海事大学经济贸易特色英语班1whywetrade.ppt

WhyWeTrade,1,InternationalTradeEnglish-Whywetrade?,ByZhuHaixia,WhyWeTrade,2,Organization,PartOne:TheoriesandbasicknowledgeofinternationaltradePartTwo:EnvironmentofinternationaltradePartThree:InternationalmarketingPartFour:Importtoputitonisapeculiarbusiness,towhitenthepinsisanother;itisevenatradebyitselftoputthemintothepaper.,WhyWeTrade,14,Part1TextThewondersofdivisionoflabor(3),Smithobservedthatbydividingtheworktobedoneinthisway,eachworkerbecamequiteskilledinaparticularspecialty,andtheproductivityofthegroupofworkersasawholewasgreatlyenhanced.Throughthemiracleofdivisionoflaborandspecialization,theworkersaccomplishedwhatmightotherwisehaverequiredthousands.ThiswasoneofthesecretsoftheIndustrialRevolution,whichhelpedlifthumanityouttheabjectpovertythathadbeenitslotforcenturies.,WhyWeTrade,15,Part1TextTheamazingprincipleofcomparativeadvantage(1),Butspecializationinproductionfostersefficiencyinanevenmoreprofoundsense,AdamSmithnoticedthathowgoodsareproducedcanmakeahugedifferencetoproductivity.Butsocanwhichgoodsareproduced.Thereasonisthatpeople(andbusinesses,andnations)havedifferentabilities.Somecanrepairautomobiles,whereasothersarewizardswithnumbers.Somearehandywithcomputers,andotherscancook.,WhyWeTrade,16,Part1TextTheamazingprincipleofcomparativeadvantage(2),Aneconomywillbemostefficientifpeoplespecializeindoingwhattheydobestandthentradewithoneanother,sothattheaccountantgetshercarrepairedandthecomputerprogrammergetstoeattastyannutritiousmeals.Thismuchisobvious.Whatislessobvious-andisoneofthegreatideasofeconomics-isthattwopeople(ortwobusinesses,ortwocountries)cangenerallygainfromtradeevenifoneofthemismoreefficientthantheotherinproducingeverything.Asimpleexamplewillhelpexplainwhy.,WhyWeTrade,17,Part1TextTheamazingprincipleofcomparativeadvantage(3),Somelawyercantypebetterthantheiradministrativeassistants.Shouldsuchalawyerfireherassistantanddoherowntyping?Notlikely.Eventhoughthelawyermaytypebetterthantheassistant,goodjudgmenttellshertoconcentrateonpracticinglawandleavethetypingtoalower-paidassistant.Why?Becausetheopportunitycostofanhourdevotedtotypingisanhourlesstimespentwithclients,whichisafarmorelucrativeactivity.,WhyWeTrade,18,Part1TextTheamazingprincipleofcomparativeadvantage(4),Thisexampleillustratestheprincipleofcomparativeadvantageatwork.Thelawyerspecializesinarguingcasesdespiteheradvantageasatypistbecauseshehasastillgreateradvantageasanattorney.Shesufferssomedirectlossbyleavingthetypingtoaless-efficientemployee,butshemakesupmorethanthatlossbytheincomesheearnssellingherlegalservicestoclients.,WhyWeTrade,19,Part1TextTheamazingprincipleofcomparativeadvantage(5),Preciselythesameprincipleappliestonations.Comparativeadvantageunderliestheeconomicanalysisofinternationaltradepatterns.Acountrythatisparticularlyadeptatproducingcertainitems-suchasaircraftmanufacturingintheUnitedStates,coffeegrowinginBrazil,andoilextractioninSaudiArabia-shouldspecializeinthoseactivities,producingmorethanitwantsforitsownuse.Thecountrycanthentakethemoneyitearnsfromitsexportandpurchasefromothernationsitemsthatitdoesnotmakeforitself.,WhyWeTrade,20,Part1TextTheamazingprincipleofcomparativeadvantage(6),Theunderlyinglogicispreciselythesameasinourlawyer-typistexample.TheUnitedStatesmight,forexample,bebetterthanJapanatmanufacturingbothcomputersandtelevisionsets.ButiftheUnitedStatesisvastlymoreefficientatproducingcomputers,butonlyslightlymoreefficientatmakingTVsets,itpaysfortheUnitedStatestospecializeincomputermanufacture,forJapantospecializeinTVproduction,anforthetwocountriestotrade.Thisprinciple,calledthelawofcomparativeadvantage,wasdiscoveredbyDavidRicardo,oneofthegiantsinthehistoryofeconomicanalysis,almost200yearsago.,WhyWeTrade,21,Part1TextSpecificationleadstoexchange(1),Thegainsfromspecializationarewelcome,buttheycreateaproblem:withspecialization,peoplenolongerproduceonlywhattheywanttoconsumethemselves.TheworkersinAdamSmithspinfactoryhadnouseforthethousandsofpinstheyproducedeachday;theywantedtotradethemforthingslikefood,clothing,anshelter.Similarly,theadministrativeassistanthasnopersonaluseforthelegalbriefsshetypes.,WhyWeTrade,22,Part1TextSpecificationleadstoexchange(2),Thus,specializationrequiressomemechanismbywhichworkersproducingpinscanexchangetheirwareswithworkersproducingsuchthingsasclothandpotatoes,andofficeworkerscanturntheirtypingskillsintothingstheywanttoconsume.Withoutasystemofexchange,theproductivitymiracleachievedbycomparativeadvantageandthedivisionoflaborwoulddosocietylittlegood.Withit,standardsoflivinghaverisenenormously,WhyWeTrade,23,Part1TextSpecificationleadstoexchange(3),Althoughpeoplecanandotradegoodsforothergoods,asystemofexchangeworksbetterwheneveryoneagreestousesomecommonitem(suchaspiecesofpaperwithuniquemarkingsprintedonthem)forbuyingandsellingthings.Thenworkersinpinfactories,forexample,canbepaidinmoneyratherthaninpins,andtheycanusethismoneytopurchaseclothanpotatoes.Textileworkersanfarmerscandothesame.,WhyWeTrade,24,Part2Exercises,QuestionsforcriticalthinkingWhatarethethreebasicquestionsthateveryeconomicsystemmustfindawaytoanswer?Ifyouweretoleavecollege,whatthingswouldchangeinyourlife?What,then,istheopportunitycostofyoureducation?“Acountryneednttradewithothersifitisinferioratproducingeverything.”Doyouagreewiththisopinion?HowwouldyoucountertheargumentthattheUnitedStatesneedstorestricttextileimportsinordertosaveAmericanjobs？,WhyWeTrade,25,Translations(1),Second,itmustdecidewhichofthepossiblecombinationsofgoodstoproduce-howmanymissiles,automobiles,andsoon,meaningtoselectonespecificpointontheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.Butspecializationinproductionfostersefficiencyinanevenmoreprofoundsense,AdamSmithnoticedthathowgoodsareproducedcanmakeahugedifferencetoproductivity.Butsocanwhichgoodsareproduced.,WhyWeTrade,26,Translations(2),3.Thisexampleillustratestheprincipleofcomparativeadvantageatwork.Thelawyerspecializesinarguingcasesdespiteheradvantageasatypistbecauseshehasastillgreateradvantageasanattorney.Shesufferssomedirectlossbyleavingthetypingtoaless-efficientemployee,butshemakesupmorethanthatlossbytheincomesheearnssellingherlegalservicestoclients.,WhyWeTrade,27,Translations(3),4.ButiftheUnitedStatesisvastlymoreefficientatproducingcomputers,butonlyslightlymoreefficientatmakingTVsets,itpaysfortheUnitedStatestospecializeincomputermanufacture,forJapantospecializeinTVproduction,anforthetwocountriestotrade.5.Withoutasystemofexchange,theproductivitymiracleachievedbycomparativeadvantageandthedivisionoflaborwoulddosocietylittlegood.Withit,standardsoflivinghaverisenenormously,WhyWeTrade,28,Translations(4),美国在小麦和布匹的生产上相对于英国具有绝对优势，但是由于美国在小麦生产上的绝对优势要大于在布匹生产上的优势，因而美国在小麦生产上具有比较优势。为了证明比较优势法则，我们必须说明，通过各自专门生产和出口，其具有比较优势的产品，两个贸易合作伙伴国都能够从中获益。一个国家生产某个产品具有较低的机会成本，那么它具有该商品的比较优势，而在第二种商品上具有比较劣势。,WhyWeTrade,29,C-E-1,美国在小麦和布匹的生产上相对于英国具有绝对优势，但是由于美国在小麦生产上的绝对优势要大于在布匹生产上的优势，因而美国在小麦生产上具有比较优势。TheUnitedStateshasanabsoluteadvantageinbothwheatandclothwithrespecttotheUnitedKingdom,butsinceitsabsoluteadvantageisgreaterinwheatthanincloth,theUnitedStateshasacomparativeadvantageinwheat.,WhyWeTrade,30,C-E-2,为了证明比较优势法则，我们必须说明，通过各自专门生产和出口，其具有比较优势的产品，两个贸易合作伙伴国都能够从中获益.Toprovethelawofcomparativeadvantage,wemustbeabletoshowthattradingpartnerscanbothgainbyeachspecializingintheproductionandexportingthecommodityofitscomparativeadvantage.,WhyWeTrade,31,C-E-3,一个国家生产某个产品具有较低的机会成本，那么它具有该商品的比较优势，而在第二种商品上具有比较劣势.Thenationwiththeloweropportunitycostintheproductionofacommodityhasacomparativeadvantageinthatcommodity,andacomparativedisadvantageinthesecondcommodity.,WhyWeTrade,32,AdamSmith-thewealthofnations,Economics,asanorganizedscience,originatedwiththepublicationofTheWealthofNationsin1776byAdamSmith.AccordingtoAdamSmith,tradebetweentwonationsisbasedonabsoluteadvantage.Whenonenationismoreefficientthan(orhasanabsoluteadvantageover)anotherintheproductionofonecommoditybutislessefficientthan(orhasanabsolutedisadvantagewithrespectto)theothernationinproducingasecondcommodity,thenbothnationscangainbyeachspecializingintheproductionofthecommodityofitsabsolutedisadvantage.Absoluteadvantage,however,canexplainonlyaverysmallpartofworldtradetoday,especiallytradeamongdevelopedcountries,cannotbeexplainedbyabsoluteadvantage.,WhyWeTrade,33,DavidRicardo-thelawofcomparativeadvantages,In1817RicardopublishedhisPrinciplesofPoliticalEconomyandTaxation,inwhichhepresentedthelawofcomparativeadvantage.Thisisoneofthemostimportantandunchallengedlawsofeconomics,withmanpracticalapplications.Accordingtothelawofcomparativeadvantage,evenifonenationislessefficientthan(hasabsolutedisadvantagewithrespectto)theothernationintheproductionofbothcommodities,thereisstillabasisformutuallybeneficialtrade.,WhyWeTrade,34,Part1Text-1,Tohearmostpoliticianstalk,youdthinkthatexportsarethekeytoacountrysprosperityandthatimportsareathreattoitswayoflife.Tradedeficitsimportingmorethanweexportareportrayedastheroadtoruin.U.S.presidentialhopefuls(乐观的,有前途的)HillaryClintonandBarackObamawanttogettoughwithChinabecauseof“unfair”tradingpracticesthathelpChinasellproductscheaply.RepublicancandidateMittRomneyarguesthattradeisgoodbecauseexportsbenefittheaverageAmerican.PoliticiansarealwaystalkingaboutthenecessityofothercountriesopeningtheirmarketstoAmericanproducts.TheynevermentionthevirtuesofopeningU.S.marketstoforeignproducts.,WhyWeTrade,35,Part1Text-2,Thisperspectiveonimportsandexportsiscalledmercantilism（重商主义）.Itgoesbacktothe14thcenturyandhasaboutasmuchintellectualrigorasalchemy(魔力),anotherlandmarkofthepre-Enlightenmentera.Thelogicof“exports,goodimports,bad”seemsstraightforwardatfirstafterall,whenafactoryclosesbecauseofforeigncompetition,thereseemtobefewerjobsthanthereotherwisewouldbe.Dontimportscausefactoriestoclose?Dontexportsbuildfactories?,WhyWeTrade,36,Part1Text-3,Butisthelogicreallysoclear?Asathoughtexperiment,takewhatwouldseemtobetheidealsituationforamercantilist.Supposeweonlyexportandimportnothing.Theultimatetradesurplus.Soweworkanduserawmaterialsandeffortandcreativitytoproducestuffforotherswithoutgettinganythinginreturn.Theresanothernameforthat.Itscalledslavery.Howcanacountrygetrichworkingforothers?,Shipoffools:Mercantilistthinkingoughttohavediedoutalongwithschooners,frigates,andclipperships,WhyWeTrade,37,Part1Text-4,Thentheresthemercantilist（重商主义）nightmare:Weimportfromabroad,butforeignersbuynothingfromus.WhatwouldtheworldbelikeifeverymorningyouwokeupandfoundaJapanesecarinyourdriveway,Chineseclothinginyourcloset,andFrenchwineinyourcellar?Allatnocost.Doesthatsoundlikeheavenorhell?TheonlyanalogyIcanthinkofisSantaClaus.Howcanacountrygetpoorfromfreestuff?Orcheapstuff?Howdoimportshurtus?,WhyWeTrade,38,Part1Text-5,Wedontexporttocreatejobs.Weexportsowecanhavemoneytobuythestuffthatshardforustomakeoratleasthardforustomakeascheaply.Weexportbecausethatstheonlywaytogetimports.Ifpeoplewouldjustgiveusstuff,thenwewouldnthavetoexport.Buttheworlddoesntworkthatway.,WhyWeTrade,39,Part1Text-6,Itsthesameinourdailylives.Itsgreatwhenpeoplegiveuspresentsaloafofbananabreadorafewtomatoesfromthegarden.Butanewcarwouldbebetter.Orevenjustacheapercar.Butthepeoplewhobringuscarsandclothesandwatchesandshoesexpectsomethinginreturn.ThatsOK.Thatsthewaytheworldworks.Butletsnotfoolourselvesintothinkingthegoaloflifeistoturnawaybargainsfromoutsideourhouseoroutsideourcountrybecausewedrathermakeeverythingourselves.Self-sufficiencyistheroadtopoverty.,WhyWeTrade,40,Part1Text-7,Andimportsdontdestroyjobs.Theydestroyjobsincertainindustries.Butbecausetradeallowsustobuygoodsmorecheaplythanweotherwisecould,resourcesarefreeduptoexpandexistingopportunitiesandtocreatenewones.Thatswhywetradetoleverage(影响,杠杆作用)theskillsofotherswhocanproducethingsmoreeffectivelythanwecan,freeingustomakethingsweotherwisewouldntbeabletoafford.,WhyWeTrade,41,Part1Text-8,TheUnitedStateshasrunamerchandisetradedeficit（赤字）everyyearsince1976.Ithasalsoaddedmorethan50millionjobsduringthattime.Percapitaincome,correctedforinflation,isupmorethan50percentsince1976.Thescaremongerswhoworryabouttradedeficitstalkaboutstagnantwages,buttheyignorefringebenefits(anincreasinglyimportantpartofworkercompensation福利)andfailtomeasureinflation（通货膨胀）properly.,WhyWeTrade,42,Part1Text-9,InarecentRepublicanpresidentialdebate,oneofthemoderatorssaidthatsince1989,theUnitedStateshaslost5millionjobstoforeigntrade.Hewantedtoknowwhatthecandidatesweregoingtodoaboutit.Ihavenoideahowyoumeasurethatnumber,buttheimplicationwasthat5millionlostjobsover18yearsisabignumber.FivemillionisalargenumberifweretalkingaboutthenumberofpenniesIhavetocarryinmypockets.Itsabignumberifweretalkingaboutthenumberofpeoplecomingtomykidsbirthdayparty.Butitsaverysmallnumberwhenyouretalkingaboutjobdestructionandthejobcreationthatfollowsinadynamiceconomy.,WhyWeTrade,43,Part1Text-10,OnthefirstFridayofeverymonth,theU.S.BureauofLaborStatisticsproducesanestimateofhowmanynewjobsareaddedtotheU.S.economy.Thatsthenetchange,thegainsminusthelosses.Thebureaualsoestimatesquarterlygrossjobchanges,theabsolutenumberofjobscreatedanddestroyed.Inthefourthquarterof2006,therewere7.7millionjobscreatedand7.2millionjobslost.Thathappenseveryquarterwhenthereisntarecessionthatshowyouadd50millionjobsoverthreedecades.,WhyWeTrade,44,Part1Text11,Fivemillionjobslostover18years?Everythreemonths,theU.S.jobmarketmorethanmakesupforthoselosses.Tradeisjustoneeconomicforcethatcreatesanddestroysjobs.Tasteschange.Innovationmakesworkersmoreproductive.Someindustriesshrink.Othersexpand.Somedisappear.Newindustriesgetcreated.JosephSchumpetercalleditcreativedestruction.Heunderstoodthatitistheunderlyingmechanismthattransformsourstandardoflivingforthebetter.,WhyWeTrade,45,Part1Text12,LetsstoptryingtoscarepeoplewiththeChinesethreattooureconomy.Theworldwouldbeabetterandmorepeacefulplaceifwestoppedmeasuringthetradedeficit.Butifweregoingtomeasureit,theleastwecandoistalkaboutitsensibly.RussellRobertsisprofessorofeconomicsatGeorgeMasonUniversityandaresearchfellowatStanfordUniversitysHooverInstitution.HeisthehostoftheweeklypodcastEconTalkatEconTandtheauthorofTheChoice:AFableofFreeTradeandProtectionism(UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PrenticeHall,2006),aprimerontradeissueswrittenintheformofanovel.,WhyWeTrade,46,Part1Text13,TheHeckscher-Ohlintheoryexplainswhycountriestradegoodsandserviceswitheachother.Oneconditionfortradebetweentwocountriesisthatthecountriesdifferwithrespecttotheavailabilityofthefactorsofproduction.Theydifferifonecountry,forexample,hasmanymachines(capital)butfewworkers,whileanothercountryhasalotofworkersbutfewmachines.,WhyWeTrade,47,Part1Text14,AccordingtotheHeckscher-Ohlintheory,acountryspecializesintheproductionofgoodsthatitisparticularlysuitedtoproduce.Countriesinwhichcapitalisabundantandworkersarefew,therefore,specializeinproductionofgoodsthat,inparticular,requirecapital.Specializationinproductionandtradebetweencountriesgenerates,accordingtothistheory,ahigherstandard-of-livingforthecountriesinvolved.,WhyWeTrade,48,Part1Text15,FromCakestoaGoldMedalBetween1944and1967,BertilOhlinwastheleaderoftheSwedishLiberalParty,andbetween1944and1945hewasalsotheSecretaryofTradeoftheSwedishGovernment.BertilOhlindiedin1979.,WhyWeTrade,49,Part1Text16,BertilOhlinwasbornin1899.Attheageoffive,Bertilwasveryfondofcalculatingthecostofthevariouscakeshismotherbaked.Becausemathematicswashisfavoritesubjectinschool,hedecidedtostudymathematics,statistics,andeconomicsincollege.Aftergraduatingfromcollege,BertilOhlinenrolledattheStockholmSchoolofEconomics,wherehestudiedundertheguidanceoftheeconomicshistorianEliHeckscher.Togethertheydevelopedthepathbreaking（开创性）Heckscher-Ohlintheoryinthe1920s.Manyyearslater,in1977,BertilOhlinwasawardedTheSverigesRiksbankPrizeinEconomicSciencesinMemoryofAlfredNobelforhiscontributiontothetheoryofinternationaltrade,basedontheworkhedidwithHeckscher.EliHeckscher,whodiedin1952,didnotsharetheprizesinceitisnotawardedposthumously.InsteadOhlinsharedtheprizewiththeBritisheconomistJamesE.Meade.,WhyWeTrade,50,Part1Text17,WhatIsanEconomicTheory?Onecancompareaneconomictheorywithamapoverofapieceofland.Amapgivesanideaofwhatacertainpieceoflandlookslike,eventhoughnatureistoocomplextobedescribedcompletelybyit.Whileamapcanhelpusunderstandanunknownterrain,economictheorieshelpusunderstandeconomicinteractionsbetweenindividualsorcountries.Forexample,whyindividualsorcountriestradewitheachotherandwhytrademaybenefitthepartiesinvolved.,Between1944and1967,BertilOhlinwastheleaderoftheSwedishLiberalParty,andbetween1944and1945hewasalsotheSecretaryofTradeoftheSwedishGovernment.BertilOhlindiedin1979.,WhyWeTrade,51,Part1Text18,MachinesandWorkersTheproductionofgoodsandservicesrequirescapitalandworkers.Somegoodsrequiremorecapital-technicalequipmentandmachinery-andarecalledcapitalintensive.Examplesofthesegoodsarecars,computers,andcellphones.Othergoodsrequirelessequipmenttoproduceandrelymostlyontheeffortsoftheworkers.Thesegoodsarecalledlaborintensive.Examplesofthesegoodsareshoesandtextileproductssuchasjeans.,WhyWeTrade,52,Part1Text19,GainsfromTradeByspecializinginproduction,andbytradingwithothercountries,itispossibleforcountriestoincreasetheirincomes.Eventhoughcountriesasawholebenefitfromspecializationandinternationaltrade,allgroupsinsociety,workersandcapitalists,donotgainaccordingtotheHeckscher-Ohlintheory.Ifinternationaltradeleadsacountrytospecializeinproducinggoodsthatrequirelotsofworkersandlittlecapital,suchaspecializationincreaseswages(whichbenefitstheworkers)butdecreasestheincomeofthecapitalowners.Butthecountryasawholebenefitsbecausethegainoftheworkersisbiggerthanthelossofthecapitalowners.,WhyWeTrade,53,Part1Text20,TheHeckscher-OhlinTradeTheoryTheHeckscher-Ohlintheorysaysthattwocountriestradegoodswitheachother(andtherebyachievegreatereconomicwelfare),ifthefollowingassumptionshold:,WhyWeTrade,54,Part1Text21,Themajorfactorsofproduction,namelylaborandcapital,arenotavailableinthesameproportioninbothcountries.Thetwogoodsproducedeitherrequirerelativelymorecapitalorrelativelymorelabor.Laborandcapitaldonotmovebetweenthetwocountries.Therearenocostsassociatedwithtransportingthegoodsbetweencountries.Thecitizensofthetwotradingcountrieshavethesameneeds.,WhyWeTrade,55,Part1Text22,BiggerDifferences-GreaterGainsIn2005GermanyandtheUnitedStateswerethetwobiggestexportingco