词汇学unit1Introdu.ppt

ASurveyofEnglishLexicology,英语词汇学教程,Unit1,Introduction,Questionsfordiscussion:Whatdoyouexpecttolearninthiscourse?2.Asforeignlanguagelearners,howwouldyoudefine“language”?3.Whatisyourunderstandingofthenameofthiscourse“lexicology”?4.Whatdoyouthinkisthegoodwaytolearnthevocabularyinalanguage?,Requirementsofthecourse:attendanceassignmentsfinal(70%),1.Introduction2.BasicConceptsofWordsandVocabulary,1.Introduction,1.1Language,LinguisticsandLexicology1.2AimsandSignificanceoftheCourse,1.1Language,LinguisticsandLexicology,Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Itisaspecificsocialactionandacarrierofinformation.“LanguageismanswayofcommunicationwithhisfellowmanandItislanguagealonewhichseparatehimfromtheloweranimals”,Whatislinguistics?Generallyspeaking,linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Tobemoreexact,linguisticsstudiesthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichlanguagesareconstructedandoperateassystemsofhumancommunication.,Whatislexicology?Lexicologyisabranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage.Itdealswithwords,theirorigin,development,structure,formation,meaningandusage.,1.2AimsandSignificanceoftheCourse,Thenatureofthecoursetheoretically-oriented:Englishlexicologyisatheoretically-orientedcourse.ItischieflyconcernedwiththebasictheoriesofwordsingeneralandofEnglishwordsinparticular.apracticalcourse:However,itisapracticalcourseaswell,forinthediscussion,weshallinevitablydealwithcopiousstocksofwordsandidioms,andstudymanyusageexamples.Naturally,therewillbealargequantityofpracticeinvolved.,TheroleofvocabularyinthelanguagesystemVocabularyisthebuildingmaterialofthelanguagesystem.Itisoneofthethreeessentialelementsoflanguage:speechsounds,grammarandvocabulary.,“Withoutgrammarverylittlecanbeconveyed,withoutvocabularynothingcanbeconveyed.”,“thereisasenseinwhichlearningaforeignlanguageisbasicallyamatteroflearningthevocabularyofthatlanguage.Notbeingabletofindthewordstoexpressyourselfisthemostfrustratingexperienceinspeakinganotherlanguage.”,AimsofthecourseGiveasystematicdescriptionoftheEnglishvocabulary.OfferaninsightintotheoriginanddevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary.Discusstheproblemsofword-structureandword-formationStudytheuseofEnglishwords,theirmeaningsandchangesinmeaning,theirsenserelations.,ThesignificanceofthecourseDevelopyourpersonalvocabularyandconsciouslyincreaseyourwordpower(activevocabulary).Understandword-meaningandorganize,classifyandstorewordsmoreeffectively.Raiseyourawarenessofmeaningandusages,usewordsmoreaccuratelyandappropriately.Developyourskillsandhabitsofanalyzingandgeneralizinglinguisticphenomenainyourlearningexperiences.Ultimatelyimproveyourreceptiveandproductiveskillsinlanguageprocessingaswellaslanguageproduction.,2.BasicConceptsofWordsandVocabulary,2.1WhatIsaWord?2.2Word,lexicalItem,Vocabulary2.3ClassificationofWords2.4Thestructureofwords,2.1WhatIsaWord?,ThedefinitionofawordAwordmaybedefinedasafundamentalunitofspeechandminimumfreeform;withaunityofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning),capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction.Awordisacombinationofform(phonological)andmeaning(lexicalandgrammatical),Awordactsasastructuralunitofasentence.词是能独立运用的、最小的、有语义的语言单位。,Tosumup,thedefinitionofawordcomprisesthefollowingpoints:AminimalfreeformofalanguageAsoundunityAunitofmeaningAformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence,SoundandMeaningThereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenasoundandwhatitrefersto.Therelationbetweensoundandmeaningisalmostalwaysarbitraryorconventional.Thesamelanguagecanusethesamesoundtomeandifferentthingsandthedifferentlanguagesusedifferentsoundstorefertothesamething.,SoundandFormThewrittenformofEnglishisnotanaccuraterepresentationofthespokenform.TherearedifferentcausesofthedifferencesbetweensoundsandformsintheEnglishlanguage.1)TheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnotemploythesystemofonesinglelettertostandforonesound.2)Theearlyscribesdeliberatelychangedspellingofwordstomakealineevenorforeasierrecognition.3)Dictionarieshelptofixthespellingofwords4)Englishhasborrowedmanywordsfromotherlanguages,whichmaynothavebeenassimilated.,Lexicalitem(词项)Aunitofvocabularyisgenerallyreferredtoasalexicalitem.Acompleteinventoryofthelexicalitemsofalanguageconstitutesthatlanguagesdictionary.词是构成词汇的基本要素，词项是词典的组成单位，词用word来表示，词项用lexicalitem来表示。词典中每个词项包含读音、词性、词义等内容。,2.2Word,lexicalItem,Vocabulary,VocabularyAllthewordsinalanguagearetermedasvocabulary.Thetermvocabularyusuallyreferstoacompleteinventoryofthewordsinalanguage.However,vocabularycanalsobeusedtorefertoallthewordsinabook,orinaparticularhistoricalperiodoftime,orinadialect,orinaparticulardiscipline,oreventoallthewordsthatapersonpossesses.,2.3ClassificationofWords,threemaincriteriaofclassificationByoriginBylevelofusageBynotion,Byorigin,Nativewords,Loanwords,NativewordsWordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginarenativewords.TheyformthegreatmajorityofthebasicwordstockoftheEnglishlanguage.Thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedoveranumberofepochs.,Commonwords,Literarywords,Colloquialwords,Slangwords,Technicalwords,Bylevelofusage,CommonwordsCommonwordsareconnectedwiththeordinarythingsoractivitiesnecessarytoeverydaylife.Thecoreofthecommonwordsisthebasicwordstock.Theyarestylisticallyneutral,hencetheyareappropriateinbothformalandinformalwritingandspeech.,LiterarywordsLiterarywordsarechieflyusedinwriting,especiallyinbookswritteninamoreelevatedstyle,inofficialdocuments,orinformalspeeches.Forexample,cast(throw),endeavor(try),purchase(buy),etc,ColloquialwordsIncontrastwithliterarywords,colloquialwordsorexpressionsareusedmainlyinspokenEnglish,asinconversationamongfriendsandcolleagues.Suchas:kid,guy,fellow,Compare:Feelingfatigued,Tomretiredearly.(literary)Tomfeltsodog-tiredhehitthesackearly.(colloquial)Johnwasdismissedforpettythieving.(common)Johnwasfiredforpettythieving.(colloquial)Penaltiesforoverduebookswillbestrictlyenforced(literary)Youhavegottopayfinesforoverduebooks.(colloquial)Theyapprovedoftheplan.(literary)Theyagreedtotheplan.(common),SlangwordsSlangisdefinedaslanguage,wordsorphrasesofacolorful,facetious(playfullyjocular;humorous),ortaboonature,inventedforspecificoccasions,oruses,orderivedfromtheunconventionaluseofthestandardvocabulary.Elevated,merry,jolly,comfortable,boiled,tight,blue-eyed,stiff(drunk),TechnicalwordsTechnicalorspecialwordsrefertothosewordsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareas.Theyarealsocalledterminologiesortechnicalterms.Inbiology:clone,cell,organism,DNA(deoxyribonucleicacid),gene,Bynotion,Contentwords,Functionwords,FunctionwordsFunctionwordsareoftenshortwordssuchasdeterminers,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliaries,andsoforth.,ContentwordsContentwordshaveindependentlexicalmeanings.Contentwordsbelongtoanopenlist.Newlexicalitemsareconstantlybeingcreated,andnoonecouldmakeacompletelistofallthecontentwordsinEnglish.,2.4Thestructureofwords,Thecomponentpartsofawordmorpheme：thesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguageThetermmorphemeisderivedfromGreekmorpheandFrencheme,theformermeansform,whilethelatterthesmallestunit.Chineseequivalentsofmorpheme：-语素；-词素；-形位,Wordsareformedbymorphemes.Analyzethecompositionofthefollowingwords:-house-guns-unacceptable-lighthouse,Classificationofmorphemes(1)FreemorphemesandboundmorphemesFreemorphemes,alsocalledcontentmorphemes,mayconstitutewordsbythemselves.(eg.Book,walk,table,bad,lamp,elephant)自由词素Boundmorphemes,knownasgrammaticalmorphemes,mustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,eitherfreeorbound.(eg.toler-,-ish,in-)粘着词素,(2)roots(orrootmorphemes)andaffixes(oraffixationalmorphemes)roots:book,case,toler-,tele-,-scope,-phone,-gram,communic-词根affixes:-s,-ed,-ish,-dom词缀,Therelationshipbetweentwoclassificationsofmorphemes,morpheme,root,affix,Freeroot,Boundroot,Derivationalaffixes,Inflectionalaffixes,prefix,suffix,Freeformmorpheme,Boundformmorpheme,Examples:,Freeroot:bed,green,good,etc.Boundroot:toler-(忍受，容忍tolerate)，cred-(信任，credit,incredible)dur-(持续，during,duration,durable,endure)Derivationalaffixes:prefix:in-,bi-,semi-,suffix:-ish,-er,-domInflectionalaffixes(grammaticalaffixes)只有语法意义，没有词汇意义的词缀-s,-ed,-est,-er,Assignments：,Ex.1onp.222.Ex.2onp.22(3outof20),英语中的缩略语英语新词新意探究中英文中动物词汇的文化差异英语颜色词的词义及文化内涵对比英语对汉语词汇的影响美国英语的特色英语网络新词以及和汉语的相互影响广告英语的词汇特点英语语言中的汉语借用词浅谈英语委婉语,Exercises,I.Multiplechoices1.Awordis_ofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.A.aminimalfreeformB.asmallestmeaningfulunitC.anelementwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedD.agrammaticallyminimalform2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNotcorrect?A.AwordcanbeformedbytwofreemorphemesB.AwordcanbeformedbyafreemorphemeandaboundmorphemeC.AwordcanbeformedbytwoboundmorphemesD.Awordcanbe