a new dress.2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 3. He brought you a dictionary. 4. He denies her nothing. 5. I showed him my pictures. 6. I gave my car a wash. 7. I told him the bus was late.8. He showed me how to run the machine. 仔细观察以上例句，可以看出，斜体部分是句子的宾语，下划线部分也是句子的宾语，也就是一个句子中有两个宾语。不难发现，斜体部分为“人或者物等”，称为间接宾语； 下划线部分为“物或者事”，称为直接宾语。至此，可以总结出句型四：主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。有的动词可用介词to或介词for引出间接宾语1. 双宾语易位时在间接宾语前面加介词to的常用动词有：award sb. sth. = award sth. to sb. 颁奖给某人hand sb. sth. =hand sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb. 把某物借给某人mail sb. sth. = mail sth. to sb. 把某物寄给某人offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb. 将某物给某人owe sb. sth. = owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物pass sb. sth. = pass sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人pay sb. sth. = pay sth. to sb. 付给某人某物（钱）post sb. sth. = post sth. to sb. 把某物寄给某人read sb. sth. = read sth. to sb. 把某物读给某人听return sb.sth. = return sth. to sb. 把某物还给某人send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物送给某人sell sb. sth. = sell sth. to sb. 把某物卖给某人serve sb. sth. = serve sth. to sb. 拿某物招待某人show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. 拿某物给某人看take sb. sth. = take sth. to sb. 把某物拿给某人teach sb. sth. = teach sth. to sb. 教某人某物tell sb. sth. = tell sth. to sb. 告诉某人某情况throw sb. sth. = throw sth. to sb. 把某物扔给某人write sb. sth. = write sth. to sb. 给某人写信2. 双宾语易位时在间接宾语前面加介词for的常用动词有：book sb. sth. = book sth. for sb. 为某人预定某物buy sb. sth. = buy sth. for sb. 为某人买某物choose sb. sth. = choose sth. for sb. 为某人选某物cook sb. sth. = cook sth. for sb. 为某人煮某物draw sb. sth. = draw sth. for sb. 为某人画某物fetch sb. sth. = fetch sth. for sb. 为某人去取某物 find sb. sth. = find sth. for sb. 为某人找到某物fix sb. sth. = fix sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物get sb. sth. = get sth. for sb. 为某人拿来某物make sb. sth. = make sth. for sb. 为某人做某物order sb. sth. = order sth. for sb. 为某人订购某物pick sb. sth. = pick sth. for sb. 为某人采摘某物prepare sb. sth. = prepare sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物save sb. sth. = save sth. for sb. 为某人留某物sing sb. sth. = sing sth. for sb. 为某人唱某物（歌）spare sb. sth. = spare sth. for sb. 为某人让出某物steal sb. sth. = steal sth. for sb. 为某人偷某物3. 双宾语易位时在间接宾语前面既可用介词to也可用介词for的动词有：（1）bring，play等（其含义相同）Bring me todays paper. = Bring todays paper to/for me. 把今天的报纸拿给我。He played us the record he had just bought.= He played the record he had just bought for/to us. 他放了他刚买的唱片给我们听。（2）leave等（其含义不同）They left me no food. = They left no food for me.他们没给我留一点食物。My uncle left me a large fortune.= My uncle left a large fortune to me. 叔叔死后留下一大笔财产给我。有的动词后接双宾语时，既不能用介词to引出间接宾语，也不能用介词for引出间接宾语。如allow, ask, cause, charge, cost, forgive, refuse等：He allows his son too much money.他给他儿子的钱太多。 He asked me some questions. 他问了我一些问题。 This caused me much trouble. 这给我带来了许多麻烦。 He charged me five dollars for a cup of tea.他一杯茶向我要了5美元。 His mistake cost him his job. 他的错误让他丢了工作。 I envy you your good luck. 我羡慕你的好运。 They forgave him his rudeness. 他们原谅了他的鲁莽。 He refused her nothing. 她要什么他就给什么。基本句型五：主语+及物动词+宾语+补语1. They named the child Jim. 2. He boiled the egg hard. 3. He painted the door green. 4. I found the book very interesting.5. We saw him out. 6. The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover. 7. I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.我把这个叫做拆东墙补西墙。8. Dont take his kindness for granted. 分析以上句子，可以看出，动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，这个补充成分叫宾语补足语。（斜体部分即宾语的补足语）才能使意思完整。可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等 。由此归纳，基本句型五：主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语。复合宾语主要有以下几种类型：1. 宾语+名词（或代词）该结构常用到的动词有：name, find, call, make, elect, choose, think, leave, keep, consider等。如：We call this kind of flower rose. 我们管这种花叫玫瑰。They made/elected him monitor. 他们选他当班长。We found him a suitable man for the job. 我们发现他就是这工作的合适人选。You must keep it a secret. 你得保密。His mother died, leaving him an orphan. 他母亲死了，使他成了孤儿。2. 宾语+形容词常用于该结构的动词有：think, believe, find, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, get等。例如：Who left/kept the door open/closed? 谁让门开(关)着?Lets get everything ready in time. 我们按时把一切都准备好吧。I found him dead the next morning. 次日早晨我发现他死了。3. 宾语+副词副词用作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的表语关系，即宾语的表语。常用于该结构的副词有：up, down, here, there, out, in, home, upstairs等。例如：Show/Let him in/ out. 带(让)他进来(出去)。Kate drove us home after dinner. 饭后凯特驱车送我们回家。4. 宾语+介词短语介词短语用作宾补常表示宾语所处的状态，它们之间亦具有逻辑主表关系。如：Make yourself at home. 请随便点(别拘束)。They found everything in good order. 他们发现一切井然有序。5. 宾语+不定式充当宾语的不定式有以下三种类型：（1）动词不定式必须带to。这类动词有tell, ask, order, like, wish, want, expect, invite等等。如：Jim asked/ told/ ordered me to keep the room clean and orderly. 吉姆请（叫/命令）我将房间收拾干净整齐。We invited him to visit our school. 我们邀请他访问了我校。（2）动词不定式省略动词不定式符号to。这类动词有：一感：feel 二听：listen to, hear 三让：let, make, have五看：look at, see, watch, notice, observe例如：I often hear him sing in the next room. 我经常听见他在隔壁唱歌。Ill let you know as soon as I hear from her. 我一收到她的信就通知你。The story made us laugh. 故事逗得我们笑了。注意：这类动词在变被动时，要加上动词不定式符号to（3）动词help后的不定式符号to可以省略，也可以保留。例如：Could you help me (to) carry this box? 您能帮我扛一下这箱子吗?6. 宾语+现在分词可跟现在分词作宾补的动词多为感官动词和某些使役动词。感官动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补，表示宾语和宾补动作的全过程，即不定式这一动作发生过或发生了；而现在分词作宾补则表示宾语和宾补动作正在进行。试比较：She noticed/found him getting on the tractor. = She noticed/found that he was getting on it. 她注意到（发现）他正爬上拖拉机。She noticed him get on the tractor and drive it off. = She noticed that he got on it and drove it off. 她注意到他爬上拖拉机并将它开走。He felt his heart beating fast. 他感到心跳得厉害。Do you smell anything burning? 你闻到什么烧糊的味道了吗?Please get the clock going. 请让钟走起来吧。7. 宾语+过去分词（1）如果说感官动词和部分使役动词后作宾补的现在分词与宾语之间表达主动关系的话，作宾补的过去分词与宾语之间则为被动关系。试比较：I wont have anyone saying so. 我不允许任何人这样说。I wont have anything said against him. 我不允许任何人对他说三道四。Please get the light burning and dont get your hands burnt. 请让灯燃着，别把手烫着了。（2）还有部分使役动词（如make, have）后的复合宾语若为主动关系，需用动词原形，若为被动关系，仍用过去分词。如：Ill have him repair my bike. 我要让他给我修一下自行车。Ill have/get my bike repaired. 我要让我的自行车给修一下。Speak louder so that you can make yourself heard.大声点讲，好让别人听见你说的。（3）另外，get, wish, want等动词后的宾补，动词不定式表达主动关系，被动关系则用过去分词。如：Do you want/need the song sung? 你想要这歌给唱一下吗?（4）注意：let后的宾补，其被动语态必须用be+过去分词来表达。如：Let him be taken there. 让他给带到那儿去吧。8. 形式宾语it+名词（形容词）+实际宾语实际宾语可以由to do结构或that等引导的从句所构成。如：He made it a rule never to get up late.他定了个规矩，那就是从不晚起。Do you think it necessary to keep an English diary every day? 你觉得有必要每天写一篇英语日记吗?He felt it strange that she should/would be late for class. 她上课也迟到，他倒觉得奇怪。定语和状语1. 如果在名词或者代词前面加上单词、短语或者句子来修饰，那么这些修饰性或限制性的部分就是定语。1. Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词）2. He is our friend. （代词）3. We belong to the third world.（数词）4. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）5. The man over there is my old friend.（副词）6. The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. （介词短语）7. The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）8. The trees planted last year are growing well now.（过去分词）9. I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）10. You should do everything that I do. （从句）由以上例句可以看出，用做定语（斜体部分）的可以是名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词、现在分词、过去分词、不定式或从句。假如修饰名词或代词的是一个句子，那么这个句子就叫定语从句。 2. 在英语中，修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的成分叫状语。如： The girl is improving remarkably. 这个女孩大有进步。 可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。如果做状语的是一个从句，那么这个从句叫做状语从句。状语按其用途来分，可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、伴随等 。（1）Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow? As soon as he comes, Ill tell you. 时间状语，多位于句末和句首，有时亦可置于句中（2）There are plenty of fish in the sea. On the platform, she kissed her mother. 地点状语，多置于句末，有时也位于句首和句中。（3）Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job. I eat potatoes because I like them. 原因状语，包括表理由的状语，多置于句末，有时亦可置于句首。 （4）She woke suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway. She spoke so softly that I couldnt hear what she said. 结果状语，多由不定式、分词和从句表示，常位于句末。（5）He ran for shelter.In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.目的状语，多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示，常位于句末，强调时可以置于句首。 （6） Without the leadership of the Communist Party of China， there would be no new China.Take an umbrella in case in rains. 条件状语，多由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。（7）He said he would come; he didnt, though.Though he is young, he can do it well. 让步状语，由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首（8）The lecture is very interesting. To what extent would you trust them? 程度状语，常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。（9）My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten. He stood there, pipe in mouth. 伴随状语，常由短语和独立主格等表示。对位于句末和句首。 （二）陈述句的否定形式肯定句变否定句时要注意以下几点：1. 含有be动词、助动词、情态动词的肯定句变否定句时，直接在上述动词后面加not。其中，must作“必须”讲时，其否定形式应为dont have to或neednt。2. 含有行为动词的肯定句变为否定句时，要根据相应的人称和时态，借助助动词dont/doesnt/didnt来变。3. 除not外，构成否定句的还有其他否定词： no He has no brother. = He doesnt have any brother. never I have never seen such a man.= I havent seen such a man before. no one, nobody Nobody is interested in the book. nothing There is nothing on the table. neither of., none of. Neither of them is good at swimming. None of them is good at swimming. little, few There are few students in the classroom. There is little water in the glass. seldom, hardly I seldom watch TV. I can hardly say a word. too. to. He is too young to go to school.二、疑问句疑问句用于提出问题，分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。（一）一般疑问句一般疑问句用来询问事物或情况是否属实，需要对方给予肯定或否定回答。在回答时，要注意肯定一致与否定一致。通常要求把陈述句变为一般疑问句，应注意一下几点：1. 陈述句变为一般疑问句时，如果谓语动词中含有be动词、助动词或情态动词，则直接把他们提到句首；如果谓语动词是行为动词，则根据人称和时态，在句首加助动词do/does/did，并将行为动词变为动词原形。2. 否定的一般疑问句通常是以缩略形式开头，往往表示惊讶、赞叹、怀疑等语气，注意回答时Yes或No的意思。 Dont you know the boy? Yes, I do. （不，我知道。） （二）特殊疑问句 特殊疑问句用来对句中某一部分进行提问，一般用特殊疑问词引导。1. 特殊疑问词可以分为两类（1）疑问代词：what, who, whom, whose, which（2）疑问副词：when, where, why, how2. 特殊疑问句的语序问题如果疑问词在句中作主语或主语的定语，疑问句的语序与陈述句语序一致；如果疑问词在句中作其他成分，则用“疑问词+一般疑问句”的结构。如：What is your name?Which one is Bob?Whose book is this?3. 怎样就划线部分提问？首先必须明白各疑问词都提问什么。疑问词意义用法例句what什么用来问是什么、叫什么、做什么等1.Whats your name? 2.Whats your father?3.What is in your box? What time什么时间用来问时间1. What time is it? 2. What time is it now? What color什么颜色用来问颜色1. Waht color is your bag? 2. What color is your book?What about怎么样用来征求意见或询问感受等，大多用于承接上面的同样问题1. What bout this pair of shoes?2. What about you? 3. What about your dad?What day星期几用来问星期几1. What day is it today?2. What day was yesterday? What date什么日期问具体的日期1. Whats the date today? 2. What date is tomorrow? What for为何目的用来问目的，在一定情况下可以与why互换What did you buy that for? when什么时候用来问时间1. When do you get up?2. When did you go there? where哪里用来问地点1. Where is my ruler? 2. Where are you from? 3. Where are you going to? which哪一个用来问具体的哪一个1. Which season do you like best? 2. Which class are you in?3. Which one is my pen？Who/Whom谁用来问人物是谁1. Who is that boy?2. Who are you going to with? 3. Who is that pretty lady?4. With whom is the teacher talking?5. Whom do you usually play with?whose谁的用来问东西是谁的1. Whose bag is this? 2. Whose bike is yellow?why为什么用来问原因1. Why do you like spring? 2. Why did you go there? how怎么样用来询问身体等状况1.How are you? 2.How is your mother? How old几岁用来问年龄1. How old are you? 2. How old is your father? How long多长用来问长度或问时间有多长1. How long are your legs? 2. How long is your pencil? 3. How long have you been in Beijing?How big多大用来问物体的大小1. How big is your bedroom? How tall多高用来问高度2. How tall is your brother? How heavy多重用来问重量1. How heavy are you? 2. How heavy is this box? How far多远用来问路程How far is it from here? How many多少用来问可数名词的数量1. How many apples do you have? 2. How many days are there in a year?How much多少钱用来问价格或问不可数名词的数量1. How much is this dress? 2. How much are these desks? 3. How much yogurt do you need?How often多久一次用来问频率How often do you go to the movies?How soon多久才用来对“in+一段时间”进行提问，用于一般将来时How soon will he come back?How about怎么样用来征求意见或询问感受等，大多用于承接上面的同样问题，用法与what about相同1.How about you?2.How about that shirt? （三）选择疑问句 提出两种或两种以上的情况，要求对方选择一种情况进行回答的问句叫选择疑问句。其结构可用一般疑问句或特殊疑问句，供选择的最后一个部分用or与前面的部分相连接。回答时不用yes或no，而是根据具体情况直接作出回答。1. 一般选择疑问句的结构：一般疑问句 + or + 被选择的部分 如： Do you likes apples or oranges? I like apples. 2. 特殊选择疑问句的结构：特殊疑问句，A or B？ 如： Which would you like better, tea or coffee? I like coffee.（四）反意疑问句 反意疑问句由“陈述句+简短问句”组成，问话者欲对陈述句部分的内容做进一步的证实。反意疑问句应注意以下几点：1. 当前面的陈述句是肯定句时，后面用否定形式进行反问，即前肯后否。如：Tom is a student, isnt he?The girl lives in Beijing, doesnt she?2. 当前面的陈述句是否定句时，后面用肯定形式进行反问，即前否后肯。如：Tom isnt a student, is he?The girl doesnt live in Beijing, does she?注意：no, never, no one, nobody, nothing, neither of., none of., little, few, seldom, hardly, too. to. 等否定意义的词，另外，带有否定前缀的词（unhappy, important等）并不是否定词。3. 特殊的反意疑问句（1）祈使句。 普通的祈使句后一般加上will you或wont you构成反意疑问句，用will you 多表示“请求”，用wont you 多表示提醒对方注意。例如： Look at the blackboard, will you/ wont you? 看黑板，好吗？ Let引导的祈使句有两种情况：1) Lets.后的反意疑问句用shall we或shant we，还可以用may I来表示征求对方的同意或许可。例如： Lets go home, shall we/ shant we? 回家吧，好吗？2)Let us/me.后的反意疑问句用will you或wont you。例如： Let me have a try, will you/wont you? 让我试一试，行吗？（2）感叹句。感叹句后加反意疑问句时，其反意疑问句需用be的一般现在时态的否定形式。例如：What fine weather, isnt it? 多好的天气呀，是吧？（3）当陈述部分谓语动词是need, dare, used to，且这些词被用作实义动词时，其反意疑问句需用do的适当形式。例如：He needs help, doesnt he? 他需要帮助，是吗？(4)陈述部分主谓部分是I am.时，反意疑问句用arent I,而不是am not I (可用am I not)。例如：Im working now, arent I? 我在工作，是吗？（5）陈述部分的主语是everything, nothing, anything或something 时，反意疑问句的主语应用代词it。例如：Something is wrong with my radio, isnt it? 我的收音机出毛病了，是吧？（6）陈述部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, none, neither 时, 其反意疑问句的主语需用复数代词they。例如：Everyone is here, arent they? 大家都到了，是吗？No one knows about it, do they? 没有人知道这件事，对吗？（7）陈述部分的主语是指示代词this或that时，反意疑问句的主语用it，当陈述部分的主语是指示代词these或those时，其反意疑问句的主语用they。例如：This is a plane, isnt it? 这是一架飞机，是吗？These are grapes，arent they? 这些是葡萄，是吗？（8）陈述部分的主语是不定代词one时，反意疑问句的主语可以用one，也可用you(美式英语用he)。例如：One should be ready to help others, shouldnt one? 每个人都应该乐于助人，是吧？（9）当陈述部分含有以下这些含有否定意义的词时：few, little, seldom，hardly, never, not, no, no one, nobody, nothing, none, neither等，其反意疑问句需用肯定结构。例如：He is never late for school, is he? 他上学从不迟到，是吗？（10）当陈述部分含有否定前缀或否定后缀的词时，并不把他们看作否定词，其后的反意疑问句依然用否定结构。例如：It is unfair, isnt it? 这不公平，是吧？（11）当陈述部分主语是从句、不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式时，反意疑问句的主语应该用it。例如：What you need is more important, isnt it？你需要的东西更重要，是吧？（12）当陈述部分含I think (believe, suppose.)that. 结构时，其反意疑问句须与从句的主谓部分保持一致，注意主句的主语必须是第一人称。例如：I dont think he will come, will he? 我认为他不会来，对吗？（13）陈述部分有have to 时，其反意疑问句要用助动词的否定形式。例如：You have to water the vegetables every day, dont you? 你每天都要浇菜，对吧？（14）陈述部分是there be句型时，其反意疑问句中要用there。例如：There was a hospital here, wasnt there? 过去这儿有家医院，是吗？（15）陈述部分有had better时，反意疑问句中要用hadnt。例如：We had better go to school at once, hadnt we? 我们现在最好马上去上学，好吗？（16）当陈述部分含有情态动词must时，我们便要分析一下must的含义。如果must 作“一定；要；必须”讲，反意疑问句须用neednt；而当must作推测意义“一定是；必定”讲时，反意疑问句则需根据must后的动词原形选用相应的形式。例如：He must work hard at physics, mustnt he? 他必须努力学物理，是吧？Tom must be at home，isnt he? 汤姆一定在家，是吧？三、感叹句感叹句常用“what”和“how”引导，“what”和“how”所修饰的词置于其后，其他成分使用陈述语序。（一）由“what”引导的感叹句“what”用作定语，修饰名词。cn.单数前要加不定冠词a/an，cn.复数与un.前不用不定冠词。这类句子的结构为：1. What + a/an +adj. + cn.单数 + 主语+谓语！如：She is a clever girl.What a clever girl she is!多么聪明的女孩啊！ It is an interesting story. What an interesting story it is! 多么有趣的故事呀！2. What + adj. + cn.复数 +主语+谓语！如：They are good children. What good children they are! 他们是多么好的孩子呀！ They are beautiful flowers. What beautiful flowers they are! 多么漂亮的花呀！3. What +adj. + un. +主语+谓语！如：It is delicious food. What delicious food it is! 多么有味的食物呀！ It is heavy snow. What heavy snow it is! 多么大的雪呀！（二）由“how”引导的感叹句“how”用作状语，修饰形容词、副词或句子。如果how修饰形容词，则句中的谓语动词用系动词；如果how修饰副词，则句中的谓语动词用行为动词。这类句子的结构为：1. How + adj./adv. +主语+谓语！如：It is cold today. How cold it is today! 今天多么冷呀！(cold为adj.) The pictures are nice. How nice the pictures are! 多么漂亮的图画呀！(nice为adj.) They look happy. How happy th