吴耀武否定句式.doc

名师吴耀武剖析考研英语之否定结构 2009年06月29日 10:38北文考研A：部分否定 partial negation常用词有代词或副词：all, both, every, everybody, every day, everyone, many, everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly, completely, weathered, always, often等和not搭配时，表示部分否定，意为“并非都是，不是每个都是”Both of them are not my brothers. C.f. “Neither of them is my brother。”All is not gold that glitters = not all is gold that glitters。Every man cannot do it = not every man can do itI dont remember all these formulas。This kind of tree is not found everywhere。The rich are not always happy。Every couple is not a pair。B：转移否定a. 否定主语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语Everybody cannot enjoy pop music. (not everyone)b. 否定表语和宾语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语The cloth does not feel very soft. = The cloth feels not very soft。I dont agree with all of you. (some of you)I dont like both of the books. (I like not both of them。)c. 否定状语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语He has not come to the decision quickly. (not quickly)I did not do it for myself. (I did it not for myself。)The students did not sit there listening to the teacher。d. 在notand 结构中，否定的往往是and 后的部分，但否定词not往往否定谓语。The house is not big and comfortable。The house is not big, but comfortable。The house is not big or comfortable。He doesnt speak Russian and French。Dont drink and drive。We cant put on airs and make people like us。正确理解和区分部分否定和全部否定很重要，稍一疏忽，就会铸成译文上的大错。a. I dont know anything about her。(一无所知)I dont know everything about her。(并不全知道)b. None of the answers are right。(都不正确)All the answers are not right. (并非都正确)c. I dont know any of them。(全不认识)I dont know all of them。(并非都认识)C: 双重否定，意义肯定双重否定指同一句子里出现两个否定词，即否定之否定，双重否定句表达的意思是肯定的，通常比肯定句的语气要重些，译成汉语就译成肯定形式，也可以保持双重否定的形式。No one can command others who cant command himself。There was never a great genius without a tincture of madness。There are no roses without thorns。You cant make something out of nothing.Whats done cant be undone。Nothing is nothing at all。Hardly a day passed without our learning anything new。可用于表示双重否定的词有nonot, no (not)without, no.but, cannot but + v, cannot help + v-ing, without doubt, without fail, cannot help + v, without exception, nothing less but, (正是) none but (除外，别无) no one but (除了 外，没有别人) none too(一点也不)have no alternative /choice but to do (除.，别无选择)， There is no doubt that, There is no denying that, There is no question that., not seldom, not infrequently, not unlike, not displeasedWe cannot but read books to enrich ourselves。We cannot help admiring his courage。I cant help but feel sorry for her。分清否定形式，注意双重否定含义。D: 几乎否定几乎否定表示整个句子的意思接近于否定，常用的词有：little, few, barely, hardly, rarely, scarcely, seldom,This problem has been little studied。He little realized the danger he was in。She is barely right。I seldom got any sleep last night。Scarcely anything remains to be said。E: 形式否定，意义肯定英语中有些形式上，否定而内容含义上都是肯定的结构，译成汉语时不能拘泥于原文的表层结构的否定，要忠实于原文的含义。a. cannot too，越.。越, 无论怎样.。也不过分(Its impossible to overdo it. The more., the more)在此结构中，cannot可改为can hardly, scarcely, never, too也可改为 over + v, enough, sufficient等You cannot be too cautious。You can hardly praise him too much。A man can never have too many friends。Newtons contribution to modern science can scarcely be overrated。He cant see you quickly enough。(He desires to see you as soon as possible。)cannot wait to do (eager to do)I cannot wait to read your new book。I cannot wait to see her。b. no(nobody) but 都， 没有。不，只有。才There is no man but has his faults。There is no rule but has exception。Nobody reads the book but will be moved。There exists no man but has an enemy。这种结构中的but起关系代词的作用，相当于that, which, who does/ will/ have not。注意句子结构No one believes that he will succeed。No one believes but he will succeed。There is no one who knows him。There is no one but knows him。There is no man that errs。There is no man but errs。You will not find the answer but (that) you study it thoroughly。But 为否定含义c. never (not). but (that) 每当总是, 没有哪次不是I never see you but think of my mother。It never rains but it pours。Never a day passed but brought us good news。He will not be angry but that he is offended。d. nothing but, none but 仅仅， 只， 只有才nothing but 后接非指人的名词， none but 后接指人的名词，与nothing other than同义意为“仅仅，只有才”We can see nothing but water。We found none but an old man in the room。None but me knew what happened。None but a fool would do such a thing。You can find that sort of bird nowhere but in Australia。e. noting else than(仅仅，完全)His failure was due to noting else than his own carelessness。f. no (none)other than正是， 仅仅是，This is no other than the book we want to buy。She is none other than my adviser。g. more often than not, as often as not常常， 往往During foggy weather, planes are late more often than not。As often as not, he gets up late。as likely as not=很有可能She will forget all about it as likely as not。h. 否定词 + 比较级(相当于最高级)I cannot agree with you more。C.f. I cannot agree with you any more。He could not feel better。The film cannot be better。He wants nothing more than time。Nothing is more precious than health。i. 否定词 + withoutThere is no smoke without fire。He believed， not without reason, that the project will be a success。j. no otherwise than 只是，仅仅He is no otherwise afraid than of his father. (nobody but。)He does no otherwise than fool around all day. (do nothing but)在有些句子结构中，谓语动词肯/否，句意不变。I wonder if he can(not) help you in your work。I dont know whether he has (no) friends here (or not)。F: 形式肯定，意义否定a. more thancan =cannot 简直不、无法，难以The beauty of the park is more than words can describe。This is more than I can tell。b. more than one can help 尽量不，绝对不This is more than I can help。c. more A than B, 是A不是B，与其说是B，不如说是A。在此结构中，A和B 必须是同一比较的对象。c.f. He is taller than his sister. (比较级)He is more brave than wise。He is more a scientist than a writer。d. anything but, 绝对不，根本不是，一点也不The draw bridge is anything but safe。He is anything but a scholar。e. may/ might as well 这不如(最好)Its still raining hard outside; we may as well stay here over the night。f. 动词或动词短语引起的否定意义miss, deny, lack, refuse, escape, resist, reject, decline, doubt, wonder, give up, to say nothing of, not to