部分词和短语在医学英语中的翻译.ppt

部分词和短语在医学英语中的翻译一,不定冠词a/an和定冠词the,在表示”一类”时可以省略不译Alowsaltdietmayresultinreductionofbloodpressure.Saltedchicken低盐饮食可使血压降低.2.Ifthetumorspreadsintootherpartsofthebody,itiscalledamalignanttumor.如果肿瘤扩散到身体的其他部位,则称之为恶性肿瘤.3.Thespleenisasolidorganaboutthesamesizeasthekidney.脾为大小与肾相似的实质性器官.二,不定冠词a/an和定冠词the,如果不译,会产生含义不清或指称不明时,不定冠词a/an可翻译为:一,每,某,等定冠词the可翻译为:这(些),那(些),此,该,等,Manypeoplebelievethatthediseaseiscausedbyavirus.许多人认为此病是由一种病毒引起的.2.Thediseaseismorecommoninyoungadults.这种疾病在年纪比较轻的成年人中较常见.3.Deficiencyofanenzymehasseveralgeneralconsequences.缺乏某种酶会产生一些全身性后果.4.Theoperationmustbeaccomplishedwithoutimpairingthealreadyprecariousbloodsupply.该手术必须在不破坏已经不稳定的供血情况下完成.5.Thesymptomscausedbythevirusmayberelativelymild.这种病毒所引起的症状比较轻.6.Thegermsarefoundinthewasteremovedfromthebody.这些病菌是在身体排出的废物中发现的.,三.复数名词英语中的可数名词有单复数之分,但汉语中的名词本身并没有单复数.在翻译英语中的复数名词时,既要符合逻辑,又要符合汉语的习惯.1)一般可以将复数名词与单数名词同样对待,不必翻译成复数Itiscommontodividetumorsintotowmaingroups,benignandmalignant.通常将肿瘤分为两大类:良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤.Themedicalworkersfirstappliedacupunctureanalgesiaindentaloperations.医务工作者最早在牙科手术中应用针刺镇痛.2)有时根据需要,应在复数名词前加上”有些”,“各种”,等Diseasesmaybeclassifiedintofollowingcategories.疾病可以分为下列几类.Therearecomplexproblemsinmedicine,andittakesmuchtimetosolvethem.医学上有一些复杂的问题,解决这些问题要花许多时间.3)如果确定复数名词的具体数量,可以将这一数量翻译出来.Theheartisslightlybiggerthanafist,andliesbetweenthelungs.心脏略大于一个拳头,位于两肺之间.,应该注意的是,英语中有些复数形式的名词,其意义跟不是复数形式的名词可能没有任何关联.例如:times;works;pains;glasses等Takethreetabletsofthemedicinethreetimesadayaftermeals.Mercuryweighsabout13timesasmuchaswater.Thedoctorssparenopainstocurethepatientofhisdisease.(不辞辛苦)4)Themedicalworksaredifficulttotranslate.四.FailureFailure一词在医学英语中使用非常广,一般有”失败”,“缺乏”,“未能”,”没有”等含义,在专业方面还可以解释为:”障碍”,”衰退”等,所以翻译时,一定要根据上下文灵活掌握.Theoperationisafailure.手术没有成功2.Hemophilia(血友病)ischaracterizedbyfailureofthebloodtoclot,sothatthevictimmustuseextremecautiontoavoidtrauma(外伤)ofallkinds.血友病的特征是血液不能凝固,因此,患者必须极其注意避免发生任何外伤.,3.Oncethepresenceofcardiacfailureisrecognizeditisimportanttodeterminethenatureoftheunderlyingheartdiseaseandtosearchforcorrectablefactorswhichmayhaveplayedaroleinpromotingoraggravating(恶化)theheartfailure.一旦发现存在心力衰竭时,重要的是确定潜在的心脏疾病的性质,并寻找在促发或加重心力衰竭上可能起过作用的一些可纠正的因素.4.Thefailureofnormalsubjectstoacquireacutebacterialpneumoniaisduetotheefficientdefensebarriersofthelowerrespiratorytract.正常人之所以不会患急性细菌性肺炎,是由于下呼吸道的有效防御屏障.5.Anacuteinflammatoryprocessmayfailtosubsidecompletelyandpassintoachronicstage.急性炎症过程可能难以完全消退,于是转入慢性期.6.Whenthereisevidenceofprogressivelyseriouspancreatitis(胰腺炎)thathasfailedtorespondtomedicalmanagement,exploratorylaparotomy(剖腹探查)andsurgeryarejustified.如有证据表明为进行性加重的胰腺炎,经内科处理无效,就应该进行剖腹探查和外科手术.,五.DozenDozen在英文中,常用来计数,但汉语一般不用,常翻译为”十来个”,”许多”;要根据上下文来具体处理.1.Therearedozensofsuchexamples.许多类似的例子2.Sometimesthevictimhassufferedfromlong-standingindigestionbuthasfailedtoconsultaphysicianuntilthecancerhasspreadtootherorganssuchastheliver,inwhichtheremaybesecondarygrowthsbythedozen.有时病人长期患消化不良,但未能够及时就医,以致癌肿扩散到其他器官(例如肝脏等),并在这些器官中产生大量转移灶.3.Theincreaseofpotencyrangedfromseveraltoseveraldozentimes.药效增加了几倍和几十倍不等.,ThediagnosisissuspectedIftheabdominalpaincontinuesforanhourormore,thediagnosisofacuteappendicitismaybesuspected.Inothercasesthediagnosismaybesuspectedfromtheresultsobtainedinaroutineexaminationofurineinrenalfunctiontestsafterthediscoveryofhypertension.Aninjectionofantitoxinshouldbegivenimmediatelythediagnosisissuspected.Thediagnosisshouldbesuspectedinanypatientwithchronicproductivecough,especiallyifhissputumcontinuouslybecomesmorepurulent(浓的)andstreaked(加有条纹)withblood.1.如果腹痛持续1个小时以上,可作出疑似急性阑尾炎的诊断.2.另一些病例是,在发现高血压后,根据尿常规检查或肾功能检查所得到的结果,做出疑似此病的诊断.3.当诊断为疑似病症时,应该立即注射抗毒素.4.对任何慢性咳痰的人,尤其是如果他的痰液中不断增加浓性物质,并带有血丝,应该做出疑有此病的诊断.Thediagnosisissuspected不能够翻译为:怀疑所做的诊断,而是:通过诊断怀疑为某种疾病,或做出疑似某种病的诊断,Sickness,illness,disease,malady,disorder,complaint,ailment都是疾病的意思.Heisconfinedtobedbysickness.Hehasneverbeenthesamesincethatlongillness.hisillnessmadeitnecessarytopostponetheconference.illness,sickness都是普通的日常用语.但是illness比sickness较为正式,并且常用于较严重的疾病.4.Tuberculosisisoneofthemostdreadedofhumandiseases.5.Heart/eye/footandmouthdisease.Disease主要是指人体器官发生结构性变化的疾病,而且一般是长期的,根深蒂固的疾病.6.Therearenocureforthemaladyofage.7.Toothacheisanun-toleratedmalady.Malady是指长期难以治愈的慢性病,通常令人痛苦,还可致命的8.Hesuffersfromastomachdisorder.Disorder是指造成身体某部位功能失调的疾病.9.Hesuffersfromachestcomplaint.Complaint常用于口语中Commoncoldsaremildailment.Ailment常用于不太严重的小毛病.,1.pathogen2.Solubility3.Verferon5.Additive6.reagent病原体溶解度蒸发，汽化干扰素添加剂反应物，试剂7.atronpine8.infusion9.Herbalist10.Pharmacodynamic阿托品，颠茄碱汤剂，浸剂草药医师药效的11.Therapeutic12.Solventextraction13。Peroral治疗的溶剂提取口服的14。Under-orovermedicated用药不足或用药过量的Noonecanevenguessthemiseryandsufferingwhichmenhavebeensparedbythediscoveryanduseofanesthetics.麻醉药的发现和应用给人们解除了难以想象的折磨和痛苦。2。Whatisthevalueintermsofadverseeffectsandactualconstofthedrug就其副作用和它的实际成本消耗来看，该药的价值如何。3。Apartfromtheintravenousrouteofdrugadministration,whereadrugisintroduceddirectlyintothebloodcirculation,allotherroutesofadministrationsystemicallyactingdrugsinvolvetheabsorptionofdrugfromtheplaceofadministrationintotheblood除了静脉注射这一给药途径，药物可以直接进入到血液循环系统外，所有其他系统性给药途径，都涉及到将药物从给药点吸收进血液的过程。,Pneumoniaisaninflammationofthelungscausedbyseveralfactors.Despitesignificantadvancesinantibiotictherapy,pneumoniaremainsthesixthleadingcauseofdeathintheUnitedStates,andtheleadingcauseofdeathfrominfectiousdisease.In1999,nearly64,000deathsintheUnitedStateswereattributedtopneumonia.Itsincidenceandmortalityarehighestinolderadultsandpeoplewithdebilitatingdiseases.Pneumoniacurrentlyaccountsforabout10%ofadulthospitaladmissionsintheUnitedStates.Pneumoniamaybeeitherinfectiousornoninfectious.Bacteria,viruses,fungi,protozoa,andothermicrobescanleadtoinfectiouspneumonia.Noninfectiouscausesincludeaspirationofgastriccontentsandinhalationoftoxicorirritatinggases.Pneumoniasoftenareclassifiedascommunityacquired,nosocomial(hospital)acquired,oropportunisticacquired.Differentorganismsareimplicated