考研英语作文素材.ppt

主讲人：薛忠,WordFormation:Derivation,IIntroduction,Languageelements:1)phonetic2)grammar3)vocabularySignificance:1)Withoutgrammarverylittlecanbeconveyed,withoutvocabularynothingcanbeconveyed.-Wilkins,1972,SignificanceofVocabulary,Significance:2)Nomatterhowwellthestudentlearnsgrammar,nomatterhowsuccessfullyhemastersthesoundsofaL2,withoutwordstoexpressawiderangeofmeanings,communicationinthatlanguagecannothappeninanymeaningfulway.-McCarthy,1990,Objective,了解词汇形态(analysable)，precede,proceed,recede,succeed,secedeprecede,proceed,recede,succeed,secede加深词义理解，subject:throwunder1)Armedresistanceshowedthataminorityatleastwasnotpreparedtobesubjectedtoforeignrule.bedominatedby,besubmissiveto2)Hewhoissubjecttotemptationstendstoerr.cannotresist,atthemercyof,Objective,3)Thisplanwillbesubjectedtoapproval.besubmitted4)Ourexportsaresubjectedtoatariffrateof50%inCanada.impose,levy3提高词汇运用能力。可再生能源renewableenergy可采储量recoverablereserve,Derivation,Whatisderivation?Examples:1)unprecedentun-pre-ced-ent前缀：-un(not),-pre(before)词根：-ced-(go)后缀：ent,Derivation,2)inflexiblein-flex-ible前缀：in(not)词根：-flex-(bend)后缀：-ible(canbedone)Derivation:Theformationofwordsbyaddingaffix(prefixandsuffix)toroot.Affixation派生法，词缀法,Composition&Significance,派生词的构成：position&function1)prefix:changewordmeaningslightly2)root:determinewordprimarymeaning3)suffix:indicatewordclass1)最主要的构词方法(30%-40%)2)最有效的记忆方法(invisibility)3)最实用的理解方法(deburacratization),IIPrefix,Features:1)Polysemy(多义):de-1dehydrate,decapitation,depollute,defrost(remove,awayfrom)2descendent,devaluation(downward)3decentralization,decompose(reverse)4deformed,defect(wrong),2)homonymy(同义):Numerousprefixescanexpressthesamemeaning.Example:disobey,unequal,injustice,atypical,nonexistent结合具体单词分析,记忆和联想,1NegativePrefixes,1)asocial,apolitical2)disorder,disobey,distrust3)inaudible,illegitimate,irresistible4)non-classical,NGO试翻译：1）无性繁殖2）不健全3）非理性4）不存在1）asexualreproduction(multiplification)2）incomplete3)irrational4)nonexistent,2ReversativePrefixes,1)de-:reverseaction,depriveof,downwarddeorbit,defamation,decntralize,2)dis-:reverseaction,lackdisallow,disunite,disinterested3)unlock,unmask翻译：1）砍伐森林2）火车脱轨3）掉色4）揭示1)deforestation2)trainderailment3)discolored4)unveil,3PejorativePrefixes,1)mal-:badmalnourishment,malinterprete,maladministration,malpractice2)mis-:wrong,astraymistrust,misconduct3)pseudo-:false,imitationpseudo-science,pseudo-girl翻译：1）虐待2）功能错误3）拼写错误4）假名牌1)maltreat2)malfunction3)misspell4)pseudo-brand,4PrefixesofDegreeorScale(1),1)arch-:top,mostarch-criminal,arch-rival,arch-capitalist2)co-:jointlyco-author,co-owner,cohabit3)extra-,ultra-:very,outside,extra-strong,ultrasonic翻译：1）主要敌人2）联合演出3）特别明亮4）紫外线1)arch-enemy2)co-star3)extra-bright4)ultravioletrays,4PrefixesofDegreeorScale(2),4)hyper-:extremehypercautious,hypercreative5)macro-:largemacroecnomics,macrostructure,macrocosm6)micro-:verysmallmicrosurgery,microparticle翻译：1）愤青2）高分子3）显微镜4）微波炉1)hypercritical2)macromolecule3)microscope4)microwaveoven,4PrefixesofDegreeorScale(3),7)mini-:small,medi-,mid-,mod-:middle,maxi-:largeminiature,minimizeMediterranean,medium,middleweight,moderate,accomodatemaximum,maximize翻译：1）最低价2）爱管闲事的人3）修饰4）这所学校最多招收2000名学生。1）minimumprice2)meddler3)modify4)Theschoolenrollsthemaximumof2000students.,4PrefixesofDegreeorScale(4),8)out-:surpassoutnumber,outsmart,outclass9)over-:excessiveoverestimate,over-anxious10)sub-:secondary,lessimportantsubnormal,subtitle,sub-contractor,4PrefixesofDegreeorScale(5),11)super-:morethan,beyond,verysupernatural,supersophiscated12)under-:insufficient,beneathundernourished,undergrowth翻译：1）人数占优2）保护过度的3）低水平4）过于简单5）差生1)outman2)over-protective3)substandard4)super-simplification5)underachiever,5Orientation&Attitude,1)anti-:against,opposedtoanti-abortion,anti-nuclear,anti-inflation,anti-aging,anti-matter,anti-quark2)counter-,countra-:opposite,inoppositiontocontraflow,counter-espionage,counterstrike3)pro-:for,onethesideof,supportpro-feminism,pro-gun,prosandcons翻译1）抗日战争2）抗生素3）反驳4）反作用5）亲美政府1)anti-Japanwar2)antibiotics3)contradict4)counterreaction5)pro-Americagovernment,6Location(1),1)extra-:outsideextramarital,extra-territorial2)fore-:frontpartofforearm,forefather3)inter-:between,amonginterweave,inter-cityexpress4)intra-:withinintranet,intra-partysupervision,intra-officelove翻译：1）课外活动2）人际关系3）公司内部交流1）extracurricularactivity2)interpersonalrelation3)intra-companyexchange,6Location(2),5)super-:abovesupernaturalforce6)tele-:distanttelecast,telegraph7)trans-:across,fromoneplacetoanothertransatlantic,transculturalcommunication,transcontinental翻译：1）导师2）望远镜3）心脏移植1)supervisor2)telescope3)hearttransplant,7Time&Order(1),1ex-:formerex-lover,ex-husband,ex-convict2fore-:beforeforeword,foreknowledge3post-:afterpost-election,post-Huera4pre-:pre-historic,pre-schooler,7Time&Order(2),5re-:again,backredistribution,reorgnization翻译1）退伍军人2）算命3）后现代主义4）退休前5）中华民族的伟大复兴1)ex-serviceman2)foretellonesfortune3)post-modernism4)pre-retirement5)greatrenewalofChinesenation,8Numbers(1),1mono-,uni-:oneunisex,unidirectional,monocentric,monologue2bi-,di-:twobiannually,bilingual,diameter3multi-,poly-:manymulti-purpose,multi-dimensional,polytechnic,polysemy翻译1）单边主义2）单调的3）二氧化物4）双月刊5）多功能1)unilateralism2)monotonous3)dioxide4)bimonthly5)multifunction,8Numbers(2),4semi-,hemi-:halfsemi-automatic,hemisphere,semiconductor5tri-:threetriangular,tricolor翻译：1）三人合唱团2）离婚率上升了三倍。3）半清醒4）半圆1)atrio2)Thedivorceratehasbeentripled.3)semiconscious4)semicircle,9Conversion(1),Prefixesofthiscategorydiffersfromothersinhavinglittlesemanticvalue.Conversion:changefromonewordclasstoanother1a-:addedtoverbstoproducepredicativeadjectivesasleep,aglow,astir2be-:withnounstoformtranstiveverbsorwithnounsplus-edtoyieldadjectives:beware,befriend,beloved,Conversion(2),3en-,em-:withnounsoradjectivestocreatetranstiveverbs:endanger,empower,enforce翻译：1）他躺了一夜没睡着。2）他的双手冻僵了。3）文章如何命名?4）派生法是扩大词汇量的最有效方式。1)Helaythewholenight,awake.2)Hishandsgotbenumbedwithcold.3)Howtoentitlearticle?4