毕业答辩ppt模板-中国矿业大学.ppt

第九章,Repetition,重复法,Grammaticallyorrhetoricallyspeaking,repetitionofthesameword,sameexpressionandeventhesamestructureinasentenceorapassageismorenaturalandidiomaticandthusmuchmorefrequentinChinesethaninEnglish,thoughrhetoricalorsignificantrepetitioncanalsobefoundinEnglish.GenerallywhatisrepeatedinChinesemayinmanycasesbesubstituted(替代)，varied(变换)oromitted(省略)inEnglish.ForEnglishrepetition,Fowler(1951:218)hasthistosayinTheKingsEnglish:Evenwhentherepetitionisapartofthewritersoriginalplan,considerationisnecessarybeforeitcanbeallowedtopass:itisimpliedintheterms”rhetorical”orsignificantrepetitionthatthewordsrepeatedwouldordinarilybeeithervariedorleftout;therepetition,thatistosay,ismoreorlessabnormal,andwhateverisabnormalmaybeobjectionableinasingleinstance,andislikelytobecomesoifitoccursfrequently.,1.一个地方有一个地方的全局，一个国家有一个国家的全局，一个地球有一个地球的全局。,译文：Alocalityhasitsownover-allinterest;anationhasanotherandtheearthyetanother.(nominal),2.你没有搞好，我是不满意的，得罪了你就得罪了你。,译文：YouhavedoneapoorjobandIamnotsatisfied,andifyoufeeloffended,sobeit.(clausalsubstitution),3.两篇文章，上篇与下篇，只有上篇做好，下篇才能做好。,译文：Inthewritingofanarticle,thesecondhalfcanbewrittenonlyafterthefirsthalfisfinished.(variation),一、GrammaticalRepetition（语法重复）,Clarityismoreimportantthanconciseness.Lackofclarityoftenresultsfromtheomissionofnecessarywords.Ifwecannotmakeourversionbothclearandbrief,byallmeansmakeitclearfirst.Makeitclearbymeansofrepetition.Rhetorictellsusthatthebitterestenemiesofclarityareobscurityandambiguity.Obscurityiscuredbylogicalarrangementofwordsinaccordancewithgoodusage,whileambiguitymayberemediedbyskilfulrepetition.Repetitionoftenresultsfromdifferencesingrammarandusagebetweenthetwolanguages.WhatisusuallyomittedorsubstitutedinEnglishmayoftenberepeatedinChinese.,（一）RepetitionoftheModified(重复被修饰语),1.Theuseofatomicweaponsisaclearviolationofinternationallaw,inparticularoftheGenevaConvention.,译文:使用原子弹武器显然违反国际法，特别是违反日内瓦公约。,2.Letusreviseoursafetyandsanitaryregulations.,译文:我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。,3.IverymuchadmireyourdeterminationtostrengthenChinaseconomyandtoensurethatthefruitsthereofareenjoyedbythemasseswhoupholdChinassocialistconstruction.,译文:我非常钦佩你们决心增强中国经济，并且决心保证使从事社会主义建设的人民群众能够享受经济发展的成果。,（二）RepetitionoftheModifier（重复修饰语）,1.Thecompositionandthicknessofathinfilmdetermineitselectricalandmechanicalcharacteristics.,译文:薄膜成分与薄膜厚度决定薄膜的电气特性和机械特性。,2.IidentifymyselfasoneofcriticalloversandlovingcriticsoftheUnitedNations.,译文:我自认为我既是一个批评联合国的爱护者，又是一个爱护联合国的批评者。,（三）RepetitionoftheVerbwhichisCommontoSeveralObjects,orObjectwhichisCommontoSeveralVerbs(重复几个宾语所共有的动词或几个动词所共有的宾语),1.Wehavetoanalyzeandsolveproblems.,译文:我们要分析问题，解决问题。,2.Thedecisiontodeployaballisticmissiledefensesystemdependsprimarilyoncost,reliabilityandcapabilityofthephased-arrayradarratherthanonothertechnologicalfactors.,译文:部署弹道导弹防御系统的决策，主要取决于相控雷达的造价、可靠性和性能，而不是取决于其他技术因素。,（四）RepetitionofthePrepositionwhichisCommontoSeveralObjects（重复几个宾语所共有的词）,1.Despitehisversatilityoftalentandshiftinessofpurpose,thismanhasinhiswholelifetimebeenweddedtothemostfossilizedroutine.,译文:尽管他有随机应变的本领，尽管他的主张反复无常，但是他终生都是极端墨守成规的。,（五）RepetitionoftheVerbsinChinesefortheOmittedorSubstitutedVerbinEnglish(重复被省略或被替代的动词),InEnglish,therepeatedfiniteverborverbalphraseinthesecondclauseishabituallyunderstoodwhentheauxiliaryverbisrepeated,orthepro-verb“do”isused,oraftertheinfinitivesign“to”.Incompoundsentences,therepeatedverbsinthesecondandthefollowingclausesareoftenomitted.Theseomittedorsubstitutedverbs,however,areusuallyrepeatedintranslation.,1.Youcandoitverywell,ifyoucareto.,译文：如果你愿意做这个事，可以做得很好。,2.Inanycaseworkdoesnotincludetime,butpowerdoes.,译文:在任何情况下，功不包括时间，但功率却包括时间。,3.Onecannotlearntoproduceasoundfromanexplanationonly,orgetacorrectideaofaflavorfromadescription:asoundmustbeheard,acolourseen,aflavourtoasted,anodourinhaled.,译文：人不能只从讲解中学会发音，也不能光靠描述而真正体会出某种滋味来：声音必须耳闻，颜色必须目见，滋味必须口尝，气味必须吸入。,（六）RepetitionoftheNouninChineseforthePronouninEnglish(重复代词所代替的名词),Englishpronouns,includingpersonal,reflexive,conjunctive,andrelativepronouns,arewidelyusedtoavoidtherepetitionofnouns.Chinese,however,preferstorepeatnounsinsteadofusingpronounsinmanycases.,1.Oceandoesnotsomuchdividetheworldasuniteit.,译文：与其说海洋分割了世界，不如说海洋连接了世界。（人称代词重复翻译）,2.Adioxidecanbeusedasarectifierbecauseinitthecurrentflowsinonedirection.,译文：二极管可用作整流器，因为电流在二极管中只朝单方向流动。（同上）,3.Scientistsstudythebasiclawsofnatureandtheireffectsonmaterials.,译文：科学家们研究自然界的基本规律和这些规律对物质的作用。（物主代词的重复翻译）,4.Theconductivityofsilverishigherthanthatofcopper.,译文：银的导电率比铜的导电率高。（指示代词重复译）,5.Othersubstances,apartfromorganicones,burninairofoxygen.,译文：除有机物质外，其他物质在空气或氧气中也都燃烧。（不定代词的重复译）,英语中强势关系代词或强势关系副词whoever,whenever,wherever等，翻译时往往使用重复翻译法，如：,1.Whereversevereoppressionexisted,therewouldberevolution.,译文：哪里有残酷的压迫，哪里就有革命。,2.Youmayborrowwhichevernovelinmybookcaseyoulikebest.,译文：我书架上的小说你最爱哪一本，你就可以借哪一本。,英语用someandother.（some.others）连用的句子，译成汉语时主语往往是谓语重复形式的“的”字结构，有时也可用“有的,有的.”句式。,3.Someplayedsoccerandothersplayedbasketball.,译文：踢足球的，踢足球去了，打篮球的，打篮球去了。,4.Somehaveenteredcollegeandothershavegonetothecountryside.,译文：上大学的，上大学了，下乡的，下乡了。（有的上大学了，有的下乡了。）,（七）RepetitionoftheHyponymfortheSuperordinate(重复下义词，以代替上义词),Toavoidunduerepetition,Englishoftenemploysthehyponymorthesuperordinatetorefertothesamethingorperson,:,1.Whilesmallgeneratorsfrequentlyhaverevolvingarmatures,largemachinesusuallyhavestationaryarmaturesandrevolvingfields.,译文:小型发电机通常采用旋转电枢，而大型发电机通常采用固定电枢和旋转磁场。,2.Themonkeysmostextraordinaryaccomplishmentwaslearningtooperateatractor.Bytheageofnine,themonkeyhadlearnedtosoloonthevehicle.,译文:这只猴子最了不起的技能是学会驾驶拖拉机。到了九岁的时候，这只猴子已经学会单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。,二、RhetoricalReduplicationandRepetition(修辞性重叠和重复),ItisoneofthepeculiaritiesofChinesetoreduplicatecharactersorwordsinword-formationandtorepeatthesimilarorsamewordorexpressioninadiscourseforexpressivenessandparallelism.Thisdevice,rhetoricalorgrammatical,canrendertranslationsmoreappealingtoChinesereaders.,1.名词重叠，表“每个”、“所有”、“许多”AA：人人天天年年声声AABB：男男女女世世代代风风雨雨日日夜夜,（一）ReduplicationofCharactersorWords（重叠字或词）,3.动词重叠，表动作的轻微、反复、完成、连续、轻松：AA:说说听听谈谈吃吃歇歇ABAB:考虑考虑救济救济收拾收拾AABB:进进出出摇摇晃晃吵吵嚷嚷A一（了）A：走一走看一看笑一笑A着A着A了A了：听着听着看着看着老了老了完了完了,2.数量词重叠，表“每个”、“逐个”、“许多”BB:个个件件条条本本ABAB:一块块一道道一滴滴一朵朵AABB:千千万万三三两两三三五五,4.形容词重叠，表程度的加重、加深、加强、减轻或喜爱、厌恶等情绪AA:红红高高厚厚小小深深AABB:干干净净零零落落歪歪斜斜ABAB:笔直笔直冰凉冰凉通红通红雪白雪白5.附加式重叠，主要用来使表达形象、生动，其格式丰富AAX：毛毛雨月月红呱呱叫步步高XAA：水汪汪羞答答笑眯眯AAXY：花花世界心心相印娓娓动听历历在目XYAA：衣冠楚楚烈火熊熊忧心忡忡风雨潇潇A里AB：罗里罗嗦胡里胡涂妖里妖气古里古怪,6.偏正并列、动宾并列、主谓并列及其他形式的重叠：ABAC:假情假意难兄难弟有声有色没大没小ABCD:以毒攻毒爱理不理大闹特闹好说歹说ABA:面对面心连心手拉手肩并肩背靠背7.象声词重叠，形式多种多样。哗哗嗡嗡呼呼喃喃轰隆隆叮叮当当,1.Onlyaveryslightandveryscatteringripplesofhalf-heartedhand-clappinggreetedhim.,译文:欢迎他的只有几下轻轻的、零零落落的、冷冷淡淡的掌声。,2.Theroadwaspackedwithanoisycrowdofmenandwomen,whoweresellingandbuyingallkindsofthings.,译文:路上挤满了男男女女，他们熙熙攘攘，正在买卖各种各样的东西,3.Hischildren,too,wereasraggedandwildasiftheybelongedtonobody.,译文：他的那些孩子，也是穿得破破烂烂，粗野不堪，就像没有父母的孩子。,4.Hewanderedaboutinthechillrain,thinkingandthinking,broodingandbrooding.,译文：他在凄雨中荡来荡去，想了又想，盘算了又盘算。,（二）RepetitionofSynonymousCharactersorWords(重复同义字或词),BesidesthereduplicationofCharactersorwordsasshownabove,therepetitionofsynonymouscharactersorwordsisalsooneofthepeculiaritiesintheusageoftheChineselanguage.Thesefour-characterexpressionsandidiomshavelongbeenafavoriteformwidelyusedinvariousstylesofwritingandspeaking.,惊心动魄horrified称心如意satisfactory发号施令toissueorders远见卓识far-sighted惊天动地earth-shaking奇装异服outlandishclothes,Antonymouscombination(反义合成)isalsoafavoriteformofparallelisminChinese:,厚古薄今stressthepresent,notthepast南辕北辙actinawaythatdefeatsonespurpose亲痛仇快saddenonesownfolkandgladdentheenemy,WecanalsofindsynonymousrepetitioninEnglish:,Waysandmeans方式方法wearandtear磨损Nearanddear亲近chopandchange反复无常Pickandchoose挑挑拣拣lordandmaster主人,（三）RepetitionofWordsorExpressions（重复词语或表达法）,RepetitionofwordsorexpressionsandparallelismfindthemselvesawelcomedeviceintheChineselanguage:,1.Itisnousedoingwhatyoulike;youhavegottolikewhatyoudo.,译文：爱一行干一行不行，要干一行爱一行。,2.Theirlanguagewasalmostunrestrainedbyanymotiveofprudence.,译文：他们几乎爱讲什么就讲什么，全然不顾什么谨慎不谨慎了。,3.ThestreetsofNewYorkwerebrilliantwithmovingmen.,译文：纽约的大街上，人来人往，五光十色。,4.Itsagoodidea,butImafraiditsimpracticable.,译文：这个主意好是好，但恐怕行不通。,5.IshallgolaterbutIcantleavejustnow.,译文：去是去，但是现在不能走。,（四）SimilarRepetitioninbothEnglishandChinese（英汉语类似的重复）,Asrhetoricaldevices,repetitionandparallelismareemployedinbothEnglishandChinese:,1.Iampersuadedthatneitherdeath,norlife,norangles,norprincipalities,northingspresent,northingstocome,norpowers,norheight,nordepth,noranyothercreatureshallbeabletoseparateusfromtheloveofGod.,译文:我相信：死亡也好，生命也好，天使也好，君主也好，现在的东西也好，未来的东西也好，权力也好，高度也好，深度也好，任何其他生物也好，统统不能使我们脱离上帝的爱。,译文:凯撒不得不同时兼顾一切：旗帜要飘扬，军号要吹向，士兵要召集，战斗列队要站好，战士要鼓励，进军信号要发出。,2.Caesarwasobligedtoattendtoeverythingatthesamemoment:theflaghadtobedisplayed,thebuglesounded,thesoldierscalledinfromwork,thebattlelineformed,thesoldiersencouraged,thesignalgiven.,AlthoughreduplicationofwordsisfarmoreoftenseeninChinesethaninEnglish,somereduplicativewords(double-barreledwords),morepopularinVictoriantimeandinchildrensstories,existinEnglishvocabulary.Areduplicativewordisacompoundcomposedoftworhymingwords:,(1)flip-flop啪嗒啪嗒的动作或响声hurry-scurry慌忙乱窜sillybilly笨蛋fiddle-faddle瞎搞，无聊话，混乱状态,（2）crisscross十字形杂乱无章混乱状态tittle-tattle闲聊漫谈mumbojumbo莫明其妙的话，迷惑人的神秘活动hanky-panky欺骗耍花招,3.名词的重复译,1）重复译英语中作宾语的名词，如：,a)Theybegantostudyandanalyzethesituationoftheenemy.,他们开始研究敌情，分析敌情。,b)Iwastoldthattheywouldcheckupandrepairthemachine.,有人告诉我说，他们将检查这台机器，修理这台机器。,2）重复作表语的名词,a)Johnisyourfriendasmuchasheismine.,约翰是你的朋友，又是我的朋友。（重译表语friend）,b)Thishasbeenourpositionbutnottheirs.,这一直是我们的立场，而不是他们的立场。,3）重复英语前置词短语中所省略的名词,a)Thedoctorwillgetmorepracticeoutofmethanoutofseventeenhundredordinarypatients.,医生从我身上得到的实践，会比从一千七百个普通病人身上得到的实践还多。,b)ThestoryofTomisastoryofgroansandtears,ofpoorhumanbeingsdestroyedbythecapitalistindustrialmachine.,约翰的故事是一篇呻吟和泪水的故事，是资本主义工业机器摧残不幸的人们的故事。,4)重复英语中作先行词的名词。英语定语从句常用关系词引导，它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个先行词（名词或代词），一方面在从句中担任一个成分。汉语中没有关系代词，往往需要重复这个作先行词的名词。如：,a)Thelittleapprenticeinparticularlivedinterroroftheboss,whohadbornedownonhimsooftenandsohardthattherewaslittleleft.,小学徒对老板尤其怕得要死，老板经常整他而且整得很重，简直把他整瘪了。,b)MayIextendmyheartiestcongratulationstothegreatChinesepeopleanditscommunistparty,throughyou,fortheglowingsuccessofyourtremendousrevolution,whichisnowinspiringtheworld.,让我通过您最衷心祝贺伟大的中国人民及其共产党，祝贺你们的巨大革命的辉煌胜利，这个胜利正在鼓舞着全世界。,英语中的同位语，在译文中也要重复先行词，如：,a)Waterca