科技英语语法特点.ppt

第一讲科技英语语法特点,非人成被动语态时态,科技英语为什么一般使用被动语态?,非人称科技陈述句中的被动语态,1被动语态意义更清楚Sincescientistsaremoreinterestedinactionandfactsthantheactors,manyreferencestopeopleareunnecessaryandconfusing.,Lookatthissentence:“Peopleheatthegascarefully.”Whoarethesepeople?Thewriter?Thewriterandhisreaders?Alleducatedpeople?Everybody?Alltheseconfusingquestionscanbeavoidedbyusingthepassive:“Thegasiscarefullyheated.”,句子的主语非常重要。被动语态总是将主语放在句首，读者可以立即注意到关键信息。,2.被动语态可使科技人员在句子一开头就引出最重要的信息,Electronsclosertothenucleusareheldmoretightlythanthoseintheouterorbits.靠近原子核的电子比外层轨道上的电子结合得紧,比较下面的句子:Peopleusemathematicsinmanydifferentfields.Mathematicsisusedinmanydifferentfields.,3.被动句通常要比主动句简短且精炼,1.叙述规则或一般原理Thepressurethatmakeselectronsflowalongwiresiscalled“voltage”.Allmatterismadeupofatoms.c.Manycarenginesarecooledbywater.,被动语态的作用,Measurementoffar-fieldradiationpatternsofportTE11oftheTE01-TE11converterisdonewhenacircularwaveguideTE01modeisfeedtotheportTE01andacircularwaveguidehornofanopeningdiameter40mmisloadedtotheportTE11.TheradiationpatternsofE-planeandH-planeat30.5GHzaregiveninFigure4.,2.DescribingProcedures(描述过程),Manypupilsinschoolthinkofscienceasasubjectcontainingmorefactstobelearnt.b.Anewantennaissaidtobeconstructednextmonth.,3.被动不定式（PassiveInfinitive）尤其用来报道新闻和陈述一般事实,a.Beforetheantennamodelisdrown,asolutiontypemustbespecified.b.Attentionmustbepaidtothefunctionofthemachine.,4.带情态动词(Should，Must)的被动态尤为常用于书面说明，书面警告，书面通知,英语中被动语态比汉语中使用广泛，特别是在科技英语中。这一点是英汉两种语言之间的重要区别之一。翻译时要正确处理，以保持英汉两种语言各自的特点。英语被动语态的处理当然不外乎两种方法：一种是仍保留为被动句；另一种是转换成汉语的主动句。,非人称句中被动语态的翻译方法,当特别强调被动动作或特别突出被动者时，英语的被动句才翻译成汉语的被动句。,1)保留被动语态句的译法,Themicrostripantennashouldbecarefullyhandled这种微带天线应小心处置。Junctiondiodesarecommonlyusedinswitchingapplications.结二极管常被用作开关。,(1)利用汉语中表达被动意义时使用得最广的“被”,Theoutsideoftheconverterismadeofsteelplates.转炉的外壳由钢板制成。Thescreenismetalcoatedwithchemicalsthatgiveofflightwhenstruckbythebeam.屏幕上涂有化学药品，在受到电子束撞击时即可发光。,(2)译成“由、让、受”,A11matterismadeofatoms.一切物质都是原子构成的。Manycarenginesarecooledbywater.许多汽车发动机都是用水冷却的。P1asticarticlesarenotdamagedbywater.塑料制品不会为水所损坏。,(3)译成“是的”“为所”,Alltheseconfusingquestionscanbeavoidedbyusingthepassive.所有这些使人混沼不清的问题都可利用被动语态来加以避免。,(4)译成“加以”,英语被动语态句常常转换成汉语主动句。如果英语被动句的主语(动作承受者)是无生命名词时，更是如此。,2)转换成汉语主动句的译法,WhenasmallvoltageVisappliedtoadiodeintheforwarddirection,therecanbeasmallcurrenttoflowthediode.当一个小的电压V正向加到二极管时，就会有一个小的电流流过。FMiscommonlyusedforhigh-fidelitymusicandspeechbroadcastatVHFradiofrequencies.FM普遍用于在甚高频波段实现高保真音乐和语音广播。,（1）仍以被动句的主语作为汉语主动句的主语，后面直接跟相应的主动态动词(主一谓结构）,Theconverteristippedontoitssideandthechargeofmoltenironispouredintothetop.把（将）转炉向一侧倾斜后，从炉顶上把铁水倒入炉中。Ablastofairisblownthroughholesinthebaseoftheconverter.从转炉底部的孔中把空气吹人炉中。,(2)利用汉语中的“把、将、使”等字,(1)科技英语中有很多以“it”作形式主语，以动词被动语态作谓语，以“that-”从句作主语从句的习惯用语。Itissaidthat.据说有人说，Itisbelievedthat.人们相信大家相信Itisconsideredthat.人们认为，据估计，假设Thefactoryissaidtobeopenednextmonth.据说这家工厂下月开工。,3)常用译法,Thepressurethatmakeselectronsflowalongwiresiscalledvoltage.使电子沿着导线流动的压力称之为“电压”。Thisiscalledthe“blow”这(个过程)称为“鼓风”。,(2)“AiscalledB”.A称之为B,TheSimplePresentTenseTheSimplePastTenseandthePresentPerfectTense,B.Tense(时态),一般现在时用于归纳事实，在科技英语中最常用.e.g.Carbondioxide(CO2)consistsofcarbonandoxygen.Itisauniversaltruth.Itistrueatanyplaceontheearth,atanytime(thepast,thepresentorthefuture)andevenatanypointinouterspace.,TheSimplePresentTense,a.Itisusedforregularactionsandregularprocesses.(用来陈述有规律性的动作和有规律的过程)Hestudiesphysicssixhoursaweek.b.Itisusedforgeneralstatement.（一般陈述）Theearthrotatesitselfandaroundthesun.,一般现在时的用法,c.Itisusedforfactualstatementsandobservations(用于陈述事实和真实的观察结果)Putastrawinaglassofdrinkingwater.Suckthroughthestraw.Thewatergoesupintoyourmouth.