课件四级写作技巧.ppt

WritinginCET-4,一、解读大纲,写作（writing）部分是测试学生用英语进行书面表达的能力，所占分值比例为15%，考试时间为30分钟。写作选用考生所熟悉的题材。考生根据规定的题目和所提供的提纲、情景、图片或图表等，写出一篇不少于120词的短文。写作要求是思想表达准确、意义连贯、无严重语法错误。考试时间30分钟。,二、写作类型,（1）对比观点型（2）说明利弊型（3）解释现象型（4）解决问题型（5）图表表述型（6）应用文写作,对比观点型作文对策,作文类型与要求：阐述对立观点型作文的中文提纲则往往是这样的：1有（些）人认为2也有（些）人认为3我的看法/观点这类型的作文的写作可以采用以下的模式：第一段：引出讨论的主题，阐述观点A及其理由第二段、阐述观点B及其理由第四段：表明自己的观点以及理由注意：在结尾的时候，一定要表明自己的观点。,对比观点型高分模版,Thetopicof_(主题)isbecomingmoreandmorepopularrecently.Therearetwosidesofopinionsofit.SomepeoplesayAistheirfavorite.Theyholdtheirviewforthereasonsof_(支持A的理由一)。Whatsmore,_(理由二)。Thirdly,_(理由三)。WhileothersthinkBisabetterchoiceinthefollowingthreereasons.Firstly,_(支持B的理由一).Besides,_(理由二).Finally,_(理由三)。Frommypointofview,Ithink_(我的观点).Thereasonisthat_(原因).Asamatteroffact,therearesomeotherreasonstoexplainmychoice.Forme,theformerissurelyawisechoice.,经典句型对比观点常用句型,1.Astowhetheritisworthwhile.,thereisalong-runningcontroversialdebate.Itisquitenaturalthatpeoplefromdifferentbackgroundsmayhavedivergentattitudestowardsit.关于是否值得_的问题，一直以来争论不休。当然，不同的人对此可能持不同的观点。2.Whenitcomesto,mostpeoplebelievethat,butotherpeopleregardas.提到_问题，很多人认为_，不过，一些人则认为_是_.3.Whenfacedwith.,quiteafewpeopleclaimthat.,butotherpeoplethinkas提到_问题，有人认为_，但另一些人则认为_。4.Thereisapubliccontroversynowadaysovertheissueof.Thosewhocriticizearguethat.,theybelievethat,butpeoplewhofavor.,ontheotherhand,arguethat目前，_问题争议较大。批判_的人认为_，他们认为_，不过，另一方面，赞同_的人则认为_。,经典句型对比观点常用句型,5.Whenaskedabout,differentpeoplewillofferdifferentopinions.Somepeoplesay/think/believe/takeitforgrantedthat,whileothersholdthat当被问及_,不同的人持有不同的观点。有人认为_,而其他人认为_.6.Withthedevelopmentofthesociety,thecontroversialissueofisoftenbroughtintopublicfocus.Peoplefromdifferentbackgroundsholddifferentattitudestowardstheissue.随着社会的发展，_这个极具争议性的话题往往很受社会的关注。不同的人对此问题的看法也不尽相同。7.Recently,therearisesacontroversialdebateoverwhetherweshouldor最近，对于我们是否应该_的问题出现了很多争议。8.Whetherweshouldviewasablessingorcurseisaverypopulartopicwhichisoftentalkedaboutnotonlybycityresidents/teachersbutbyfarmers/studentsaswell.我们应该把_看做是好还是坏成为了一个热门话题，不仅城里人（教师）在谈论这个问题，农民（学生）也在谈论。,经典句型支持者观点常用句型,Thosewhostronglyapproveof.havelotsofreasonsforit.Firstly,.Whatsmore,.Inaddition,Somepeoplecontendthathasprovedtobringmanyadvantages.Foronething,Foranother,Lastbutnottheleast,Peoplewhosupportgivesomeorallofthefollowingreasons.Thosewhohavealreadybenefitedfrompracticingitsinghighpraiseofit.Somepeoplethink/preferthatTheyholdthisidea/opinion/viewbecausePeoplewhosupportgivesomeorallofthefollowingreasons.,经典句型反对者观点常用句型,Butontheotherhand,therearealsoquiteafewpeoplewhostronglyadvocatethat.However,therearealargenumberofpeoplewhoholdadifferentviewconcerningthiscase.Butotherpeoplesetforthcompletelytotallydifferentargumentconcerningthiscase.TheyarguethatSomepeopleexaminethisissuefromanotherangle.Ontheotherhand,therearealsomanyopponentswhostronglyHowever/Ontheotherhand,therearestillmanypeoplewhowontagree.TheyarguethatBesides/Inaddition,经典句型表达个人观点常用句型,Personally,Isidewiththelatter(former)opinionPersonally,IaminfavoroftheformerpointofviewAsfarasIamconcerned,Iaminclinedtobeonthesideofthelatterview.Afterathoroughconsideration,formypart,IaminfavorofthelatterviewthatIfaskedtomakeadecision,IwouldpreferTakingintoconsiderationbothsidesoftheissue,ItendtofavorthelatterviewPersonally,IamonthesideofthelatterargumentbecauseTherefore/Inconclusion,Ifaskedtomakeachoice,Iwouldnothesitatetosidewiththeformer/latterview.,说明利弊型作文对策,作文类型与要求：说明利弊型作文的中文提纲则往往是这样的：1说明事物现状2事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）3你对现状（或前景）的看法这类型的作文的写作可以采用以下的模式：第一部分：引言。简述标题中涉及的某一事物或现象；第二部分：优点。例举该事物或现象的优点或积极因素缺点。可以考虑用对比关联词引出该事物或现象的另一面缺点或消极因素；第三部分：考生的个人体会。权衡利弊，阐述个人体会或者如何扬长避短的方法。,说明利弊型高分模版,NowadaysmanypeoplepreferAbecauseithasasignificantroleinourdailylife.Generally,itsadvantagescanbeseenasfollows.First_（的优点之一）.Besides_（的优点之二）.Buteverycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Oneoftheimportantdisadvantagesisthat_（的第一个缺点）Tomakemattersworse,_（的第二个缺点）Throughtheaboveanalysis,Ibelievethatthepositiveaspectsoverweighthenegativeones.Therefore,Iwouldliketo_（我的看法）（FromthecomparisonbetweenthesepositiveandnegativeeffectsofA,weshouldtakeitreasonablyanddoitaccordingtothecircumstanceswearein.Onlybythisway,_（对前景的预测）,经典句型说明利弊常用句型,1.Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,hasbeenplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourday-to-daylife.Ithasbroughtalotofbenefitsbuthascreatedsomeseriousproblemsaswell.随着科学技术的发展，已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。它给我们带来了许多好处，但也产生了一些严重的问题。2.Astheproverbgoes:everycoinhasitstwosides,.isnoexception.俗语有云：万事万物都有两面性。_也不例外。3.Everythinghasagoodsideandabadside,and.isnoexception.万事万物有其两面性，而_也是如此。4.Thediscussionastowhetherthe.isablessingoracursearousesmostpeoplesinterests._是好坏利弊问题引起了很多人的兴趣。,经典句型说明利弊常用句型,5.playssuchanimportantrolethatitundeniablybecomesthebiggestconcernofthepresentworld._尤为重要而引起当今社会的关注。6.Therecomesaquestion:isitablessingoracurse.问题是：_是福是祸？7.Thereisnodenyingthateverythinghasonemorefaceand.isnoexception.不可否认，每一件事物都有其两面性，其实，_也不例外。8.Everythingintheworldhasitsowntwosides.Withoutexception,hasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.任何事情都有两面性，也不例外，有其优势和劣势（利与弊）。,经典句型陈述事物优点的常用句型,1.Thereareseveraladvantagesin.Thefirst/biggestadvantageisthat2.Theadvantagesofcanbeseenasfollow.Firstbesides3.isplayinganincreasingimportantroleinpeopleslives.ForonethingForanother4.Asweknow,.bringmanybenefitsandconveniencetopeople.5.Therearenolessthanthreeadvantagesin.asrenderedbelow.,经典句型陈述事物优点的常用句型,6.Nothing/Fewthings/Thereishardlyanythingcanequal/matchwith/becomparedwithintermsof7.hasapositiveimpact/influence/effectonpeopleslives.8.Forall/Inspiteof/Despitethedisadvantages/side(/adverse)effects,ithasitscompensatingadvantages/beneficialeffects9.Themeritsofthisisobvious.10.Asisoftenpointedoutthat,itcertainlyhelppeopleForalltheadvantages,italsobringsothercontentthat.,经典句型陈述事物缺点的常用句型,However,justlikeanythingelse,hasitsnegativesideaswell.Foronething,Besides/Foranother,Inthemeantime,wecannotignorethedisadvantagesofHowever,thenegativeaspectsofarealsoapparent/obvious/evident.Tobeginwith,Tomakematterworse,Worstofall,.Likeanythingelse,ithasalsoitsfaults/shortcomings/disadvantages/weakness/problems/harmfuleffects.However,likeanythingelse,.hasmorethanoneface.,经典句型陈述事物缺点的常用句型,However,justaseverythinghastwosides,alsohasmanydisadvantages.Astheproverbgoes,everycoinhasitstwoside,isnoexception.Despitetheadvantages.has,somepeopleclaim,weshallnotlosesightofitsadverseeffectson.Butitsbrightsideshouldnotkeepusfromexaminingitsdarkside.Ofcourse,nothingintheworldisperfect,sois.,经典句型对比事物利弊的常用句型,Inmycase,theadvantagesoverweigh/carrymoreweightthanthedisadvantages.Anyway,Istillholdhasmoreadvantagesthandisadvantages.Butforme,Ithinkwhatismoreimportantisitspositiveside.Withtheproblemsandthebenefitshasexertedonus,Ithinkwhatismoreimportantisitspositiveside.However,Istillbelievehasmoreadvantagesthandisadvantages.,经典句型对比事物利弊的常用句型,6.Infact,theadvantagesof/gainedin/derivedfromfaroutweigh/aremuchgreaterthanthedisadvantages/problemsentails.7.Serious/High/Greatastheproblem/cost/difficultymatbe,italmostpales/disappearsintoinsignificancebefore/beside/bycomparisonto/comparedwith.8.Butallinall,Iwouldsaytheadvantagesoutweighthedisadvantages.Withtheadvanceofsociety,ifweencouragethemeritsandeliminatethedrawbacks,allpeoplewillenjoyabetterlife.,实战练习,Direction:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthetopicPrivateSchool.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:1.当前，社会上有很多私立学校和培训学校；2.私立学校的利与弊；3.你的看法。,PrivateSchool,Itcanbenoticedthatalargenumberofprivateschoolsortrainingorganizationsbecomeanewlandscapeineducation.Whenyoureadnewspapers,whenyouwatchTV,whenyouwalkontheroad,youwillinevitablyseelotsofadvertisementsaboutprivateschools.Thereareprivateschoolsmainlydealingwithforeignlanguages,computers,musicandsports.,PrivateSchool,However,isitagoodorbadthingtohavesomanyprivateschools?Asacoinhastwosides,soaretheprivateschools.Ontheonehand,privateschoolscanmeetthespecialneedsofthesocietyortheparticularrequirementsofpeople.Ontheotherhand,theyoftenbringpeopleextraburdenbecauseofcomparisonandcompetition.,PrivateSchool,Whenaskedtodecidewhetherweshouldhaveasocietywithoutprivateschoolsorasocietywithprivateschools,Iwillnothesitateamomenttopreferthelatter.Althoughattendingatrainingcoursewillresultintheextracostorburden,itisoftremendousmeritsinpreparingmyworkandcultivatingmyskills.,解释现象型作文对策,此类作文类型与要求解释现象型作文的中文提纲则往往是这样的：1.说明某种现象2.产生这种现象的原因3.我的观点（看法）此类型作文可以采用以下模式第一段：描述现象，评价现象第二段：说明原因（原因一，原因二、）第三段：我的观点，结论。,解释现象型作文模版,Recently,_.(描述现象，引起话题)Whatamazesusmostis_(表现较为典型的一个方面)Itistruethat_.(对于现象做出的评论)Therearemanyreasonsexplaining_(承上启下,解释这一现象的原因)Themainreasonis_.(说明原因一)Whatismore,_.(原因二)Thirdly,_(原因三)Asaresult,_.(讲述导致的结果)Consideringallthese,_.(作者的态度)Foronething,_.(观点一)Foranother,_.(11观点二)Inconclusion,_.(12总结全文),实战练习,Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledWhatElectivestoChoose.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:WhatElectivestoChoose1.各大学开设了各种各样的选修课2.学生因为各种原因选择了不同的选修课3.以你自己为例,实战练习,Nowadays,agrowingnumberofelectivesareofferedinallsortsofuniversities.AccordingtoarecentsurveyinChinaDaily,studentscanchoosetheirfavoritecoursesfromatotalnumberof20,000electivesinChineseuniversities.Thetopicsincludeeverything,fromliteraturetoengineering,fromsociologytochemistry.,实战练习,Whenaskedwhytheychoosetheelectives,differentstudentsprovidedifferentanswers.Someofthemchoosetheelectiveswhichareeasiertostudy;therefore,thestudentswillbeabletowinthecreditwithlittleeffort.Otherstudentsmaintainthattheychoosetheelectivesthatinterestthemthemost.Stillotherschoosethe“practical”coursesbecausetheybelievetheseprogramswillhelpthemhuntforabetterjobwhentheygraduate.,实战练习,Astome,Ichoosetwoelectives,EnglishforAcademicPurposes(EAP)andeconomics.Theformerwillequipmewithmoreknowledgetoreadandwriteacademicpapers;whilethelatterisimportantinthateveryonehastoknowalittleeconomicsinordertolivebetterinthetimeof“marketeconomy”.,解决问题型作文对策1,此类作文类型与要求解决问题型作文的中文提纲则往往是这样的：How/Whatarethewaysof1.提出某种现象或者问题2.产生这种现象的原因3.怎样才能阻止这一现象此类型作文可以采用以下模式第一段：提出问题；说明问题的重要性第二段：说明产生问题的原因：原因一原因二第三段：提出解决途径：途径一途径二；预测解决后的前景。,解决问题型作文对策2,此类作文类型与要求解决问题型作文的中文提纲则往往是这样的：How/Whatarethewaysof1.提出某种现象或者问题2.解决这种现象或者问题的方法3.我的方法和理由此类型作文可以采用以下模式第一段：提出问题第二段：提出解决问题的方法：方法一方法二第三段：我的方法；我的理由；表达解决问题的信心或者展望前景,解决问题型作文模板2,Withthedevelopmentof_，_.(问题出现的背景)Soitisofgreatimportanceforusto_.(提出问题)Ontheonehand,_.(问题的后果一)Ontheotherhand,_.(问题的后果二)However,wehavefiguredoutmanywaysto_.(提出解决这一问题的方法)Firstly,_.(解决方法一)Solongas_.(进一步说明方法一)Secondly,_.(方法二)Thirdly,_.(方法三)Infact,_.(提出解决问题的根本途径)11Thatisbecause_.(11支持句的理由)12Inaword,_.(12总结全文),实战练习2,Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below：HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation1.上大学的费用很高(tuitionandfees)2.上大学的费用可以通过多种渠道解决3.哪种渠道适合于我(说明理由),实战练习2,HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducationNowadays,tuitionandfeesforcollegeeducationaremuchhigherthaneverbefore.Howtofinancecollegeeducationhasbecomeamatterofconcernformanystudents.,实战练习2,Differentpeoplehavedifferentwaystosolvethisproblem.Somegetallofthemoneyfromtheirparents.Someapplyforaloanespeciallysetupforcollegestudents.Someacquirethemoneycompletelybythemselves,doingafull-timejobinsummerorwinterholiday.Someotherstudentsmayasktheirparentsformostofitandearntherestintheirsparetimeincollege,bydoingapart-timejob.,实战练习2,AsfarasImconcerned,Ipreferthelastway.Havingacquiredmostofthetuitionandfeesfrommyparents,Ineedntworrytoomuchaboutthemoneyandcanconcentrateonmystudy;ontheotherhand,apart-timejobinmysparetimemakesmycampus-lifecolorful.Icanmakealotoffriends,improvemyabilitiesandlearnlotsofknowledge.So,Ichoosethiswaytocovermytuitionandfees.,图表描述型作文,特点：题目中信息来源是图表，如：1991.6；2002.6的真题。,CET-42002.6,Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledStudentUseofComputers.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositiononthechartandtheoutlinegivenbelow:1.图中所示为某校大学生平均每周使用计算机的时间：1990年（2hours）、1995年（4hours）、2000年（14hours）,请描述其变化；2.请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；3.你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。,CET-42002.6,1990,1995,2000,Averagenumberofhoursastudentspendsonthecomputerperweek.,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,year,CET-42002.6写作框架,第一段：（1）概括描述图表：趋势描写（2）具体描述图表：必要的数据支持（细节性）第二段：说明原因：原因一、原因二、第三段：（1）预测未来和提出问题；（2）总结全文和表达自己的观点,StudentUseofComputers,Fromthechart/diagramgivenabove,wecanclearlyseethattherehasbeenanobviousincreaseintheaveragenumberofhoursthatacollegestudentspendsonthecomputerinthelastdecadesofthetwentiethcentury.In1990,lessthan2hourswerespentoncomputers.Thenumberdoubledin1995.andin2000,theaveragehoursincreaseddramaticallytoalmost20hours.,Severalreasonsaccountfortherapidchange.Tobeginwith,thefirstandmostimportantreasonispeoplesrealizationofcomputerssignificance.Nowcomputershavetheirwaysintocompanies,schoolsandhomesandhavebecomeanessentialpartofourmodernsociety.Secondly,thedropofpricesalsocontributestothechange.Withthedevelopmentoftechnology,computersbecomemuchcheapernowthan10yearsago.Morestudentscanaffordthemandthuscanusethemfreely.Lastbutnotleast,computersenableushandleourproblemseffectively.,Inaword,wecansafelyconcludethattheincreaseofstudentuseofcomputerisboundtocontinue.Computersbecomeverypopularamongstudentsnowandhowtomakefulluseofthemhascausedmuchdiscussionamongpeople.,图表型作文常用表达方法,1.Aswecanseefromthecharts/tables/bars/piegraphs.2.Asi