初升高暑期衔接英语.doc

句子成分及基本句型 【句子的成分】 在英文中句子成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、表语、定语和状语、宾语补足语等。（一）主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如： （1）Lucy is a beautiful nurse. （名词作主语） （2）He reads newspapers every day. （代词作主语） （3）Smoking is harmful to the health. （动名词作主语） （4）To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.（不定式作主语） （5）What we should do is not yet decided. （主语从句作主语）（二）谓语 说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。 如：His parents are teachers. （系动词和表语一起作谓语） We study hard. （行为动词作谓语） We dont finish reading the book. （助动词和行为动词一起作谓语） He can speak English. （情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）（三）宾语 宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。 She is doing her homework now.（名词作宾语） She says（that）she is ill.（宾语从句作动词宾语） We often help him.（代词作宾语） He likes to play basketball.（不定式作宾语） We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。（动名词短语作宾语） 说明1：宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物，宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词，称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外，动词不定式可作动词宾语；动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。 说明2：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，直接宾语指物，间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人，间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。 不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如：give, show（给看），bring, pass, buy等。如：（1）Our teacher tells us a story. （2）The sun gives us light. 注意：间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后，在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。间接宾语前加“to”的有：give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise（答应）, refuse（拒绝）等。间接宾语加“for”的有：make, buy, do, get, play, order（命令）, sing, pay等I give him a book. I give a book to him. He will buy me some books. He will buy some books for me.（四）宾语补足语 在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分，称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。 如：They make her happy.（形容词） I see her dance.（不定式） Well help you to make the Olympics a success.（名词） Please let him in.（副词） We heard her singing a song.（分词短语）（五）表语 表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。 如：I am a teacher.（名词） He is always happy.（形容词） They are on the playground now.（介词短语） It gets cold.（形容词） Be动词（am，is，are, was, were） 系动词 表保持（keep, stay, remain） 表改变（get， become， turn） 感官动词（feel，sound（听起来），seem/look（看起来），taste（尝起来），smell（闻起来）如：It sounds interesting.（sound为系动词，interesting为表语） We should all remain careful. Remain（为系动词， careful为表语） （六）定语 定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。 单个词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。 如：The black bike is mine.（形容词） Whats your name?（代词） They make paper flowers.（名词） 说明1：当定语修饰不定代词：nothing, anything, everything, something等时，定语在不定代词后面。 如：I tell him something interesting. （形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语） He has something to do. （to do为不定式作后置定语） 说明2：短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。 如：The boys in the room are in Class Four. （in the room是介词短语作the boys的后置定语。）（七）状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。 如：He did it carefully.（副词） We often help him.（副词） Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.（介词短语） When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.（从句作时间状语） He sits there.（副词地点状语）【简单句的五种基本句型】 A. 主语+不及物动词(主谓) 如：The sun rises. 太阳升起来。 The car stopped. 小汽车停下来了。 rise和stop都是不及物动词，因此后边不必加宾语。 B. 主语+及物动词+宾语(主谓宾) 如：I love my country. He helps me. I like action movies. I buy a book. C. 主语+系动词+表语(主系表) 如：Her brother is a driver. We feel happy.（feel为系动词，表示感到） It gets dark.天黑了。（get为系动词，表示变得） Tom looks ill. Tom看上去病了。（look为系动词，表示看上去，看起来） D. 主语+及物动词+双宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）(主谓+直宾+间宾) 如：He gives Tom a present.（双宾语） 他给汤姆一件礼物。 Mother make a new dress for me.（双宾语） 妈妈为我做了一件衣服。 E. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(主+谓+宾+宾补) 如：They call her Mary.（宾补） 他们叫她Mary。 We make our classroom clean and tidy.（宾补） 我们使我们的教室干净而整齐。 He always makes us laugh.（宾补） 他总使我们笑。一、 典型例题写出划线部分的句子成分。 1. Lily is cleaning the desk now. 2. Her garden is the best in our town. 3. Liu Ming is thirteen years old. 4. I like this book very much. 5. The girl on the blue bike is Janes sister. 6. She didnt come to my party because she was ill. 7. Wang Ping does his homework carefully. 8. We will go to the Childrens Palace once a week. 9. They are in the classroom. 10. It sounds good. 11. His name is Paul. 12. We always go to school early.二、 课后练习(一) 挑出下列句中的宾语My brotherdoesntdohis homework.A B C DPeoplealloverthe worldspeakEnglish. A B C D You must paygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation. A B C D How many newwordsdoyoulearn? A B C D Some of thestudentsin the school wantto go swimming,howaboutyou? A B C D(二) 挑出下列句中的表语 The old manisfeelingverytired. A B C D Why isheworriedaboutJim? A B C DTheleaveshaveturnedyellow. A B C D SoonTheyallbecome interestedin the subject. A B C D Sheisthe firstto learnabout it. A B C D(三) 挑出下列句中的定语 TheyuseMr. Mrs. with thefamilyname. A B C DWhatisyourgivenname? A B C D On thethirdlapareClass 1 and Class 3. A B C D I amafraidsomepeopleforgotto sweepthe floor. A B C DThe mandownstairswastryingto sleep.A B C D（四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 Shelikesthe childrento read newspapers and booksin thereading-room.A B C D Heasksherto take the boyout of school.A B C D Shefinditdifficultto do the work. A B C D TheycallmeLilysometimes. A B C DIsawMr. Wangget on the bus.A B C D(五) 挑出下列句中的状语Thereisa big smileon her face. A B C DEvery nightheheardthe noiseupstairs. A B C D Hebeganto learnEnglishwhen he was eleven.A B C DThe manon the motorbikeis travelingto fast.A B C DWith the medicine box under her arm,MissLihurried off. A B C D(六) 划出句中的直接宾语( )和间接宾语（ ） Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Does he leave any message for me?主语从句subject clause一、主语从句的连词分三类（1）从属连词引导的主语从句 （that / whether）that引导的主语从句:引导词that无含义/在句中不做成分/不可以省。That 引导主语从句通常用it 作形式主语。例如：你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。That she survived the accident is a miracle.（改为it形式主语）她在事故中幸免于难简直是奇迹。 _whether 引导的主语从句: whether有含义(是否)/在句中不做成分/不可以省。我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定。Whether she is coming or not doesnt matter too much.她来或者不来无关紧要。（2） 用连接代词引导的主语从句 在由连接代词who, whose, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever引导的名词性从句中，其连接代词在句中起名词性作用，担当一定成分.例如：你所需要的是更多的训练。 Whatever we do is to serve the people.我们无论做什么都是为人民服务。注：whatever / whoever的功用whatever, whoever在主语从句中不含疑问意义。它引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。whatever = anything that; whoever = anyone who。要注意和whatever, whoever引导的让步状语从句的区别。如：Whoever breaks the law should be punished. Whoever breaks the law, he should be punished. （3）用连接副词when, where, why, how引导的名词性从句(其连接副词有含义,在句中作状语。)例如: Where we should leave it is a problem.When they will come hasnt been made public.二、it 作形式主语的主语从句有时为了考虑句子平衡，通常在主语从句处使用形式主语it，而将真正的主语从句移至句末。这分四种情况：(1) 对于以连词that引导的主语从句，通常用形式主语it替代主语从句： It is +名词+从句It is a fact that 事实是；It is good news that 是好消息；It is a question that 是个问题；It is common knowledge that 是常识类似的名词还有：a pity；a wonder；a good thing； no wonder； surprise等。鲸不是鱼是一个常识。It is no surprise that Bob should have won the game.（.不奇怪） It is +形容词+从句It is necessary that 有必要；It is clear that 很清楚；It is likely that 很可能；It is important that 重要的是类似的形容词还有：strange; natural; obvious; true; good; wonderful; possible; unlikely; quite; unusual; certain; evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting; astonishing, etc.It seems obvious that we can not go on like this.（明显的是我们不能再这样继续下去）你有必要掌握电脑 It is +过去分词+从句It is said that 据说；It is reported that 据报道；It has been proved that 已证明；It must be proved that 必须指出类似的过去分词还有：known; estimated; expected; believed; thought; hoped; noted; discussed; required; decided; suggested; demanded; made clear; found out,etc.例如：据说很多人在这次地震中丧生了It is said that many people was killed in the earthquake. It seems（happened / appears / doesnt matter / makes no difference / occurred ）that 主语从句不可提前It makes no difference whether he will attend the meeting or not. (他是否参加会议都无关紧要） It does not matter that if I missed my train.(我有没有错过火车都不重要）It happened that I saw him yesterday.(我昨天碰巧碰到他）(2) 对于以连接代词(副词)引导的主语从句，可以使用形式主语代主语从句，也可直接在句首使用主语从句：Whether they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。(改写）(3) 对关系代词型what引导的主语从句，通常直接将主语从句放在句首。如：What we need is money. 我们需要的是钱。What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这一点。有时也可将助用形式主语。如：It is clear enough what he meant. 他是什么意思很清楚。(4) 如果句子是疑问句，则必须用带形式主语it的结构：Is it true that he is the girls father? 他是那女孩的父亲，是真的吗？How is it that you are late again? 你怎么又迟到了？四、连词that的省略问题引导主语从句的连词that 有时可省，有时不能省，其原则是：若that引导的主语从句直接位于句首，则that不能省略；若that引导的主语从句位于句末，而在句首使用了形式主语it，则that可以省略：That you didnt go to the talk was a pity. 很遗憾你没去听报告。(that可省/不可省)It was a pity (that) you didnt go to the talk. 很遗憾你没去听报告。(that可省/不可省)巩固提升1._ makes mistakes must correct them. A. What B. That C. Whoever D. Whatever2. It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning grey. A. while B. that C. if D. for 3.When and why he came here _ yet. A. is not known B. are not known C. has not known D. have not known4. _ is no reason for dismissing her. A. Because she was a few minutes late B. Owing to a few minutes late C. The fact that she was a few minutes late D. Being a few minutes late5. _ Tom liked to eat was different from _. A. Thatthat you had expected B. What that you had expected C. Thatwhat you had expected D. Whatwhat you had expected6._ we go swimming every day _ us a lot of good. A. If.do B. That.do C. If.does D. That.does7.It _ Bob drives badly. A. thinks that B. is thought what C. thought that D. is thought that8.Its uncertain _ the experiment is worth doing. A. if B. that C. whether D. how9._ the boy didnt take medicine made his mother angry. A. That B. What C. How D. Which10._ we cant get seems better than _ we have. A. What, what B. What, that C. That, that D. That, what11._ you dont like him is none of my business. A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether12._ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where13._is going to do the job will be decided by the Party committee. A. That B. Why C. How D. Who14._well finish translating the book depends on the time. A. When B. Why C. What D. That15._he wont go there is clear to all of us. A. How B. What C. Why D. This16._the house will be built will be discussed at tomorrows meeting. A. If B. Where C. That D. What17. ._you come or not is up to you. A. What B. If C. Why D. Whether18._makes mistakes must correct them. A. Who B. Anyone C. Whoever D. Anybody19._team will win the match is a matter of public concern. A. Which B. That C. If D. How20._leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who宾语从句The Object Clause宾语从句的概念：宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。句子结构：主句 +连词（引导词）+ 宾语从句1. I know him . （简单句） 主语 谓语 宾语2. I know who he is .（复合句） 主语 谓语 连词 从句主语 从句谓语 主 句 宾 语 从 句一、连词（引导词） 1. 当宾语从句是陈述句时（包括肯定句和否定句），连词由that引导，因为that在从句中不作任何成分，也没有任何具体意思，因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略v Lin Tao feels (that) his own team is even better. v 她说她不会参加下个星期天的运动运。v Jim thought (that) the train was like a big moving party.v He said (that) he would like to see the headmaster. 注： 在主句为动词be加某些形容词（如sorry, sure, afraid, glad等）作表语时，后面所跟的省略that的从句也可算是宾语从句v Im sorry (that) I dont know .v Were sure (that) our team will win .v Im afraid (that) he wont pass the exam . 2. 当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether或if引导（口语中常用if），因为if/whether翻译成：“是否”，具有一定的意义，所以不能省略v Lily 想要知道她奶奶是否喜欢这个手包。v Lets see if /whether we can find out some information about that city .v She asked me if /whether she could borrow these books .v I wonder whether/if she remembered to come earlier. 只用whether不用if的情况：a. 放在句首时 Whether he will come is not sure.b. 放在 be 等系动词之后 The problem is whether he will come.c. 放在介词后 He is thinking about whether he has shut the door.d. 和or not 连用 I dont know whether he will come or not.e. whether to do I am not sure whether to accept his invitation. 3. 当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，由连接代词（what, who, whom, which, whose）或连接副词（when, where, how, why）引导，因为连接代词或连接副词在从句中担任一定的句子成分，具有一定的意义，所以不可以省略。v 你知道他刚刚说什么了吗?v I dont remember when we arrived .v I asked him where I could get so much money .v Please tell me who /whom we have to see .v Do you know what time the plane leaves ?带how的词组也都可以引导宾语从句v Could you tell us how much it costs to fly to Hainan ?v Could you tell us how long the meeting will last ?v Please tell us how many students there are in your school ?v Can you tell us how old his brother is ?v Please tell us how soon you will be ready .二、时态1. 如果主句是现在的时态 （包括一般现在时 ，现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的时态可根据实际情况而定任何一种时态。v I know he lives here .v I know he lived here ten years ago . v I have heard that he will come tomorrow .2.如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时），那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时， 过去完成时）v I saw she was talking with her mother. v He asked whether his father would come back tomorrow. v He said that he had seen it .3.当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理时用一般现在时。v The teacher said that the sun travels around the earth .(1) I hear that Jim ( be ) a worker two years ago. I hear that Jim ( be ) an English teacher now . I hear that Jim ( cook ) dinner tomorrow . I hear that Jim ( sing )a popular song now. I hear that Jim ( be ) to the Great Wall twice . I hear that Jim ( play ) basketball when his father came back. (2) He will go to Hong Kong .- He said that he to Hong Kong . He is sick.- He said that he sick. He is reading a book .-He said that he a book . He has finished his work.- He said that he his work三、语序宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分1. When will he go to the library? His brother asks when he will go to the library .r His brother asks when will he go to the library . 2. What does he want to buy ? I dont know what he wants to buy .r I dont know what does he want to buy .3. Who are we going to meet ? Can you tell me who we are going to meet ?r Can you tell me who are we going to meet ?4. Does he know French ? We want to know if/whether he knows French .r We want to know if/whether does he know French. 5. Will they go to Canada in summer ? Theyre not sure if /whether they will go to Canada in summer .r They re not sure if /whether will they go to Canada in summer . 注意事项1could / would是委婉语气，不是过去式，因此宾语从句的时态根据实际情况用不同时态。v Could you please tell me where we show our tickets ?v Would you like to know when he will come back ?2. 如果主句的谓语动词是ask时，连词不可能是that；如果主句的谓语动词是say时，连词用thatv She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk .v He said (that) he was going to take care of the child .v He asks if I like playing the piano .v You may ask the man over there how you can get to the bus station .4. 连词 if 和 when 在不同从句中的区别：v Do you know if _back next week ? If he _ back , please let me know . A. he comes , will come B. will he come , comes C. he will come , comes D. he will come , will come v I dont know when he _ (come) . I cant wait here any more . When he _ (come) , would you please ask him to call me ?5. 连词+宾语从句=连词+to dov I dont know what I shall do next .=I dont know .v She didnt decide which one she would choose .=She didnt decide .v Please tell me whom youll give the letter to .=Please tell me .6. it 可以作为形式宾语 it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。v We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。v 我认为每天喝大量开水是有必要的7. 否定的转移 若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。（否定前移的条件是：主句主语时一人称）v 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。注意：这种句型的反义疑问句，应与从句主谓保持一致。v I dont think that you can do it, _? v We dont believe that the news is true, _? 8. 虚拟语