汉英句子比较与翻译.ppt

汉英句子的比较与翻译,刘宁&孙怡,意合和形合,意合：主要靠句子内部的逻辑联系，指“句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用语义手段（SemanticConnection）”形合：句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用语言本身的语法手段（形式手段），包括的句法手段（SyntacticDevices）或词汇手段（LexicalDevices）,一、英语的形合法1.关系词和连接词（RelativePronounsandAdverbsandConjunctions）2.介词(preposition)3.其他连接手段,二、汉语的意合法：1、语序2、反复、排比、对偶、对照等3、紧缩句4、四字句,人（若）不犯我，我（则）不犯人Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.有饭大家吃（=如果有饭的话，那就大家一起吃吧！）Leteverybodysharethefoodifthereisany.,由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会于外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。回译文：Becausethereisagreatdistanceandtherearenotenoughtransportfacilities,theruralworldisisolated.Theisolationhasbecomemoreseriousbecausetherearenotenoughinformationmedia.,原文:Theisolationoftheruralworld,becauseofdistanceandlackoftransportfacilities,iscompoundedbythepaucityoftheinformationmedia.,一.语法手段,冬天是研究树木生长的最好的季节，虽然树叶落了，树枝光了，但是树木本身却是美的。Winteristhebestseasontostudythegrowthprocessofthetree.Althoughtheleavesaregoneandthebranchesarebare,thetreesthemselvesarebeautiful.,今晚在院子里坐着乘凉，忽然想起日日走过的荷塘，在这满月的光里，总该另有一番样子吧。译文一、TonightIsatintheyardenjoyingthecoolofevening.IsuddenlythoughtoftheLotusPondIpassedeveryday:itmustsurelylookdifferentnowinthelightofthefullmoon.,译文二、Tonight,whenIwassittingintheyardenjoyingthecool,itoccurredtomethattheLotusPond,whichIpassbyeveryday,mustassurequiteadifferentlookinsuchamoonlightnight.,二、关系词和连接词,汉语少用甚至不用这类词，句子之间的语法关系和逻辑联系注重隐形连贯（implicitcoherence)。英语却离不开这些关系词和连接词，注重显性衔接（explicitcohesion）。,“知己知彼，百战不殆；不知己而知彼，一胜一负；不知己而不知彼，每战必殆。”“Youcanfightahundredbattleswithoutdefeatifyouknowtheenemyaswellasyourself.Youwillwinonebattleandloseonebattleifyouknowyourself,butleaveyourselfinthedarkabouttheenemy.Youwillloseeverybattleifyouleaveboththeenemyandyourselfinthedark.”,吃苦在前，享乐在后。Bethefirsttobearhardshipsandthelasttoenjoythecomforts.,三、使用介词,介词：简单介词，合成介词，成语介词With,to,in,of,about,between,throughInside,onto,upon,within,without,throughoutAccordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,becauseof,infrontof,好不容易说服她，照我的想法办。WithsomedifficultyIbroughtherroundtomywayofthinking.彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。Themanycolorsofarainbowrangefromredontheoutsidetovioletontheinside.,四、形合手段的综合运用,中国将努力促进国内粮食增产，在正常情况下，粮食自给率不低于95%。Chinaendeavorstoincreaseitsgrainproductionsothatitsself-efficiencyrateofgrainundernormalconditionwillbeabove95percent.,汉英句子成分分析,汉英主语、定语和状语的差异及其翻译,主语：英语讲究形合，句意围绕主语展开；汉语句子重意合，组句方式比较灵活，整个句子一所要表达的思想为中心构建。(一)、汉语主语的省略：不怕寒冷，不怕危险，不怕饥饿，不怕困难，勇敢的战士们，什么都不怕。Bravesoldiersfearednothingnotthecold,thedanger,thehunger,orthehardship.,（二）、汉语中的散点思维他的魁梧的身形，温柔的脸，慈祥的目光，热情而有力的声音，时时出现在会场上,课堂上，杨家岭山下的大道边。WedseehimoftenbytheroadsideatthefootofYangjialingHill,orinaclassroom,orinameetinghall.Alwaysaphysicallypowerfulpresence,hedbesmiling,hiskindeyessparklingandhisvoicewarm.,（三）、处理方法：1.使用被动结构有时候由于文化背景和风俗习惯的不同，也容易引起误会。Sometimes,misunderstandingscanbecausedbydifferencesinculturalbackgroundsandcustoms.,2.名词结构由于长江不断改道，在武汉地区形成了众多湖泊。TheconstantchangeofthecourseoftheYangtzeRiverinhistoryhelpedformagreatmanylakesintheareasaroundWuhan.,3.运用therebe结构在确定切削速度时，要考虑许多因素。Therearemanythingstobeconsideredindeterminingcuttingspeed.,4.使用形式主语中国要在短时间内达到粮食高产国家的水平难度较大。ItwillbedifficultforChinatoreachthelevelofcountrieswithhighgrainproductioninashortperiodoftime.,二、定语这幅画呈现了一个小女孩迎接下班后回家的妈妈的感人时刻。ThispictureshowsatouchingmomentwhenaLittlegirlgreetshermotherwhohascomebackfromwork.,三、状语因为工作上的需要，爸爸很关心中国的政治问题。FatherisveryinterestedinChinapoliticsbecauseoftheneedofhisjob.Becauseoftheneedofhisjob,fatherisveryinterestedinChinaspolitics.,第三节：逻辑与翻译,一、主观与客观1.历史是人民创造的。Historyismadebythepeople.2.我每当听到一个旧友死去的消息，总要惆怅多时。Thenewsofanyoldpalsdeathwillinvariablymakemesayinmyheartforalong,longtime.,二、动态与静态1.我怀疑他是否还活着。Iamdoubtfulwhetherheisstillalive.2.他来回摇晃着脑袋，欲望在膨胀，意志在萎缩。Backandforthhisswiveled,desirewaxing,resolutionwaning.,三、具体与抽象有些时装设计师为了赶时髦，舍弃了优雅别致的式样，而一味追求坦胸露体的奇装异服。Inlinewithlatesttrendsinfashion,afewdressdesignershavebeensacrificingelegancetoaudacity.,四、肯定与否定1.虽然是头一回拜访女友父母，张明一点都不觉得局促。ZhangMingwasquiteathiseaseinspiteofhisfirstvisittohisgirlfriendsparents.2.你真不够朋友，一毛钱都不给我。Somefriendyouare.Youwontleadmeashilling.,五、直率与含蓄1.今晚有空吗？我想请你吃饭。Idliketoinviteyoutohaveadinnerifyouarefreetonight.2.我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下的各国人民应该共处，不仅仅是消极共处，而且是要积极友好的共处，这是正确而必要的。Webelievethatitsrightandnecessarythatpeoplewithdifferentpoliticalandsocialsystemsshouldlivesidebyside-notjustinapassivewaybutasactivefriends.,热烈欢迎世界各地客商来建立和发展商贸关系。Customersallovertheworldarewarmlywelcomedtoestablishanddevelopbusinesscontactswithus.由于计划不周，他不仅浪费了时间，而且浪费了所有的钱。Poorplanningwastedallhismoneyaswellashistime,不到黄河心不死Untilallisover,ambitionneverdies.这次国家调动了160万军队去帮助守护大堤，将被洪水淹没地区的百姓迁走。1.6milliontroopshavebeenmobilizedtohelpprotectthedikesandtomoveoutofareasbeingflooded.,人们已经把李白的实际译成了多种外国文字。ThecollectionofliBaispoemshasbeentranslatedintomanyforeignlanguages.到去年年底，上海已与好几个国家签订了建造拉索桥的合同协议。Bytheendofthelastyear,contractsandagreementsweresignedwithsomecountriesfortheconstructionofchainbridgesofShanghai.,上海采取了一系列的优惠政策来吸引外资。AseriesofpreferentialpolicieshavebeenadoptedinShanghaitoattractforeigncapital.明年将出版更多的儿童读物。Morebooksforchildrenwillbepublishednextyear.,不同的人