ChapterFive词的意义和成分分析.ppt

ChapterFiveWordMeaningandComponentialAnalysis词的意义和成分分析,Meaningsof“meaning”MotivationofmeaningTypesofmeaningComponentsofwordmeaning,5.1WordMeaning,Whatisaword?Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能，能独立运用的最小的语言单位。,1.Whatiswordmeaning?linguisticform（sign）cat/kt/(phonologicalform):asmallfour-leggedanimalwithsoftfurandsharpclawscat猫Wordmeaningcanbedefinedasareciprocal(相互的)relationbetweennameandmeaning.词的意义是名称与意思的联系。Meaningiswhattheformstandsfor.Eg:desk:somethingyousitatandyoudoyourwork,2.Whatisreference（所指关系）?Itistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.所指关系是语言与客观外界之间的相互关系。cat猫（linguisticsign）referentBymeansofreference,aspeakerindicateswhichthingsintheworld(includingpersons)arebeingtalkedabout.通过这种相互关系，说话人指称外界的事物或人。Itistherelationshipbetweenwordsandthethings,actions,events,andqualitiestheystandfor.Forexample,thewordtreereferstotheobjecttree.,Inotherwords,onlywhenaconnectionhasbeenestablishedbetweenthelinguisticsignandareferent,i.e.,anobject,aphenomenon,aperson,etc.doesthesignbecomemeaningful换言之，只有当语言符号与所指物-物体、现象、人等之间建立某种联系，这个符号才获得意义。Thereferenceofawordtoathingoutsidethelanguageisarbitraryandconventional.Thisconnectionistheresultofgeneralizationandabstraction.词与外界事物的这种指称关系是任意的，又是约定俗成的。是高度概括的，是从同类事物中抽象出来的。,3.Whatisconcept?Itisthegeneralideaormeaningwhichisassociatewithawordorsymbolinapersonsmind.指词或符号在人脑中的大致印象或意义。Manyandmuchbothhavethesameconceptbutcollocatewithdifferentwords.diepassaway,quarrel-argue（注意词义的感情色彩）,Whatstherelationshipbetweenmeaningandconcept?,Theyarecloselyconnectedbutnotidentical.Theyarebothrelateddirectlytoreferentsandarenotionsofthewordsbutbelongtodifferentcategories.Concept,whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.Conceptisuniversaltoallmenalikeregardlessofculture,race,languageandsoon.Butmeaningbelongstolanguage,soitisrestrictedtolanguageuse.Eveninthesamelanguage,thesameconceptcanbeexpressedindifferentwords.,4.Whatissense（语义）?Sensereferstothemeaningofmeaning.Sensedenotestherelationsinsidethelanguageunlikethereference.Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.词语的意义是它在语义关系系统中同其它词语相对的位置。,Whatsthedifferencebetweenreferenceandsense?,Sensedenotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.指语言内部的关系。Referencedenotestherelationshipbetweenwordsandthethings,actions,events,andqualitiestheystandfor.,Everywordthathasmeaninghassensebutnoteverywordhasreference.每个词都有语义，但不一定都有所指。Eg:but,almost.Thesegrammaticalwordsdonotrefertoanything.AndwordslikeGod,dragonandphenixrefertoimaginarythings.,5.2Motivation词的理据,Whatismotivation理据?Itreferstotheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.理据解释语言符号与意义之间的关系。1.Onomatopoeicmotivation2.Morphologicalmotivation3.SemanticMotivation4.Etymologicalmotivation,1.Onomatopoeicmotivation拟声理据:Wordscoinedinimitationofthesoundsassociatedwiththethingsnamedarecalledonomatopoeia（拟声词）.Itmeanstheimitationofsoundsbysounds.Itreferstothewordswerecreatedbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsofnoises.e.g.squeakbymice,trumpetbyelephants（老鼠等）吱吱;；(大象等)吼叫：Theelephanttrumpeted.大象吼叫起来。,ThisishowBrowningdescribedthemicesactioninhispoemPiedPiper.Andthemutteringgrewtoagrumbling;Andthegrumblinggrewtoamightrumbling;Andoutofthehousetheratscametumbling拟声词音韵响亮，有音乐美，而且形象鲜明，用来描摹事物使人如闻其声，倍感亲切.从拟声词的模拟对象来看，可以有三种情况。一是模拟人的声音，如；giggle,titter呲呲地笑,murmur喃喃whimper呜咽地说，hiss嘶嘶地说，babble牙牙学语。（difference：whisper）二是模拟动物的鸣叫。,英语鸟类动物名叫词汇Apesgibber.猿猴叽哩咕噜乱叫。Beesbuzz.蜜蜂嗡嗡叫。Birdschirp.小鸟唧喳叫。Camels(pigs)grunt.骆驼咕噜叫。Catsmew(purr).猫发出咕噜声。Cowsmoo.牛哞哞叫。Dogsgrowl.狗嗥。Donkeysheehaw.驴子叫。Ducksquack.鸭子嘎嘎叫。Frogscroak.青蛙哇哇叫。Geesecackle.鹅咯咯叫。Goatsbleat.羊咩咩。Horsesneigh.马嘶鸣。Henscluck.母鸡咯咯叫。Lionsroar.狮子吼叫。Larkswarble.百灵鸟颤声歌唱Magpieschatter.喜鹊唧唧喳喳。Micesqueak.老鼠吱吱叫。Mosquitoeshum.蚊子嗡嗡叫。Owlshoot.猫头鹰咕咕叫。Pigeonscoo.鸽子咕咕叫。Snakeshiss.蛇发出嘶嘶声Wolveshowl.狼发出长嚎。,三是模拟事物的声音如:bubble潺潺地流splash哗哗、扑通clink叮当作响tinkle叮叮当当clash金属碰撞声thump砰然地响bang砰砰作响,2.Morphologicalmotivation形态理据Wordswhichwereformedbymeansofmorphologicalstructurebelongtothecategoryofmotivationbymorphology.Compoundsandderivedwordsaremulti-morphemicwordsandthemeaningsofmanyofthemarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombined.,Whenoneknowsthemeaningsofthemorphemesofbases,onecandeducethemeaningofthewords.Forinstance:airmailmeanstomailbyairreading-lampisthelampforreading;hopefulmeansfullofhope.Ifoneknowsthemeaningoftheaffixandtheroot,sayableandread,thenonecanimmediatelytellthatthemeaningofthewordreadableis“thatcanberead”.,Compoundwordsmaybemorphologicallymotivated，too.Themeaningofwordslikegood-looking,headache,daydreamandmanyothersderivefromthecombinedmeaningofthecomponentparts.However,notallcompoundsaremotivated.Wecannotinferthemeaningofwordslikebigwig,eggheadfromtheircomponentparts.bigwig要人，大亨：一个非常重要的人egghead(Informal)知识分子(贬义)eggplant,hotdog，,3.SemanticMotivation语义理据Itreferstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesenseoftheword.Itisthefigurativesenseoftheword.e.g.ThemouthofariverHeisfondofthebottle.Thepenismightierthanthesword.,4.Etymologicalmotivation词源理据Etymologicalmotivationdenotesthattheoriginsofwordsoftenthrowlightontheirmeanings.E.g.:Penoriginallyreferstoaheavyquillorfeather.Todaythewritingtoolisstill“pen”,butameaningisnotexactlythesameaswhatitusedtomean.Propernouns,oncetheybecomecommonnouns,canbeexplainedbytheiroriginsonly.Forexample:Lacons-alaconicanswerslave-源自Slav斯拉夫人（源于中世纪早期被俘获后大批地用作奴隶的斯拉夫人）,5.3TypesofMeaning,Wordmeaningismadeupofvariouscomponentswhichareinterrelatedandinterdependent.Thesecomponentsarecommonlydescribedastypesofmeaning.词义有各种相互联系与相互依存的不同成分组成，这些成分就是词义的种类。,GrammaticalMeaningthoseofnegativeconnotationsimplydisapproval,contemptorcriticism.,appreciativepejorative,elderlylittlefamousslim/slenderdeterminedstatesmanconfidencefarmerpublicity,oldsmallnotoriousskinnypigheadedpoliticiancomplacencypeasantpropaganda,4)CollocativeMeaning,Itisthatpartofthewordmeaningsuggestedbythewordswithwhichitco-occurs.搭配意义即与之一起使用的词语所赋予的那部分意义。E.g.prettywomanandhandsomewoman-stresstheattractivenessoffacialfeatures-maynotbefaciallybeautifulbutslenderfigure,gracefulpostureandbehaviorgreenhand,greenfruit,greenwithenvy,green-eyedmonster,5.4ComponentialAnalysis成分分析,Whatiscomponentialanalysis?Theanalysisofwordmeaningsorcomponentialanalysisisoftenseenasaprocessofbreakingdownthesenseofawordintoitsminimalcomponents.,Thisdiagramrepresentsthree-dimensionsofmeaningofthesewords.1)vertically,columnAandBreveals-sex;2)horizontally,Line1and2reveals-age;3)Asawhole,4wordsformthesemanticfield（语义场）-“humanrace”,Thesetraitsofwordsareabstractedfromthewordsandarecalledsemanticfeatures(语义特征),whichareestablishedonthebasisofbinarity/binaryopposition.(对分法)Conventionally,theseminimalcomponentscanbesymbolizedintermsofbinaryopposition.eg:+ADULT(adult),-ADULT(young).+MALE(male),-MALE(female)+HUMAN(human),-HUMAN(non-human)Sensecomponentsareconventionallyenclosedinsquarebracketsorparenthesistodistinguishthemfromlexicalitems.E.g.ADULT,man+MALE,+ADULT,+HUMANwoman-MALE,+ADULT,+HUMANboy+MALE,-ADULT,+HUMANgirl-MALE,-ADULT,+HUMANbullock+MALE,+ADULT,-HUMANcow-MALE,+ADULT,-HUMAN,Inmakingcomponentialanalysis,itisimportanttofocusonthedistinguishingfeatures,i.e.featureswhichcandistinguishonewordfromanother.Eg:Betweenboy,chair,dictionaryandhope,thought,problem,thedistinguishfeatureis+ConcreteverbslikenounsalsohavefeatureslikeMOMENTARYDYNAMICTRANSITIVE,Thefunctionofcomponentialanalysis1.usefulandrevealingtechniquefordemonstratingrelationsofmeaningbetweenwords.dog+ANIMATE,-HUMAN,+CANINE,+DOMES