「20 xx专升本英语写作技巧精讲（特选课件）」.ppt

2017专升本英语系列讲座,英语写作,1,专升本,短文写作,1.考情分析作文的长度由2008年的100词增加到120词;议论文是专生本考试中最常出现的体裁,只有2005年和2010年的作文试题是应用文体的信函写作;就文章的论述目的和方式而言,主要考察考生对某一问题的分析、阐述以及对不同观点或对立观点的分析评论，因此，文章类型以解决问题、现象阐释、对比选择、评论利弊、观点论证等为主；从出题的方式看，以提纲作文为主，其次为情景作文。,2,专升本,短文写作,2.评分标准本题旨在考查考生的综合能力，包括词汇、语法、语言能力等。要求词句基本正确、无重大语法拼写错误，表达清楚。字数为120词左右。18-20分：中心思想突出，内容完整，表达清楚，语言基本上没有语法错误，拼写正确，卷面整洁；15-17分：中心思想突出，内容完整，表达清楚，语言仅有少量语法错误，拼写正确，卷面整洁；11-14分：主题明确，内容较完整，表达尚清楚，有一些语言错误，拼写基本正确，卷面较整洁；,3,专升本,短文写作,8-10分：内容大体完整，表达可勉强理解，有较多的语言错误，少量拼写错误；4-7分：内容不完整，但没有离题，表达上有较大困难，语言有较多错误，拼写错误多；1-3分：内容表达不清晰，语言支离破碎，仅有个别句子正确；0分：文不对题或胡乱抄袭以及语言表达完全无法理解。,4,专升本,学生写作现状分析,1.理缺词穷2.偏爱长句3.重复啰嗦4.单调无味5.结构混乱6.错误连篇7.无话可说,5,专升本,学生写作现状分析,第一、英语底子太薄。第二、词汇量太小，且对已学词汇记忆不清。第三、缺乏思想，深度不够。第四、缺乏应试技巧。,6,专升本,写作高分技巧,一、卷面整洁，书写清楚。二、构思简单，少犯错误。三、中心突出，层次分明。四、固定经典，名言注目。五、重在变化，宁简勿滥。,7,专升本,段落的组织与扩展原则,段落是文章的基本组成部分,它是意义相关的句子组合,为完整地表达某一思想达到一定的交际目的,并通过一定的连接手段而实现的有机结合，因此段落必须有主题思想的统一性、内容的完整性、结构的层次性和逻辑关系的连贯性，这是构成段落的四要素。另外，还应正确使用段落起始语和过渡性词语。,8,专升本,1、主体思想的统一性是整段文章只表达一个单一的主题，所有的叙述、描写、说明、议论都要围绕这一主题进行，与主题无关的都应删去。2、内容的完整性指一段文章能将单一的主题思想完整、清楚、明确地表达出来，即能够对主题句提供足够的叙述、描写、说明或议论。,9,专升本,3、结构层次清楚段落主题句表达段落主题，是段落的最高层次。主要扩展句是段落主题的重要支持点，在段落中一般有2-3个，是段落的第二层次。4、逻辑关系连贯性指组成段落的每个句子都与主题有关，上下句间按一定的逻辑关系凝聚在一起，句与句之间过渡自然流畅，结构严谨，衔接紧凑，使能轻松理清作者思路，把握段落中心思想。,10,专升本,5、正确使用段落起始语和过渡性词语在段落的过渡中，按文章的“启、承、转、合”使用过渡词会使段落条理清楚、连贯流畅，过渡词.,11,专升本,一、文章的基本结构二、写作实例分析,作文解析,12,专升本,文章的基本结构,概论文章的基本结构写作的三段论模式,13,专升本,一、概论,文章是由段落构成，而段落的基本结构是由主题句、支撑句和结尾句所构成，它的具体结构可以用以下的图表加以表示：,1/2,14,专升本,二、文章的基本结构,2/2,15,专升本,写作的三段论模式,英语写作通常采用三段论模式，即：开头段(introduction)主体段(bodyparagraph)结尾段(conclusion),16,专升本,(一)开头段,开头段概论常用的开头段的表达方法开头段的常用核心句型,17,专升本,开头段概论,对于英语写作考题来说，限于篇幅，其开头段一般都不长。然而，这寥寥几句话却占有十分重要的地位，它表达的是整篇文章的主题思想。在议论文中，我们称之为中心论点，它起到驾驭全文的作用。一个意义清晰、明确的开头段，将有助于读者理解全文；一个精彩、新颖的开头段还能激起读者的阅读欲望。,18,专升本,常用的开头段的表达方法,使用引语（useaquotation）引用具体或粗略的数据（usefiguresorstatistics）提出问题（askaquestion）给出具体实例或报道（offerrelevantexamplesorreports）定义法（givedefinition）主题句法（useoftopicsentence）,19,专升本,常用的开头段的表达方法,使用引语（useaquotation）使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。如：“Greatmindsmustbereadynotonlytotaketheopportunity,buttomakethem.”Colton,agreatwriteronceremarked.Butitstillhasaprofoundsignificancenow.Toaperson,inwhoselifetimeopportunitiesarenotmany,tomakeopportunitiesismoreessentialtohissuccess.分析：开头引用Colton的名言说明“创造机会”对于成功的重要性，点明主题。,20,专升本,常用的开头段的表达方法,引用具体或粗略的数据（usefiguresorstatistics）当然对于图表题型，该种方法是必须的选择，具体做法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据，然后作出概括性分析，点明主题或引出需要论述的问题。如：Asisdemonstratedinthetable,moreandmorecollegegraduatesareoutofajobinourcountry,whichisaseriousproblemtooureconomicdevelopmentandsocialsecurity.Itisestimatedthatin2013,thereare500,000unemployedgraduates,morethan30%higherthanin2012.分析：文章引用2013年找不到工作的毕业生达到50万这一数据来说明大学生找工作难这一现象的严重性，很有说服力。,21,专升本,常用的开头段的表达方法,提出问题（askaquestion）提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。如：Whatdoyouwantfromyourwork?Money？Promotions？Interestingchallenges？Continuallearning？Work-basedfriendships？Theopportunitytodevelopyourownideaandpotentials？Thoughweareallindividualsandsoouranswerswilldiffer,allagreethatworkprovidemorethanmaterialthings.分析：文章开头提出“你想从工作中得到什么”这一问题，然后自问自答，指出工作除了物质利益，还可以给我们带来很多其它收获这一结论。,22,专升本,常用的开头段的表达方法,给出具体生活实例或新闻报道（offerrelevantexamplesorreports）如：Asregardsthestressforcollegestudents,therehasbeenaheateddiscussionamongthepublicinthesociety.Itwasreportedthatastudentkilledfourofhisclassmatesjustbecauseofatrivialmatter.Itcanbeeasilyseenthatpressurehasbecomeaseriousissuewecannotneglect.分析：文章通过引用新闻报道的一个实例，说明了大学生心理问题的严重性。,23,专升本,常用的开头段的表达方法,定义法（givedefinition）针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。如：Asweallknow,practicemakesperfect.Thisisanaccumulatedexperienceweinheritfromourforefathers,andnowitisstillwidelyappliedtoourdailylife.Itmeansthatthemorewepractice,themorelikelywearegoingtodothingsperfectly.分析：文章用Itmeansthat这一句型，说明了practicemakesperfect的含义。,24,专升本,常用的开头段的表达方法,主题句法（useoftopicsentence）文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。如：NowadaysoneoftheseriousproblemsChinaisfacedwithistheincreasingilliteracyamongtheadolescents.AccordingtoarecentsurveybyDr.Li,deanofEducationalDepartmentofBeijingNormalUniversity,about18%ofthechildrenbetween8and15yearsoldhavedroppedoutofschoolacrossthecountry.分析：文章开头即提出中国的文盲现象日益严重这一问题，然后再用实例数据加以佐证。,25,专升本,开头段的常用核心句型,Asopposedtogenerallyacceptedviews,IbelievethatThearguermayberightabout,butheseemstoneglecttomentionthefactthat.Althoughitiscommonlyagreedthat,itisunlikelytobetruethat.Thereisanelementoftruthinthisstatement,butitignoresadeeperandmorebasicfactthat.Inallthediscussionanddebateover,oneimportantfactisgenerallyoverlooked.,26,专升本,开头段的常用核心句型,Onthesurface（Atfirstthought）,it（this）mayseemasound（anattractive）suggestion（solution/idea）,butcarefulweighingonthemind（oncloseranalysis/onsecondthought）,wefindthatAlthoughmanypeoplebelievethat,Iwonderwhethertheargumentbearsmuchanalysis,27,专升本,开头段的常用核心句型,Thedanger（problem/fact/truth/point）isthatIagreewiththeabovestatementbecauseIbelievethat.Thereisapubliccontroversynowadaysovertheissueof.Thosewhoobjecttoarguethat.Butpeoplewhofavor,ontheotherhand,arguethat.,28,专升本,开头段的常用核心句型,Currently（Inrecentyears/Inthepastfewyears/Formanyyearsnow）,thereis（hasbeen）a（n）general（widespread/growing/widelyheld）feelingtowards（concernover/attitudetowards/trendtowards/awarenessof/realizationof/illusionof/beliefin）.AsfarasIamconcerned,however,Ibelievethat.Nowitiscommonly（widely/generally/increasingly）believed（thought/held/accepted/felt/recognized/acknowledged）that.ButIwonder（doubt）whether,29,专升本,(二)主题段,主体段概述主体段段落扩充方法,30,专升本,主体段概述,主体段的写作方法是多种多样的，而不同的方法会产生不同的效果，不同的方法需用不同的组织形式。因此，在动笔之前，必须先选择好所采用的方法，然后根据自己所选的方法确定相应的结构形式，才能把文章写好。,31,专升本,主体段段落扩充方法,一、列举法（Listing）二、举例法（Exemplification）三、分类法（Classification）四、比较对照法（ComparisonandContrast）五、因果法（CauseandEffect）,32,专升本,列举法（Listing）定义,也叫枚举法。是一种在主题句中提出论点，然后列举一系列论据或原因对主题进行论证或阐述的方法。列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间顺序等进行。,33,专升本,列举法作文例子,Togetthemostoutofyourtextbookyoushouldfollowseveralstepsverycarefully.First,youshouldmakeapreliminarysurveyofeachbooktogetageneralideaofwhatthebookcontains.Second,youshouldreadfordeeperunderstandingandformulatequestionsasyouread.Next,makenotesofthemajorpointofeachchapter.Then,testyourselftobesurethatyoucananswerquestionslikelytoberaisedinclassorinexaminations.Finally,reviewyournotesandrereadanypartsofthebookthatareuncleartoyou.,34,专升本,常用于列举法的过渡连接词,first,second,third,etc.;inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace;firstofall,firstandforemost;tobeginwith,tostartwith;foronething,foranother;also,besides,furthermore,moreover,inaddition,whatismore;aboveall;next;beyondthat;initially;eventually,lastbutnotleast.,35,专升本,举例法（Exemplification）定义,作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容。严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者的观点，且事例可多可少。,36,专升本,举例法作文例子,Therearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes.Forexample,thosewhoenjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames.Foranotherexample,iftheyprefertoexercisealone,theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening.Besides,peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatinginthewinter.Inshort,nomatterwhattheirinterestsare,peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportthatissuitabletothem.,37,专升本,举例法中常见的过渡性词语,forexample,forinstance,asanexample,asanillustration,suchas/such,acaseinpointis,toillustrate,inparticular,specifically,say,next,namely,thatis,like,takeasanexample,etc.,38,专升本,分类法（Classification）定义,在阐述某一概念的段落中，常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类地叙述，使读者有更为清晰的认识。,39,专升本,分类法作文例子,Eversincehumanshavelivedontheearth,theyhavemadeuseofvariousformsofcommunication.Generally,thisexpressionofthoughtsandfeelingshasbeenintheformoforalspeech,whenthereisalanguagebarrier,communicationisaccomplishedthroughsignlanguageinwhichmotionsstandforletters,wordsandideas.Touristsandthepeopleunabletohearorspeakhavehadtoresorttothisformofexpression.Manyofthesesymbolsofwholewordsareveryvividandexactandcanbeusedinternationally;spelling,however,cannot.Bodylanguagetransmitsideasorthoughtsbycertainactions,eitherintentionallyorunintentionally.Anodsignifiesapproval,whileshakingtheheadindicatesanegativereaction.Otherformsoflanguagecanbefoundinsignalflags,Morsecodeandpicturesigns.,40,专升本,常见的用以分类的词语,动词：sort(into),divide(into),classify,group,fallinto,etc.名词：sorts,classes,groups,categories,types,kinds,aspects,etc.,41,专升本,比较对照法（ComparisonandContrast）定义,比较对照法由比较和对照两部分组成，但两者往往一起用以阐述两者或者更多事物间的异同，常用于说明文和议论文写作。比较描述的是所比对象的相同、类似点，而对照则强调所描述对象之间的不同，甚至相反之处。常用的比较对照的结构模式有两种，即整块比较法和逐点比较法。在整块比较法中先集中描述A，再集中描述B。其模式为：A1、A2、A3B1、B2、B3,42,专升本,第一种模块例子,Computershavebothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.First,computerscancalculate.Theycanmakeworkmoreefficientfortheyhaveahighspeedofcalculation.Besides,peoplecancommunicatewitheachotherbyE-mail,whichcostspeoplelessmoneyandlesstime.Mostimportantofall,computerscreatewidecommunicationaroundtheworld.PeoplecancommunicatewitheachotherviatheInternet.Theycanmakefriendsallovertheworld.Buteverycoinhadtwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Tobeginwith,sincecomputerscandoalotofworkforus,suchascalculation,wemayrelytoomuchonthenandbecomelazierandlazier.Tomakemattersworse,althoughitisconvenientforpeopletocommunicatewitheachotherbyE-mail,theoriginalwarmrelationshipmaybecomecold,forpeoplewillhavefeweropportunitiestotalktoeachotherfacetoface.Worstofall,computerscanspreadvirusescausedbyelectronichackersresultinginalotofimportantinformationbeinglost.,43,专升本,第二种模块及例子,逐点比较法是A、B双方同时逐点描述，其模式为：A1B1A2B2A3B3例如：Aproverbsays,“Likefather,likeson.”Buttheproverbdoesntseemtofitmygrandfatherandmyfatherbecausetheyhavemoredifferencesthansimilarities.First,mygrandfatherisintroverted,whilemyfatherisextroverted.Wecaneasilyreadwhatisonmyfathersmind,butitishardtofindoutwhatmygrandfatheristhinkingabout.Next,mygrandfatherisalwaysindifferenttochildren.Heseldomtalkswithchildrenandthechildrenaresomewhatafraidofhim.Incontrast,myfatherisverywarm-heartedtochildren.Helikestotalkwiththem,sothechildreninmyfamilyalllikehim.Finally,mygrandfatherisobstinate.Oncehehadmadeadecision,heneverchangesit.However,myfather,evenafterhehasmadeadecision,willaskothersforopinions.Ifhethinkstheopinionsarereasonable,hemightchangehismind.Althoughmygrandfatherandmyfatherresembleeachotherverymuchinappearance,theydifferincharacter,thinkingandbehavior.,44,专升本,常见的比较对照的过渡性词语,常用的表示比较的过渡性词语有：similarly,likewise,correspondingly,inasimilarway,inthesameway,too,like,resemble,similarto,equalto,equally,important,bothand,thesameas常用的表示对照的过渡性词语有：ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,in/bycontrast,incontrastto,insharpcontrast,conversely,otherwise,however,nevertheless,but,yet,(al)though,eventhough,whereas/while,itistruebut,instead,unlike,ratherthan,inspiteof,contrastwith,differ(ent)from,contraryto,45,专升本,因果法（CauseandEffect）定义,因果法经常用以阐述原因，回答“为什么”这类问题，分析事物发展的前因后果，也多见于说明文和论述文。因果关系的普遍性决定了因果关系的复杂性，通常因果关系模式有一因一果、一因多果、一果多因和多果多因等，而以因果方式扩展段落时通常可采用先因后果或先果后因的一因多果或一果多因模式，其中的多因或多果用通常以枚举方式列举。,46,专升本,因果法作文例子,Theroleofwomenintodayssocietyischanging.Onereasonisthatwomenhavebeguntoassertthemselvesasindependentpeoplethroughthewomensmovement.Also,womenareawareofthealternativestostayingathome.Anotherreasonisthatincreasingnumbersofwomenwhoenternewfieldsofinterestserveasrolemodelsforotherwomen.Moreover,menarebecomingmoreconsciousoftheabilitiesofwomenandhavebeguntoviewtheirindependencepositively.,47,专升本,常用的表示因果关系的过渡性词语,because,as,since,for,owingto,becauseof,dueto,onaccountof,asaresultof,forthereason,resultfrom,thus,so,therefore,accordingly,consequently,forthisreason,onthataccount,asaresult,asaconsequence,itfollowsthat,resultin,contributeto,48,专升本,（三）结尾段,结尾段概述常用的结尾段的表达方法结尾段常用的的核心句型,49,专升本,结尾段概述,开头和结尾往往是读者注意最多的部分。开头引起读者注意，提出主题；结尾与开头呼应，使读者感觉全文论述完整，圆满结束。从某种意义上来说，结尾更容易给读者留下深刻印象。人们常把好的文章结尾称作是“画龙点睛”，可见结尾部分对整篇文章所起的作用。,50,专升本,常用的结尾段的表达方法,总结归纳重申主题预测展望提出建议提出问题引用格言,51,专升本,常用的结尾段的表达方法,总结归纳简要总结归纳文章要点，以便深化主题印象。如：InconclusionIwouldliketosaythatchildrenneedtobeunderstoodbutchildrenalsoneedtounderstandtheirparents.Itisonlywhenparentsandchildrencometounderstandeachotherthatwecansolveproblemseffectivelyandnarrowthegenerationgap.分析文章通过inconclusion引出对前面所作论述的归纳，使主题更加明确。,52,专升本,常用的结尾段的表达方法,重申主题再次强调和确定文章开头阐述的中心思想。如：Admittedly,sciencehascreatedatomicbombsandproducedpervasivepollution.Butithastransformedthelivesofmillionsofpeople.Ithasmultipliedmansenergy,hopes,ambitionsandunderstanding.Ithaselevatedandwillcontinuetoelevatemanintellectuallyandspiritually.分析文章对前文的观点进行了重复，使之更加鲜明。,53,专升本,常用的结尾段的表达方法,预测展望立足当前，放眼未来。如：Sotosumup,weshouldofferourhelptoallwhoareinneed.Weexpecttogetlovefromothersandwealsogivelovetoothers.Ibelievethattherelationshipbetweenpeoplewillbeharmoniousandoursocietywillbeabetterplaceforustolivein.分析文章通过对未来积极的展望，说明了爱在生活中的重要性。,54,专升本,常用的结尾段的表达方法,提出建议提出解决问题的途径、方法或呼吁人们采取相应的行动。如：Astheissueplayssuchakeyroleinoursociety,sufficientattentionshouldbepaidfromboththegovernmentandthepublic.Thegovernmentshouldmakesurethatthecensusiswellcarriedoutandthepeopleshouldbeactivelyinvolvedinthecensus.分析文章在结尾从政府和公众两个角度提出建议，以保证人口普查的顺利进行。,55,专升本,常用的结尾段的表达方法,提出问题提出具有发人深省的问题，从而突出中心思想。如：Oldpeoplemaychoosetolivealoneforthemselvesandevenembracethislivingpattern.Butinthedeeppartoftheirhearts,theymustfeellonely.Theyneedtheirchildrentostaywith,totalkwith,andtakecareofthem.Whycantyoungpeoplethinkofthedayswhentheyaregettingold分析文章最有用一个反问句“年轻人为什么不想想自己年老时的情形”来提醒他们将心比心，设身处地，去关心父母双亲。,56,专升本,常用的结尾段的表达方法,引用格言用格言、谚语或习语总括全文中心思想。如：Manyyeasago,agreatphilosopherFrancisBaconremarkedthat“Knowledgeispower.”Thiscannowbetranslatedintocontemporaryterms.Inoursocialsetting,“Knowledgeischange”andacceleratingknowledge-acquisition,fuelingthegreatengineoftechnology,meansacceleratingchange.分析文章借用培根“知识就是力量”名言的结构，指出“知识就是变化”以深化主题，给读者留下深刻的印象。,57,专升本,结尾段常用的的核心句型,Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove（Takingintoaccountallthesefactors/Judgingfromallevidenceoffered）,wemaysafelydraw（reach/cometo/arriveat）theconclusionthat.Alltheevidence（analysis）supports（justifies/confirms/warrants/pointsto）a（n）unshakable（unmistakable/sound/just）conclusionthat.Itishightimethatweplace（lay/put）great（special/considerable）emphasisontheimprovement（development/increase/promotion）of.,58,专升本,结尾段常用的的核心句型,Itishightimethatweputanendtothedeep-seated（unhealthy/undesirable/deplorable）situation（tendency/phenomenon）of.Wemustlook（search/call/cry）foranimmediateaction（method/measure）,becausethepresent（current）situation（phenomenon/tendency/state/attitude）of,ifpermitted（allowed）tocontinue（proceed）,willsurely（certainly）leadto（resultin）theend（destruction/heavycost）of.,59,专升本,结尾段常用的的核心句型,Thereisnoeasy（immediate/effective）solution（approach/answer/remedy）totheproblemof,butmightbeuseful（helpful/beneficial）.Noeasymethod（solution/recipe/remedy）canbeathand（found/guaranteed）tosolve（resolve/tackle）theproblemof,butthecommon（general/public）recognitionof（realizationof/awarenessof/commitmentto）thenecessity（importance/significance）ofmightbethefirststeptowardschange（ontherightway/intherightdirection）.,60,专升本,结尾段常用的的核心句型,Followingthesemethods（suggestions）maynotguaranteethesuccessin（solutionto）,butthepay-offwillbeworththeeffort.Obviously（Clearly/Nodoubt）,ifweignore（areblindto）theproblem,thereiseverychancethat.Unlessthereisacommonrealizationof（generalcommitmentto）,itisverylikely（thechancesaregood）that.,61,专升本,结尾段常用的的核心句型,Thereislittledoubt（nodenying）thatserious（special/adequate/immediate/further）attentionmustbecalled（paid/devoted）totheproblemof.Itisnecessary（essential/fundamental）thateffective（quick/proper）action（steps/measures/remedies）shouldbetakentoprevent（correct/check/end/fight）thesituation（tendency/phenomenon）.,62,专升本,结尾段常用的的核心句型,Itishopedthatgreateffortsshouldbedirectedto（expendedon/focusedon）finding（developing/improving）.Itremainstobeseenwhether,buttheprospect（outlook）isnotquiteencouraging（thatrosy）.Anyhow,wider（more）education（publicity）shouldbegiventothepossible（potential/grave/serious/pernicious）consequences（effects）of.,63,专升本,结尾段常用的的核心句型,Toreverse（check/control）thetrend（tendency）isnotalighttask（aneasyjob）,anditrequires（demands/involves/entails）adifferentstateofmindtowards（attitudetowards/outlookon）.Forthesereasons,Istronglyrecommendthat.Forthereasonsgivenabove,Ifeelthat.,64,专升本,12个万能理由,经济、效益、交流、他人安全、方便、健康、环境情感、性格、经验、空间,65,专升本,二、写作实例分析,议论文说明文应用文,66,专升本,议论文,概论议论文段落结构议论文案例（1）议论文案例（2）,67,专升本,概论,议论文的第一种形式是要求考生针对某一有争议性的两种观点，来阐述自己的立场，或对这一问题反映出的某一观点进行驳斥，然后提出自己的看法并加以论证。它的基本形式是：一些人认为；另一些人认为；我的看法。这种文章的基本结构如下：,68,专升本,议论文段落结构,Paragraph1Introduction(启)Paragraph2Analysis(承)Paragraph3Conclusion(转合),69,专升本,（1）表达“启”的过渡词语用于引导主题句或用于主题句的后面，引导第一个发展句：firstly,atfirst,firstofall,inthebeginning,inthefirstplace,atpresent,tobeginwith,currently,tostartwith,lately,foronething,now,recently,ontheonehand,ingeneral,generallyspeaking,inrecentyears,comparativelyspeaking,nowadays,inasense,inaway,inmyopinion,obviously,undoubtedly,etc.,70,专升本,(2)表达“承”的过渡词语用于承接主题句或前一个发展句：secondly,thirdly,too,also,besides,inaddition,furthermore,moreover,whatismore,then,atthesametime,forthemostpast(3)表达“转”的过渡词语表示不同或相反的情况：afterall,but,yet,however,conversely,though,although,inspiteof,onthecontrary,incontrast,unlike,whereas,ontheotherhand,allthesame,infact,asamatteroffact,inanycase,atanyrate,instead,71,专升本,(4)表达“合”的过渡词语用于总结段落中上下文的内容，引导一个发展句或结尾句，也可用于文章的结论等：finally,inbrief,inconclusion,inshort,insummary,therefore,thus,tosumup,toconclude,tosummarize,aboveall,asaconsequence,asaresult,forthisreason,atlast,atlength,inaword,onthewhole,72,专升本,对立观点式有人认为X是好事，(赞成X，为什么？)有人认为X是坏事，反对X，为什么？C.我的看法。,SomepeopleareinfavoroftheideaofdoingX.Theypointoutthefactthat支持X的第一个原因。Theyalsoarguethat支持X的另一个原因。However,otherpeoplestandonadifferentground.TheyconsideritharmfultodoX.Theyfirmlypointoutthat反对X的第一个理由。Anexamplecangivethedetailsofthisargument.Thereissometruthinbotharguments.ButIthinktheadvantagesofXoverweighthedisadvantages.Inadditiontotheabove-mentionednegativeeffectsitmightbringabout,XmayalsoX的有一个坏处。,73,专升本,Somepeoplebelieve(argue,recognize,think)that观点1.Butotherpeopletakeanoppositeside.Theyfirmlybelievethat观点2.Asforme,Iagreetotheformer/latteridea.Thereareadozenofreasonsbehindmybelief.Firstofall,论据1.Moreimportantly,论据2.Mostimportantofall,论据3.Insummary,总结观点.Asacollegestudent,Iamsupposedto表决心.或:Fromabove,wecanpredictthat预测.,74,专升本,PeopleholddifferentviewsaboutX.Somepeopleareoftheopinionthat观点1,whileotherspointoutthat观点2.AsfarasIamconcerned,theformer/latteropinionholdsmoreweight.Foronething,论据1.Foranother,论据2.Lastbutnotleast