高考英语书面表达指导

高中英语书面表达Step By Step 目 录一、说明文二、记叙文三、应用文四、议论文五、图表类书面表达六、漫画类书面表达 一、说明文一、文体特点说明文是指以说明为主要表达方式，来说明事物的情况、特征或道理的文体。其特点在于说明性、知识性和实用性。二、写作技巧写说明文时要注意以下几点：1. 要仔细观察，抓住事物的特征。说明事物，不仅要抓住其外部形态特征，更重要的是要抓住事物的本质特征，因为本质特征是区别于其他事物的标志。2. 安排好合理的说明顺序。对于实体事物的建造过程、产品的生产过程、事物的演变过程等往往按时间顺序来说明；对于实体事物的形状、构造应按空间顺序来说明；要介绍事物的性质、种类、功能和阐述事物的含义、原理、特点等应按逻辑顺序来说明。3. 要灵活地采用不同的说明方法，如定义说明、注释说明、举例说明、分类说明、比较说明、引用说明、比喻说明、描述说明、数字说明和图表说明等。4. 要注意语言准确，简洁平实，做到表达清晰、条理清楚、层次分明，具有严格的科学性。5. 写说明文时通常采用一般现在时态，用于强调客观事实。说明文常用现在时，但有时也会用到过去时，将来时等其它时态。Lesson 1 人物介绍写人物介绍一般包括以下几点： 1） 出生年月 2）主要经历 3）事迹成就 4）影响、评价 叙述方法：一般按照时间顺序，从外形到性格，从一般经历到创造性的贡献，最后常有结论性的评语。 佳作欣赏 姚明简介姚明出生在上海, 身高2.25米. 9岁开始打篮球,18岁进入国家队, 22岁加入NBA打球.爱好:玩电脑游戏对人礼貌友好, 是青少年的偶像, 也是中国的骄傲.Since Yao Ming joined NBA in 2002, the discussion about if he can be a super star has never been terminated. As we know, Yao is a quite high and strong player in NBA. And depending on his height and weight, Yao can control the restricted area easily just like ONeil. Besides his body, his skills are more comprehensive than other centers. By this I mean comparing with other same-position players,Yao is very successful because he can use more advantages to face different players. In this aspect, Yao has already been a super star. On the other hand, only playing well is not enough to make a man become a god. Why people pay more attention on Kobe, James, and Iverson? Those players are not only playing well, but also mark matches with their own signs. They make their matches differ from others. Although they may have weaknesses, people still like to watch there performance. So, if Yao can put his feature into matches, it will be soon to get a great achievement.All in all, in my view point, Yao has a good future considering his ability and faith.Task 1： Write a short passage about a person you are familiar. Lesson 2 地点介绍对于地点的介绍，常采用地点的空间方位作为介绍的顺序。它能把复杂的地理位置，通过分层说明，详尽而有条理地解说清楚明白，给读者一个具体的位置，清晰的印象。 根据说明地点的结构特点、介绍顺序一般有定位观察顺序和移位观察顺序。 1） 定位观察顺序 先确定一个固定的观察点，然后或上或下，或左或右，或远或近，按合理的顺序，从不同的方位、角度介绍说明的地点。 2） 移位观察顺序 一般按作者的浏览顺序，依次设立一个个观察点，逐步逐层对介绍的地点进行介绍。3) 按照人文景观，历史等进行介绍。佳作欣赏1：假设你是李华，你的新西兰笔友Nick将于八月来四川旅游，特来信询问有关旅游景点情况。请根据下表所提供的要点，写一封回信，并表示盼望他的到来。旅游资源许多世界著名的风景名胜，如九寨沟（海子：清澈见底；色彩斑斓）都江堰水利工程（2,000多年历史；仍在发挥作用）相关信息气候适宜；交通方便注意：参考词汇： 海子-lake 都江堰水利工程-Dujiangyan Irrigation Project【参考范文】Im glad to hear that youre coming to Sichuan in August. Youve made the wise choice to travel here. Sichuan Province is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest, such as Jiuzhaigou and Dujiangyan Irrigation Project.Jiuzhaigou is well known for its beautiful lakes, of which the water is clear and looks colorful. It can excite visitors imagination. Another attraction is Dujiangyan Irrigation Project. It was built over 2,000 years ago and is still playing an important part in irrigation today. Besides, the nice weather and convenient transportation here can make your trip more enjoyable. Im sure youll have a good time.m looking forward to your coming.Yours sincerely, Li Hua佳作欣赏2：假如你是厦门市某中学的学生,为响应网上“品牌旅游区”的征文活动,请根据下面提示以“Gulangyu A fairyland in the world” 为题,写一篇短文参加应征,向人们推荐鼓浪屿。 鼓浪屿是厦门市的一个小岛,整个岛像个水上花园,被称为 “人间仙境”; 岛上不允许车辆行驶,很安静,因此能听到小提琴声和钢琴声; 这里天水相连。站在岛上最高的 “日光岩”上, 厦门的美景尽收眼底; “日光岩”脚下是一个风景如画的花园; 岛上生产香蕉、椰子、甘蔗等。纯朴、热情、勤劳的人们努力发展旅游业。 注意: 1. 词数:100左右; 2. 不要逐条翻译,可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯; 3. 参考词汇:风景landscape;仙境fairyland;日光岩the Sunshine Rock Gulangyu A fairyland in the world Gulangyu is a small island of Xiamen. Its like a garden on the water. Cars and buses are not allowed to drive there, which makes the island so quiet that music played on the piano and violin can be heard. Here the sky and the sea clearly meet on the horizon. When standing at the top of the Sunshine Rock, you can see much of the landscape of Xiamen, and when standing at its foot, you can gaze at the beautiful garden that surrounds it. Gulangyu produces bananas, coconuts, sugar cane and so on. The people here, warm, simple and hardworking, are making every effort to make the island more beautiful and they hope to welcome more visitors in the future. Such is Gulangyu, a beautiful and inviting island, where a warm welcome awaits.Task 2 ：learn to use the sentence structures 1） 某地 + has a long history of . years. 某地有年的历史。2）某地 + is a . place/ country with. history. 某地是具有年历史的地方/国家3）某地 + date back to / date from. 从时就有的, 回溯到, 远在年代。4）某地 + be covered with + .某地为所覆盖。5）某地 + be made up of /consists of某地由组成。6）There are many places of interest, such as. 有许多名胜，有，7）某地 +has many places of interest, among which is.某地有许多名胜，其中就有8）某地 + is famous / well-known for/as.。某地因/作为而闻名。9） 某地+is / lies /be located in/situated in + 地点状语。某地位于。Lesson 3 物体事物介绍对某个事物进行介绍时，要抓住它的性质、状态、特点、成因、功能和用途等。例：鼠标是计算机时代最佳的人机交互工具之一。它极大地方便了人们的计算机操作。但是，过分依赖鼠标的习惯也会带来一些不利影响。请你以鼠标为切入点，根据下表所提示的信息，用英语写一篇短文。鼠标的必要性对多数人来说，操作计算机，上网冲浪鼠标的便捷性点击、移动、插入、拷贝、删除编辑文本，搜索信息收发邮件，选购商品点播音乐，下载电影如果过分依赖鼠标 （请考生结合自身感受，列举两到三点）【参考范文】The mouse is a most effective device used by people to communicate with a computerFor most people, its almost impossible to operate a computer without a mouse, let alone surf the Internet. A well-chosen mouse is really handy, flexible and convenient in controlling the screen. With the functions of inserting, deleting, moving and copying, it enables us to edit test, browse web page and download what we want. It can even bring us a flood of music, movies and PC games. Just imagine, all this can be done with a cute mouse.A convenient tool can certainly make our work easier, but it doesnt always help in a positive way. Too much ready information on our fingertips leaves little room for knowledge pursuing. Too many ready answers make us less excited in finding truth. Relying too much on mouse clicking makes us lazier and less creative both mentally and physically.Task 3：practice假设你是你校京剧爱好者协会的成员，在一次同英国中学生代表团的联欢活动中，你协会将出一个京剧节目。在演出前，由你向外国朋友介绍京剧的由来，按以下提示介绍：1京剧在中国很受欢迎，历史悠久，有200年历史，在清朝乾隆年间，乾隆对地方剧有兴趣。21790年，为庆祝乾隆80岁生日，他召集各地方剧团来京为他演出，4个来自安徽的剧团在庆典后留在北京。31828年，一个湖北剧团来京，在京常与安徽剧团一起演出，两种唱派合在一起，逐渐形成了一种新剧种，被称为京剧。4下面演出开始，希望朋友们喜欢。参考词汇：地方剧：local opera乾隆年间：the reign of Qianlong表演：perform剧团：troupe参考答案：Now let me say something about Beijing Opera. Beijing Opera is very popular in China. It has a history of more than 200 years. During the reign of the Qianlong emperor in the Qing dynasty, Qianlong had interest in the local opera. In 1790, to celebrate his eightieth birthday, he summoned opera troupes from different places to perform for him in Beijing. Four famous troupes from Anhui province remained in Beijing after the celebration. In 1828, A Hubei troupe came to Beijing and often performed together with the Anhui troupes. The two types of singing mixed together and gradually a new type came into being known as Beijing Opera. Now is the performance. I hope you will like it.二、记叙文记叙文是最常见、最基本的写作问题，是学生学习写作时首先接触的文体。记叙文以真实的社会生活、自然景物为材料，以记人、叙事、状物、写景为主要内容，以叙述、描写和对话为主要表达方式，通过形象表达思想的一种文体。它包括通讯、特写、故事、传记、游记、历史文献、新闻报导、小品、寓言等等。一般说来，所谓记叙文，就是把人物的经历、行为或发生的事情叙述出来，写记叙文必须注意以下几点：1. 主题要鲜明。首先要认真审题，对题目所给信息，不论是短文还是表格，不论是文字还是图画，都务必仔细分析，反复推敲，确认故事情节、人物关系等，最后确定题目所要反映的主题。文中所有要写的内容都要紧扣题目要求，围绕这一个主题展开。2. 内容要完整。一般说来，记叙文包含六大要素：when(时间), where(地点), who(人物), what(事件), why(原因), how(结果)。作者要从这六个方面入手，将题目所要求的全部要点交代清楚，详细记述下来。记叙文的目的就是记叙一个经过，因此要有头有尾，自始至终，确保内容的完整性。3. 情节要详略得当。根据主题要求，情节要有详有略，主次分明。情节安排要有一定的先后次序，不能随自己的主观愿望，想起什么就写什么，杂乱无章。通常根据不同情况可采用顺叙、倒、插叙、夹叙夹议方式。4. 结构要严谨。写出来的文章要连贯、自然、流顺，在连句成篇时，需要按一定的顺序对要点进行加工整理。我们写作时经常采用三种结构方式，一是按时间的推移为顺序安排结构，划分层次，称为时序式结构；二是以空间的变换为标志安排结构，称为空序式结构，这种结构多用于写景状物的文章；三是时空交错结构，以时间为经，以空间为纬的分类结构，将材料按性质加以描述。5. 观点要一致。写作时观点的掌握特别重要。观点决定所叙述内容的广度和深度。记叙文通常采用第一人称和第三人称两种观点记述。第一人称主要是本人的经历和耳闻目睹 之事；第三人称则主要写他人的经历和事情。试想一下，如果把第一人称写成第三人称或把第三人称写成第一人称，整篇文章的观点就变了。如果一会儿用第一人称，一会儿又用第三人称的话，此文就更没有可读性了。写作训练：Lesson 1: 叙事昨天上午，你惊悉你的朋友阿里（Allee）被一辆汽车撞伤住了院，事情经过是：那天阿里正要穿过大街。他很小心，直到看到绿灯亮时才开始过街。可他刚要走到街心时，右侧(right-hand side)突然出现了一辆轿车，径直朝他开来。他躲闪（dodge）不及被撞出了几米远。他立即被进医院，并动了手术。昨晚你去看他时，他虽已脱险，但仍脸色苍白。请以“A Traffic Accident”为题，写一篇110130字的短文概述这件事。请根据以下提示，用英语写一篇80字左右的短文。要求语句连贯，意思完整。A Traffic AccidentYesterday morning, I was surprised to hear that my friend Allee had been hit by a car and was in hospital now. The other day he was going to cross a street. He was very careful and didnt go until he saw traffic light turn green. But hardly had he got to the middle of the street when he saw a car suddenly appear on his right-hand side and come directly towards him. It was too late for Allee to dodge. He was hit by the car and thrown a few meters away. He was sent to hospital immediately and had an operation. When I went to see him last night, he was out of danger but still looked pale.Task 1：Learn how to write an story.lesson 2 ：日记八月十日，星期天上午，你们班同学骑车到学校附近的公园组织了一次环保活动。请根据下表内容，写一篇日记，发表你对此次活动的看法。1组扫除：清理废纸、烟蒂、塑料袋等废弃物2组 宣传：树立标牌，告诉游客要爱护花木3组演讲：向游客宣传“白色污染”的害处以及保护环境的重要性你的看法【参考范文】August 10，Sunday FineThis morning our class recognized an environmental protection activity in the nearby park, On arriving there we were divided into three groups, The first group collected the rubbish such as the wasted paper, cigarette ends, plastic bags and so on, The second group set up several boards to remind the visitors to take care of the flowers and trees, The last group gave a speech to the visitors on the danger of “white pollution” and the importance of protecting the environment,I think it is very important for us to protect the environment For the sake of peoples health and happiness, measures should be taken to control and prevent pollution and everyone should make a contribution to it Task 2：learn the diary formatLesson 3 游记秋天是最令人愉快的季节，既不热又不冷。上星期日你和同学们去乡下郊游，看到了一片丰收景象。请根据以下提示，用 100-130 词写一篇游记，描述那里的景象。1. 遍地金黄色的小麦。苹果、梨（pear）挂满枝头。2. 一些农民忙着收割庄稼，有些在摘水果（fruit），“一分耕耘，一分收获”。3. 这一切真像一幅美丽的图画，你们仿佛走进了一个奇异的世界。Perhaps autumn is the most pleasant season of the year. The weather is neither too hot nor too cold. It is the best time for going on a trip.Last Sunday we went to the countryside. There was golden wheat all over the fields/the fields were covered with golden wheat. Large and colourful apples and pears were hanging on the trees. We could see some peasants were busy getting in the crops in the fields， and others were picking fruits under the trees. All the baskets were full of lovely fruits. It was also the fruit of the peasants labor. “ No pains， no gains. ” What a magnificent/beautiful picture（it was）！ It seemed as if we were wandering in a splendid/wonderful world.I love autumn. I love the harvest time.Task 3：learn the useful sentence structures and phrases（1）neithernor（2）be busy doing sth. / with sth.（3）It seems as if（4）What a （adj.）+ n. （it is）！（5）be full of/be filled with（6）go on/make a trip/journey（7）get inLesson 4: 人物传记写作指导人物传记也是记叙文体的一种，但人物传记主要是写名人或伟人的生平、事迹。因此，写人物传记时，要抓住其出生年月、主要事迹、人们的评论等进行叙述。Our English TeacherDo you know our English teacher? Look! There is a young man standing over there. He isnt tall, and looks very thin. Who is he? He is our English teacher. His name is Sun Feng.Our teacher is strict not only with himself but also with us. We all like him, because he is a good teacher and often helps us with our English.My classmate Wang Haiyan was not good at English at first. He often thought: My English is poor, what can I do? Mr Sun knew it and said to him: Dont be disappointed, keep up with your classmates! I believe you can. “With the help of our teacher, he decided to catch up with his classmates. So he began to put his heart into English and did better in English. At last, he took part in the English contest and got a prize.Our English teacher works hard and he is as busy as a bee. He often prepares lessons and studies until late at night. In Grade three, we often have tests and have more English homework. Mr Sun always goes over it carefully.Mr Sun gets on well with us. He likes singing very much. One day before classes began, he said to us: Now, let me teach you an English song.”We all like our English teacher. He is not only teacher but also our good friend. Dont you think so?Task 4：discuss how to describe a personLesson 5 新闻报道一般来说，标题、导语和主体是构成新闻报道的必不可少的三部分。撰写标题是为了撷取新闻要点、诠释新闻意义、吸引读者阅读。导语是消息开头的第一段或第一句话，它扼要地揭示出消息的核心内容。主体是消息的主要部分，它用充足的事实表现主题，是对导语内容的进一步开展和阐释。新闻报道的结语一般是最后一句话或者一段话，通常对全文内容作概括性的总结，或对新闻事件的发展趋势作出预测。有时，作者根据报道的事实在结语中提出令人深思的问题。在写新闻报道时，首先要注意新闻的标题具有语言幽默风趣的特点，有较强的吸引力。同时，写作依据的材料要充分，要用事实来说话，语言力求简洁。最后，报道中要有亮点，能引人深思或能让人产生强烈的兴趣。 A school bus accidentThe death toll in a school bus accident that occurred on Wednesday morning in the northwest province of Gansu has risen to 20 following the death of one child later Wednesday.The accident happened around 9:40 a.m. in Yulinzi town ship of Zhengning County, according to a statement from the bureau. The statement said five people died at the scene, including four children and their bus driver, while 15 others, their teacher included, were confirmed dead by the afternoon. The statement said another 44 children were injured in the accident and have been hospitalized. Twelve of the injured are in a serious condition. The truck was carrying coal, the statement said.The bureau has blamed overloading for the accident, stating that the bus - a van with nine seats - was carrying 64 people.Task 5：the basic principle of news三、应用文Lesson 1通知通知写作要素1 口头通知（Announcement）内容要包罗时间、所在、事项、到场者。口头通知不必说明通知时间和组织者。语言要求天真、简要、口语化。2 书面通知(Notice) 除内容要包罗时间、所在、事项、到场者外,还要有组织者。通知的日期写在左下角。语言要求精练、用词贴切、书面化。3 通知要求开门见山、简明简要、叙述清楚。范文1 A noticeStudents of Senior I will visit the Beijing Zoo on Saturday, April 15. The Beijing Zoo has a history of more than one hundred years. It is one of the biggest zoos in the world. There we can see all kinds of animals, such as pandas, elephants, lions, tigers and so on. In the morning we will be free to visit the different areas of the zoo and then have lunch on the small island; in the afternoon the zoo-keeper will give us a talk on how to protect wild animals. Please take your lunch and drinks with you. Wear strong shoes because we shall do a lot of walking. Well meet at the school gate at 700 on Saturday morning. The buses will start at 710 on time. Please dont be late.Task1: 掌握常用通知用语1. Attention, please!2. I have an announcement to make.3. There is going to be a talk on history this afternoon.4. The meeting will be held in the auditorium at 200pm.this afternoon.5. The lecture will last about three hours.6. You are required to take notes during the lecture.7. Be sure to attend on time.8. Please be there on time.9. Dont forget to bring your gifts with you.Lesson2求职应聘假设你叫李平，你从报上得知某公司欲招聘一名英语翻译，请你给该公司经理写一份 求职信，你的个人资料如下： 1.简况：姓名，李平；年龄，30岁；身高，1.80米；健康状况，良好；业余爱好，游 泳、唱歌、跳舞。 2.简历:1994年北京大学毕业后分配到南通中学工作，1996年调至苏州中学工作至今。3.工作：工作认真负责，与人相处融洽。 4.特长：精通英语，尤其口语，已将多本中文书籍译成英语，懂一些日语、能用日语 与外宾对话。 联系电话：3654731联系地址：苏州市人民路一号求职信可按下列七个步骤进行。第一步：介绍消息来源 介绍消息来源实际上是求职信的开篇交待句，它可使求职信显得自然、顺畅第二步：表明求职心愿 向收信人表明自己的求职心愿，即写信的目的第三步：介绍个人简历 没有干好这项工作的经历、实力是难以适应的。第四步：摆出求职优势 求职时应表明自己除了具有一定的工作经历之外，还具有一定的优势和特长，这样才能稳操胜券第五步：提出获职打算 表明获职后努力工作的决心第六步：请求答复联系第七步：表明感激之情 Dear manager, I learned from the newspaper that your company wanted to hire an English translator. Im interested in this job very much. Id like to get this job.Id like to introduce myself to you. My name is Li Ping. Im 30 years old. Im 180 cm tall. Im healthy. I like swimming, singing and dancing in my spare time. I graduated from Beijing University in 1994.Then,I went to work in Nantong Middle School. In 1996.I began to work in Suzhou Middle School and I have worked there until now. I work hard and I can get along well with others. Im good at English and especially my spoken English is very good. Ive translated many Chinese books into English. I can understand Japanese and I can talk to foreigners in Japanese freely. If I can get the job, Ill work hard and try to be a good translator. If you agree with me, please write a letter to me or phone me. I live at No.1 Renmin Road, Suzhou city. My telephone number is 3654371. Thank you very much. Yours TrulyLi Ping task 2: Learn to write a letter of application.Lesson 3感谢信感谢信的写法: 人们在交往中常需要相互致谢，收到别人赠送的礼物，得到别人的帮助、受到别人的慰问，都应该表示感谢。感谢信是人们常用的一种感谢方式。 感谢信最主要的特点是真诚。缺乏真挚的感情答谢他人，收信人将对你的谢意产生怀疑，感谢的目的也就失去了。因此，写感谢信首先得真心诚意。 感谢信另一个特点是具体。写感谢信切忌泛泛而谈，而应着重于具体的感谢事由。其次一个特点是及时。收到别人礼物、得到别人帮助，应及时写信予以答谢。否则，人家会对你的谢意大打折扣。 收到他人赠送的礼物应当及时写封感谢信，感谢信除了应写得真诚、具体、及时外，还应当特别提及所收礼物的具体内容，否则，泛泛而谈，使人觉得你不够真诚。为此，当你写感谢信时，应这样写：“Thank you for your beautiful roses.”(谢谢您送的美丽的玫瑰花。)；而不要笼统地写上“Thank you for your beautiful gift.”(谢谢您送给我的漂亮礼物。)，这样，使人觉得你既礼貌，又诚心，从而真正达到交往的目的。下面我们来看看具体的范例。范例Dear Laura, I was truly enraptured beyond expression to receive your flowers which turned our living room into a garden. How considerate and wonderful of you to remember my birthday. You just couldnt have selected anything I had have liked more! You have a positive genius for selecting the right gift! The four years I spent with you at the college have been the pleasantest period in my life. I will cherish this memory forever. How nice it would be to see you again. You