动词时态的呼应.doc

时态呼应主将从现 知识讲解 “主将从现”适用于什么样的从句中内容：“主将从现”适用于什么样的从句中？ 怎样判断主句和从句的时态呢？例句：在if , as soon as , when，once等引导的从句中，通常用一般现在时态，而主句用一般将来时，这就是通常所说的“主将从现”现象。例如： If you dont catch the bus, youll go there on foot. 如果你赶不上那趟车，你就要走着去那了。 Once you show any fear, he will attack you. 只要你显出害怕的样子，他就会向你进攻。if引导条件状语从句的两种用法：主将从现是指在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时替代一般将来时。 常见的有以下四种情况：一、条件状语从句的主句是一般将来时，那么从句常常用一般现在时如： When I grow up, Ill be a nurse and look after patients 我长大后要当一名护士，照顾病人 “主将从现”和表事实时用现在时零碎用法 if 引导的条件状语从句的用法,现在总结一下: if 条件句不一般,几个要点记心间; 条件句,放在前,逗号要放句中间。 条件句表可能，主句多用将来时； 条件句表事实，主句常用现在时。 在 if 引导的条件状语从句中，如果从句谈论的是一个有可能发生的事实及其产生的相关的结果，主句用一般将来时态，从句用一般现在时态。如： We can walk there if we cant find a bus . If it rains tomorrow , we will not go to the zoo. What will you do if you find a panda in danger. 如果 if 条件句谈论的是重复发生和预示要发生的情景和事件，则主从句大多用一般现在时态。如： If bears are in danger ,they attack people. 注意 ： 在 if 引导的条件状语从句中，if 条件句位置灵活，可直接放在主句后面，若 if 条件句放句首， 从句后面要加逗号，和主句隔开。 还要注意前后时态一致原则我们知道,引导条件状语从句最常用的连词是if,由if引导的条件状语从句表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。如:If you ask him, he will help you.如果你请他帮忙,他会帮你的。If you fail in the exam, you will let him down.如果你考试不及格,你会让他失望的。另外,if从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件,也就是一种虚拟的条件或假设,从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时。如:If I were you, I would invite him to the party.如果我是你,我会邀请他参加聚会。I would have arrived much earlier if I had not been caught in the traffic.如果没有堵车,我会到的早一点儿。那么,除了if之外,是否还有其他连词也可以引导条件状语从句呢?回答是肯定的,不仅有,还有很多。这些词由于出现的频率较小,且用法较复杂一些,所以不如if为大家所熟知罢了。下面就这些词的用法以例句的形式进行一下简单总结。1. unless conj.除非,若不,除非在的时候You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier.如果你不早点动身,你就不能及时赶到那儿。Unless it rains, the game will be played.除非下雨,比赛将照常进行。3. supposing conj.如果,假如supposing引导的条件从句表示一种假设条件。Supposing it rains, shall we continue the sports meeting?倘若下雨,我们的运动会还要继续举行吗?Supposing something should go wrong, what would you do then?假如出了什么问题,你准备怎么对付?从上述例句可以看出if, unless, on condition (that), supposing, provided等词引导的条件状语从句,主从句条件关系分明,结构清晰。但有些句子,虽没有含条件关系的连词,却也隐含着条件关系,这些句子常用一些词,如but for, without等引出一个介词结构来表示条件,条件常常是虚拟的,或与事实相反的假设。如:but for若非,要不是But for the rain, we should have a pleasant journey.要不是下雨,我们的旅行肯定会很愉快。But for your help, we should not have finished in time.要不是你帮忙,我们肯定不能及时完成 “ Ill not go to the zoo if it rains tomorrow. ( 假如明天下雨，我就不去动物园。) You can come to the party if you dont wear jeans.（ 如果你不穿牛仔裤，你就能来舞会。）” If I were you, I would wear jeans and T-shirt.（ 如果我是你，我就穿牛仔裤和T恤。）”如果if的条件状语从句遇到变换间接和直接时 , 祈使句应用not to. 如; She said not to close the window 常见的时间状语从句的连词有：as soon as,when,while ,as,until等 主将从现说的是在含有时间状语从句和条件状语从句的主从复合句中，如果主句的时态是一般将来时，那么从句要用一般现在时。例如： I will tell him about it when he comes. If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. 如果主句的时态是过去将来时，那么从句要用一般过去时。例如： He said that he would have another try if he had the chance. I knew he could help me if he was free the next day.当某事发生的可能性较大时，这种情况，有个十三字口诀：“主将从现，主过将从过，主现从现”。即主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时；主句用过去将来时，从句用一般过去时；当主句中有can/cant的话，则从句用一般现在时。例如：If he has time, he will come tomorrow.If she finishes early, she can come back early.If you dont do homework, the teacher will scold you.二、如果主句是祈使句，那么从句通常要用一般现在时 如：Dont laugh at me when I make a mistake. 我犯错误的时候不要笑话我。三、如果主句是含有情态动词的一般现在时，根据需要从句多用一般现在时 如：You should be quiet when you are in the reading room 在阅览室时应保持安静(08全国29)The wet weather will continue tomorrow，when a cold front _to arrive.A.is expectedB.is expectingC. expects D. will be expected（10浙江5）If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you_fresh watermelon in the fall.Aeat Bwould eat Chave eaten Dwill be eating 表示对未来的想象。不是幻想而是预计要发生的事情。主将从现(08全国14)If their marketing plans succeed，they _ their sales by 20 percent. A. will increaseB. have been increasingC.have increasedD.would be increasing(08湖南35)Do you have any problems if you _ this job?Well，Im thinking about the salary.A. offerB. will offerC. are offeredD. will be offered(2008beijing) No decision _ about any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed. A. will be made B. is made C. is being made D. had been made 3)I think it is necessary for my 19-year-old son to have his own mobile phone，for I sometimes want to make sure if he_ home for dinner.(06辽宁29)A. comeB. comesC. has comeD. will come) 3. -Please tell her the news when she_. -OK, I will. A. comes B. will come. C. come D. would come 宾语从句的时态问题 1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时，其宾语从句的时态可以是任何适当的时态。所以，宾语从句的时态应根据实际情况而定。eg. She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday. 她说她从周一至周五上班。 （从句是一般现在时） She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk. 她说她要在他桌子上留个便条。 （从句是一般将来时） She says (that) she has never been to Mount Emei. 她说她从来没有去过峨嵋山。 （从句是现在完成时） 2）当主句的谓语动词的时态是一般过去时的时候，其宾语从句的时态一般要用任一适当的过去时态。eg. He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. 他说昨天下午没有课。 (从句是一般过去时） He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby. 他说他会去照看这个婴儿。 （从句是过去将来时） He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time. 他说他们那时正在开会。 （从句是过去进行时） 但是当宾语从句是表达客观真理和规律的句子时，其时态仍旧用一般现在时。eg. The teacher told us(that) nothing is difficult if we put our hearts into it. 老师告诉我们世上无难事,只怕有心人。 She said(that) her father is twenty-eight years older than her. 她说她父亲比她大二十八岁。 He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他说光比声音传播得快。 He told me that I must go to school on time every day. 他告诉我我必须每天按时上学。 注意：当主句的谓语动词是think或believe，宾语从句要表达否定时，要把从句的否定转移到主句上。 eg. 我认为他不会帮你学英语的。 I dont think he is going to help you with your English. 不可以翻译成： I think he isnt going to help you with your English. 如果宾语从句有它的补语时，宾语从句用it代替，从句后置。其句型为：主语+谓语 + it +补语+宾语从句。 eg. I think it necessary that we learn English grammar. 我认为我们学习英语语法是必要的。 He thinks it a good job that he becomes a teacher. 他认为当老师是个很好的职业。 实战演练 1. Could you tell me if it _ tomorrow? A. rains B. is raining C. will rain D. rain 2. The teacher told his students the sun_ in the east. A. rise B. rises C. rose D. risen 3. Im sure_ he will be here on time. A. if B. that C. whether D. when 4. Can you tell me _? A. whats the matter with him B. what the matter with him is C. what happened with him D. what with him happened 5. Let me tell you _. A. how much is the car B. how much does the car cost C. how much did I pay for the car D. how much I spent on the car 6. Peter knew _. A. whether he has finished reading the book B. why the boy had so many questions C. there were 12 months in a year D. when they will leave for Paris 7. Bruce says _ he can come at 9:00 tomorrow. A. when B. what C. that D. what time 8. Dave, could you teach me _ to search the Internet? A. that B. how C. when D. why 9. Could you tell me _? A. where is the nearest railway station B. where the nearest railway station was C. where the nearest railway station is D. where was the nearest railway station 10. He was afraid _ he would forget his Chinese. A. if B. when C. how D. that 11. Mike asks Lin Yang _ he has been in Beijing. A. how long B. where C. how D. that 时态型虚拟语气专题虚拟语气 与事实相反，要用虚拟语气虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示，对虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法介绍如下：A).条件从句的虚拟语气 条件从句的谓语动词主句的谓语动词与现在事实相反be-were/ 动词-过去式would/ should/ might/ could + do与过去事实相反过去完成式would/ should/ might/ could + have done与将来事实相反were to/ should + do/动词-过去式would/ should/ might/ could + doEg. 如果我是你，我就不看电视了.If I were you, I should/would not watch TV.如果我做完家庭作业，我就去参加晚会.If I did/had done my homework, I would go/have gone to the party.如果你昨天晚上不看电视，就不会迟到了.If you hadnt gone to the cinema, you would not have been late for class.如果你努力地学习的话，你就会考试及格了。If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam.The plants in our garden_better if it had not rained so much last year. A.had grown B.would have grown C.were growing D.would growNote:a).条件从句中if 的省略，要倒装如果条件从句的谓语动词包含有were或助动词、情态动词had,should,could，有时可将连词if省去，而将 条件从句的主语置于were,had,should,could之后。这种用法主要用于书面语，如：a.与现在相反：If I were you (=Were I you) , I would go with him. b.与过去相反：If I had had time then (=Had I had time then), I would have gone with you. c.与将来相反：If I were to visit/should visit/visited the Great Wall tomorrow, (=Were I to /Should I visit the Great Wall tomorrow), I would take my son with me. 注意：在否定句中not不可提至主语前，如： （误）Werent I here now, I would be in the bus. （正）Were I not here now, I would be in the bus. b).without 可以代替条件从句 Eg.没有水和空气，我们就不能生存。 We would not live without water or air. c) 混合虚拟条件句 如果条件从句的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生，主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的 时间加以调整。这种句子叫做混合虚拟条件句。如： If he had followed my advice,he would be quite all rightnow.（从句述说过去，主句述说现在） If China had not been liberated,the working people wouldstill be leading a miserable life.（ 从句表示与过去的事实相反，主句说明与现在的事实相反）d) 省略主句，只保留if(only)的条件句 虚拟条件句中的表示结果的主句有时形式上可以省略，但意义仍然存在。这种句子只保留一个if(only)条 件从句，表达说话人的强烈愿望。如：If(only)she were my sister！她是我的妹妹就好了！e) 用but或but for引导含蓄条件句（but后跟从句，but for后跟短语: 假如没有, 要不是） But for your help,our experiment wouldnt have been sosuccessful. 假如没有你们的帮助，我们的实验是不会如此成功的。 But for the storm,we should have arrived earlier. 要不是碰到暴雨我们会到得早一些。 We would have invited them to the dance,but they were too busy. 要不是他们太忙，我们会邀请他们来参加舞会的。 此句可改写为：If they had not been so busy,we would haveinvited them to the dance. But that he is in hospital,He would go abroad for hissummer vacation. 要不是生病住院，他就出国度暑假了。 该句可改写为：If he wereint in hospital,he would go abroadfor his summer vacatiom.f) Ifonly.这是一种特殊句式结构 一、If only.用于感叹句中,是一个保留条件句,省略了主句的形式。用来表示某人对某事的一种强烈愿望或未实现的条件,其意为但愿;真希望;要是就好了。常用于虚拟语气的谓语动词形式。 Ifonlysheweremysister!如果她是我姐姐该多好啊! (=Howfineitwouldbeifsheweremysister!)Ifonly.引导的从句谓语动词形式分以下几种:1.Ifonly后常接一般过去时,表示对现在的一种难以实现的愿望。如:1)IfonlyIhadthatbook!我要是有那本书就好了。 =HowfineitwouldbeifonlyIhadthebook(butIhaventthebook). 2)IfonlyIwereyounger!要是我年轻点儿就好了! =HowfineitwouldbeifonlyIwereyounger!(butIamnotyounger) 3)Ifonlymymotherwereherenow!要是我母亲现在在这儿就好了。 (butsheisntherenow)4)Howfineitwouldbeifonlytheycouldfindawaytogettotheroom!他们要是能够找到一条通道进入那个房间该多好啊!2. If only后常接过去完成时,表示过去没有实现的愿望。如:1)Ifonlyyouhadworkedwithgreatercare!你当时干活时要是再认真些就好了! (butyoudidntworkwithgreatercare)2)Ifonlywehadarrivedintime,wewouldnothavemissedthetrain!要是我们及时赶到,就不 会误车了。(butwedidntarriveintime)3.Ifonly后常用过去将来时表示将来不大可能实现的愿望。如:Ifonlyshewouldwin!但愿她能赢!二、If only有时也可引导陈述语气的真实条件句,意思为只要。Ifonlyitclearsup,wellgo.只要天一放晴,我们就去。与此句型容易混淆的还有一种结构only if.,only置于if前表示强调if条件,意为只要,用于引导陈述语气的真实条件句。Onlyifyoustudyhard,youwillpassthetest.只要你努力学习,就会通过考试。B).宾语从句的虚拟语气a).wish+宾语从句 与现在/将来事实相反 谓语动词- be-were/ 动词-过去式 与过去事实相反 过去完成式 eg. I wish I were a bird flying freely in the sky. I wish you passed the entrance exam.I wish you hadnt been absent yesterday.b).表示请求，命令，建议的动词后(一坚持(insist),二命令(order,command),三建议(suggest,propose,advise),四要求(demand, require, request,ask) 谓语动词-(should)+doeg.我们建议她去看医生。 We suggested that she (should) go to see a doctor.例外情况：suggestion，insist后从句中不用虚拟语气的问题suggest作为“表明，暗示”时，不用虚拟语气insist作为“坚持认为”时，不用虚拟语气eg.The smile on his face suggested that he succeeded in the task. 我们坚持他应该去看医生。(坚持要sb做) We insisted that he (should) go to see a doctor. We insisted that old Li was an advanced worker in our company. Janes pale face suggested that she ill and her parents suggested that she _ a medical examination. A.be;should have B.was;have C.should be;had D.was;has C).主语从句的虚拟语气It is important/necessary/strange+that+主+(should) do.Eg. It is necessary that we (should) master a foreign language to find a good job.D).状语从句的虚拟语气 a).方式从句 与现在/将来事实相反 谓语动词- be-were/ 动词-过去式 与过去事实相反 谓语动词-过去完成式eg.她很悲伤仿佛整个世界都背叛了她。 She felt upset and sad as if/as though the whole world had turned against her. b).让步从句 与现在/将来事实相反 谓语动词- be-were/ 动词-过去式与过去事实相反 谓语动词- 过去完成式eg.即使他向我道歉，我也不会原谅他。 Even if/Even though he apologized to me, I wouldnt pardon him.E).it is (high,about) time+从句的虚拟语气从句应该用虚拟语气，值得注意的是1.用过去时态表示虚拟Or 2.should + 动词原形，should 不能省常译为是（正是）的时侯It is (high,about) time for+sth. for sb to do. that +clause(谓语动词- be-were/ 动词用过去时或should+V)eg.我们该回家了. It is time (that)we went/should go home.例题1. It is necessary that he _ the assignment without delay. （2010年真题60.） A. hand in B. hands in C. must hand in D. has to hand in2. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _ much easier to learn.（2009年真题52.）A. could have been B. would be C. will be D. would have been 3. Had Judy been more careful on the math exam, she _ much better results now. （2008年真题52.）A. would be getting B. could have got C. must get D. would get4. If only the patient _a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now. （2007年真题54.）A. had receivedB. received C. should receive D. were receiving 5. If only I _play the guitar as well as you! (2006年真题52.)A. would B. could C. should D. might6. If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he _ able to advise you much better than I can. ( 2005年真题51.)A. would be B. will have been C. was D. were7. That was not the first time he _ us. I think its high time we _ strong actions against him. （2005年真题60.） A. betrayedtakeB. had betrayedtook C. has betrayedtook D. has betrayedtake8. _, Ill marry him all the same.(2004年真题42.)A. Was he rich or poor B. Whether rich or poorC. Were he rich or poor D. Be he rich or poor9. _ if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand? (2004年真题44.)A. Would you be surprised B. Were you surprisedC. Had you been surprised D. Would you have been surprised10. It is imperative that students _ their term papers on time.(2004年真题46.)A. hand in B. would hand in C. have to hand in D. handed in11. Our tour guide recommended that we _ as attentive as possible when we visit the Great British Museum.A. are B. shall be C. be D. were12. _ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.A. Had they arrived B. Would they arrive C. Were they arriving D. Were they to arrive13. If you_Jerry Brown until recently, youd think the photograph on the right was