2013考研英语二之大作文.ppt

英语（二）写作,以下选手退出,Sheismywatchsister.Yougo,yougo.ok,Igo.IthoughtIamcanflying.MountainpeoplemountainseaFuckdocomputerBloodflowerangeropen,写：他非常喜欢英语,HelikesenglishverymuchHeenjoylearningEnglishverymuchHeisinterestedinenglishverymuchHeisgreatlyfondofenglishHeisintensivelyinterestedinenglishHetakestremendous/remarkable/considerableinterestinenglish.,写：小汤姆家巨穷无比，他根本不能去上学。,LittleTomistoopoortogotoschoollittleTomissopoorthatheisunabletogotoschool.SopoorislittletomthatheisunabletoLittletomisperpetuallystrugglingagainstpoverty,thusheisunabletoaffordtheeducationaltuition.Itispovertythatenableslittletomfailto,越来越多的人认为保护环境就是保护我们自己。Moreandmorepeoplebelieve.MoreandmorepeoplerealizeThereisanincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoareconvincedthat.,Tom大言忠告,写作中要保持1个主题,关注的三个方面,写作的5步曲,审题-要我们写什么构思-我们可以写什么列提纲-按照什么思路写落笔-写成什么样检查-预览结果，防止粗心,写作的7宗罪,不会用英语表达Iamcanflying语言表达错误众多无话可说(反复倒粪)表达比较平庸作文跑题文章结构混乱主题段落难以扩展,考研英语二大作文图表题要求分两点或三点，都要写三段！图表分类举例,图作文之圆形饼状图,ThepiechartsshowchangesinAmericanspendingpatternsbetween1966and1996,如何描述下面图形中数据的变化？,看图表，并思考以下问题：概述两图描述了什么（需要对象和时间）？两图中哪两种消费方式占的比例比较大？各自又有什么变化（数据说明）？两图中还有哪些消费方式发生了变化？变化特征大吗？具体有什么变化（数据说明）？两图中哪些消费方式相对变化不大？对应数据是什么？“占”多少百分比如何丰富表达？必要的时候，一些特殊的百分比用什么适当的英文单词来表达？,描述举例,Foodandcarsmadeupthetwobiggestitemsofexpenditureinbothyears.Togethertheycomprisedoverhalfofhouseholdspending.Foodaccountedfor44%ofspendingin1966,butthisdroppedbytwothirdsto14%in1996.However,theoutlayoncarsdoubled,risingfrom23%in1966to45%in1996.,随手写写绿色词汇哦。,Otherareaschangedsignificantly.Spendingoneatingoutdoubled,climbingfrom7%to14%.Theproportionofsalaryspentoncomputersincreaseddramatically,upfrom1%in1996to10%in1996.However,ascomputerexpenditurerose,thepercentageofoutlayonbooksplungedfrom6%to1%,Someareasremainedrelativelyunchanged.Americansspentapproximatelythesameamountofsalaryonpetrolandfurnitureinbothyears,NoteonPiechart圆形图(Piechart)也称为饼状图或圆面分割图。圆形图因为比较形象和直观，各部分空间大小差别容易分辨，所以常用来表示总量和各分量之间的百分比关系。整个圆表示总量，楔形块表示分量。有时圆形图还有数值表，两者结合可把各分量表示得更准确、清楚。,饼状图举例2,ThisisapiechartoftheaverageweeklyexpenditureofafamilyinGreatBritain（图略）,Ascanbeseefromthechart,themainexpenditureofanaverageBritishfamilyisspentonfood,whichaccountsfor25%ofitstotalexpenditure.Thenexttwosignificantexpendingitemsaretransportandhousing,whichare15%and12%respectively.Ifwetakeintoaccountclothingandfootwear,whichmakesup10%,thefouressentialsoflife,thatis,food,transport,housing,andclothingandfootwear,amountto62%ofthetotalexpenditure.,图作文之柱状图,如何描述下面图形中数据的变化？,globalsalesofgamessoftware,CDsandDVDorvideo.,看图表，并思考以下问题：每种颜色的柱子随时间变迁呈现何种变化趋势特征？哪种颜色的柱子变化幅度大？起点值和终点值各是多少？变化幅度平均值大约多少？哪两种颜色的柱子变化幅度小？起点值和终点值各是多少？可否在写作时另取一段放在一块描述？,Thechartshowsthechangesinthesalesofvideomaterial/DVDs,gamessoftwareandCDsaroundtheworldinbillionsofdollarsoverathree-yearperiod.Itcanbeseenthatthesalesofvideos/DVDsandgamessoftwarehaveincreased,whilethesalesofCDshavegonedownslightly.,Between2000and2003,thesaleofvideosandDVDsrosebyapproximately13billiondollars.In2000,justunder20billiondollarsworthoftheseitemsweresold,butin2003,thisfigurehadrisentoalittleover30billiondollars.,Thesalesofgamessoftwarealsoroseduringthisperiod,butlesssharply.Salesincreasedfromabout13billiondollarsin2000tojustunder20billiondollarsthreeyearslater.Bycontrast,duringthesametimeperiod,thesaleofCDsfellfrom35billiondollarsin2000toabout32.5billiondollarsin2003.,图作文之曲线图,如何描述下面的变化？,ThelinegraphshowsestimatedsalesofgoldinDubaifor12monthsin2002inmillionsofdirhams.,看图要思考：曲线有何规律特征？根据曲线特征，其大致可以分成几大段以便写作描述？峰值、谷值各自多少？对应的月份又是什么？曲线变动过程中有无出现平稳？,Thereweretwomainseasonsforgoldsales：ThemainseasonforsalesisintheDecembertoMayperiod.Saleswereconsistentlyabove200milliondirhamspermonth,risingsharplytoapeakof350milliondirhamsinMarch.However,forthenextfourmonths,salesdeclinedsteadily,reachinganannuallowof120milliondirhamsinJuly.,随手写蓝题词汇哦,InAugust,therewasasuddenincrease.Salesalmostdoubled,risingfrom120milliondirhamsinJulyto210milliondirhamsinAugust.ThiswasfollowedbyadropinSeptember,backtotheJulyfigure.,FromSeptembertoOctober,salesrecovered,from120to180million.InOctoberandNovember,salesremainedsteady,andtherewasasmallincreaseinDecemberto190milliondirhams.Inconclusion,themainsalesperiodisintheearlypartoftheyear,slumpinginthesummer,exceptforasuddenincreaseinAugust.,完整的出题形式？,例1题目：ChangesinPeoplesDietStudythefollowingtablecarefullyandyourcompositionmustbebasedontheinformationgiveninthetable.Writethreeparagraphsto:1.statethechangesinpeoplesdiet(饮食)inthepastfiveyears;2.givepossiblereasonsforthechanges;3.drawyourownconclusions.,例2题目：CarAccidentsDeclininginWaltonCityRememberthatyourcompositionmustbewrittenaccordingtothefollowingoutline;1.Riseandfalloftherateofcaraccidentsasindicatedbythegraph;2.Possiblereasonsforthedeclineofcaraccidentsinthecity;3.Yourpredictionsofwhatwillhappenthisyear.,例3Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHealthGaininDevelopingCountries.Yourcompositionmustbenolessthan120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowinginstructions(giveninChinese):1.以下图为依据描述发展中国家的期望寿命(lifeexpectancy)和婴儿死亡率(infantmortality)的变化情况2.说明引起变化的各种原因,Note：从以上例子可见，图表作文一般在题目中给出作文的标题和一个或几个统计表格、圆形图、曲线图或条形图，有时还用英文或中文提纲的形式给出提示，要求我们：1)用文字描述图表，客观描述图表中所传递的信息，并找出某种规律或趋势;2)就图表中所反映的某种趋势或问题分析其原因或后果。,图表作文的写作要领,图表作文着重说明事实，常常是通过对图表中所反映的具体数据的说明、分析、比较，对某种事物或现象的事实或变化情况等加以说明，并提出结论或看法。因此，图表作文常常采用议论文体的写作方法。写好图表作文，关键在于能否读懂图表中所提供的信息，把握各信息间的联系，用准确流畅的语言把这一信息表达出来，并就这一信息发表自己的看法。,图表作文的写作建议：,文章的第一段往往分析图表中的数据变化反映什么问题或趋势，概述图表所揭示的信息，即：图表反映的主题思想,第二段分析造成这一问题或趋势的原因，即：分析产生的原因,第三段则展望未来的情况或提出解决问题的办法或建议，即展望未来或提出方法或建议注意：这一段，如果只是要求评论的题型，要略写！,第一段写作,如果只有一个变量，有三个数据，Ascanbeseenclearlyinthechart,theaveragenumberofhoursastudentspendsonInterneteveryweekhasincreasedfrom2hoursin1998to8hoursin2006.如果是最常见的是2*3的情形，Accordingtotheinformationimpliedinthechart,wecanseeclearlythatinabigcityinChina,stateownedhousesdeclinedfrom75%in1990to60%in1995andthento20%in2000,whileprivatehousesrosefrom25%to40%andthento80%duringthesameperiod.,如果是1*n(n3)的情形，将头与尾描述出来即可，比较好的方法就是在句中描述最后一个与第一个相比变化了多少。碰到多变量、每个变量多数据的情形，大家应首先进行分类，分成上升、下降两类，或者上升、下降、不变三类，如此，问题可以得到解决。,持续变化的data在不同情况下,增加：increase/rise/goup减少：decrease/growdown/drop/fall波动：fluctuate/rebound/wave稳定：remainstable改变：change,必须知道的变化词,表示变化的程度词,rapid/rapidly迅速的，飞快的，险峻的dramatic/dramatically戏剧性的，生动的significant/significantly有意义的，重大的，重要的sharp/sharply锐利的，明显的，急剧的steep/steeply急剧升降的steady/steadily稳固的，坚定不移的gradual/gradually渐进的，逐渐的slow/slowly缓慢的，不活跃的slight/slightly轻微的、略微地stable/stably稳定的,要记得开动你的笔啊，写写写，记记记,描述变化经典句子,第一段第一句话如图所示Asisshown/demonstrated/exhibitedinthediagram/graph/chart/table该图为我们提供了有关有趣数据。Thegraphprovidessomeinterestingdataregarding,这个曲线图描述了的趋势thisisacuregraphwhichdescribesthetrendof,从图中可以看出，发生了巨大变化ascanbeseenfromthediagram，greatchangeshavetakenplacein从图表我们可以很清楚（明显）看到fromthetable/chart/diagram/figure，wecanseeclearlythatitisclear/apparentfromthechartthat这个图表向我们展示了thisisagraphwhichillustrates,thistableshowsthechangingproportionofa&bfromto该表格描述了年到年间a与b的比例关系。thegraph，presentedinapiechart，showsthegeneraltrendin该图以圆形图形式描述了总的趋势。,thisisacolumnchartshowing这是个柱型图，描述了ascanbeseenfromthegraph，thetwocurvesshowthefluctuationof如图所示，两条曲线描述了的波动情况。,第一段第2句第4/5句中必备描述变化之不变overtheperiodfromtotheremainedlevel.在至期间，基本不变thenumberofremainedsteady/stablefrom（month/year）to（month/year）。月（年）至月（年）的数量基本不变。,thereisnotagreatdealofdifferencebetweenand与的区别不大thepercentageremainedsteadyat比率维持在,描述变化之增加.thenumbersharplywentupto数字急剧上升至thegraphsshowathreefoldincreaseinthenumberof该图表表明的数目增长了三倍。,.aconsiderableincrease/decreaseoccurredfromto到发生急剧上升（year）witnessed/sawasharprisein年急剧上升.thereisanupwardtrendinthenumberof数字呈上升趋势,thesituationreachedapeak（ahighpointat）of%.的情况（局势）到达顶（高）点，为百分点。thefigurespeakedatin（month/year）的数目在月（年）达到顶点，为,aistimesasmuch/manyasb.a是b的倍。aincreasedbya增长了aincreasedtoa增长到,besimilarto与相似bethesameas与相同,描述变化之降低thefiguresreachedthebottom/alowpoint/hitatrough.数字（情况）达到底部（低谷）fromtotherateofdecreaseslowdown.从到，下降速率减慢。fromthisyearon，therewasagradualdecline/reductioninthe，reachingafigureof从这年起，逐渐下降至,decreasedyearbyyearwhileincreasedsteadily.逐年减少，而逐步上升,比较ComparedwithisstillincreasedbyTherewasaverysteady(marked/sharp/rapid/sudden/dramatic)drop(decrease/decline/fall/reduction)in1998/comparedwiththatoflastyear).Whilebut,表示分别的副词Respectivelyinthe2004Olympics,ChinaandRussiawonXandYgoldmedals表示大约的副词或者词组About,around,approximately,roughly,justover,justunder,例如:,1.DescribethedifferencesoftheincomesourcesbetweenChineseandAmericanstudents.2.Analyzepossiblereasonsforthesedifferences.3.Predicatefuturetendency.SourceofincomePercentageofTotalIncome_ParentsPart-timejobFellowshiporScholarshipAmericanstudents50%35%15%Chinesestudents90%5%5%_,IncomesourcesofChinesestudentsarequitedifferentfromthoseofAmericanstudents.InChina,studentsget90%oftheirmoneyfromtheirparentswhileinAmerica,only50%ofstudentsmoneyisprovidedbyparents.Inaddition,Chinesestudentsearnonly5%oftheirmoneyfromparttimejobsand5%fromfellowshiporscholarshipwhileincomefromthesetworesourcesforAmericanstudentstakesup35%and15%respectivelyoftheirtotalincome.,交通事故图表第1段举例,Fromthegraph,wecanseethatthenumberofcaraccidentsinWaltoncityfluctuatedduringtheyearof1990.Thefirsttwomonthsof1990showedanincreasingtrend.Therateroseto32inMarchbutfellto26inJune.FromJuneon,theratewasrisingagainandreachedthepeakpoint39inAugust.AfterAugusttheratebegantodeclineremarkably,andeventuallydroppedtothelowestpoint16attheendoftheyear.Therefore,itsobviousthatcaraccidentinWaltoncitydeclinedin1990.主题句/概述表格反映的内容(5)反映交通事故的变化情况(6)小结：总结表格数据反映的总趋势,第2段和第3段同社会现象类的作文,模板雏形,第一段（一升一降一不变，一缓慢）Whatathought-provokingandilluminatingchartitis!Asisapparentlydepictedinthechart,itisobviousthat（内容）soaredfrom（数据）in（年份）to（数据）in（年份）,While,asasharpcontrast,（内容）decreasedfrom（数据）in（年份）to（数据）in（年份）.Inaddition,（内容）wasalmostthesamein（年份）and（年份）./（therewasonlyaslowincreasefrom（数据）in（年份）to（数据）in（年份）,第二段（解释具体原因）Whydoesthisphenomenonrevealedinthechartaboveappear?Severalreasonsaccountingforthesituationcanbewhatfollows.Tobeginwith,Iamstronglyconvincedthatthisispartlyduotothefactthat（原因一）,Inaddition,thisispartlybecause，（原因二）,Lastbutnotleast,thatisnodenyingthatbecauseof,peoplesurelytendto原因三）.Maybetherearesomeotherreasonsbringingaboutthisphenomenon,butitisgenerallybelievedthattheabove-mentionedreasonsarecommonlyacceptable.,第三段（发表个人观点）Fromtheanalysesmadeabove,wemaycometotheconclusionthat（结论）.Iamsuremyopinionisbothsoundandwell-grounded，andIdobelievethatonlyonthebasisof(主题短语)canwehavethechancetogetabetteraccessto主题。,经典模板从中学（见另外两个文件）,词汇整容必备,1.alleachandevery(student)everysingle2.almostapproximatelypractically3.althoughadmittingthatconcedingthat,4.alwaysconsistentlyconstantlycontinuallyeternallyperpetually5.becauseconsideringthat,6.good,badfavorabledesirablesatisfactorybad:un-undesirable/unsatisfactory,7.enableempowersbtosthfacilitatesbtodosth8.likeappreciatebecrazyaboutdelightinrejoiceintakepleasurein,9.enoughabundantadequatesufficientample10.importantessentialvitalcrucialFundamentalindispensable,11.let(sbdo)allowsbtodoauthorizesbtodogivepermissionto12.nownowadaysatpresentatthesedays13.reallyundoubtedlyabsolutelygenuinely,14.manyamultitudeofanoceanofaseaofamassofmanyifnotmostEM:amultitudeofcolledgestudentarecrazyaboutplayinggames,andaccordingly,whenitcomestotheexam,theyfoundthattheirgradesareundesirable,15.moreandmoren.+in/growing/increasing/significant/numbers16.moreandmore+adj(em.important)=increasinglyimportant,17.most+n.(em.student)=anoverwhelminglymajorityofasignificantproportionofasizablepercentageof,18.thinkharbortheideathattaketheattitudethatholdtheviewthatitiswidelysharedthatitisuniversallyacknowledgedthat,19.showdepictillustratedemonstratedisplaymanifestreveal,20.veryexceedinglyexcessivelyextremelynoticeablysurpassinglyunusually21.wantlongfordoingsththirstfordoingyearnfordoing,22.notbynomeansem:Iwillstudyenglishbynomeans.23.canbecompetenttodosthbecapableofdoing,24.goodlooking/naturedattractivepresentablebenevolentgracious25.famousdistinguishedeminentrenewedcelebratedprominent,段落扩展的万能思路,科学论据举例子虚拟语气,科学论据法根据一项调查表明1.Accordingtoasurvey.2.Accordingtooneofthelatestsurveyconductedbyacertaininternationalorganization,(注意：列举数字后,后面需要一个定语从句来补充说明),例子：每年，法国巴黎市民花费在养狗上的费用价值$1，000，000美元，可以够日本人吃一年的！Accordingtooneofthelatestsurvey,moneyspentonpetsinthecityofParisisasmuchas$1,000,000,000,whichcanfeedalltheJapaneseintheworldforawholeyear.,举例子notice:例子的选择方法普遍的例子将个别例子变为普遍例子的方法,例子1：我们人类历史上与这个话题相关的例子有很多，下面这个是最有说服力的Ourhumanhistoryhasbeenfilledwithavarietyofexamplesof,withthefollowingonebeingtheforemost.注意：With的伴随结构中非谓语动词,例子2：在我所听到的，看到的，经历过的所有和这个话题相关的例子之中，最有说服力的是AmongallthetouchingfactsrelatingtothatIhaveheard,noticed,andexperienced,themostimpressiveoneis,例子3：除了这个例子，我找不到更有说服力的了Icanthinkofnobetterexamplesotherthan,虚拟语气如果没有改革开放政策,我们可能根本吃不到麦当劳或者肯德鸡.如果没有希望工程，那些孩子将永远接受不到宝贵的知识。如果情况继续恶化下去,我们将付出更加昂贵的代价。,Iftherewerenosuchpolicy,wewouldnevertasteKFC.Ifthesituationweretocontinue,wewouldpayahighprice.,举例子：希望工程义务献血照顾老人,希望工程我们人类历史上与爱心相关的例子有很多，希望工程是最有说服力的。在中国西部有一些家庭，他们是如此的贫困以至于无法资助孩子上学。尽管他们很可怜，但是来自各个行业的人们向他们伸出了援助之手，这就是所谓的希望工程。根据一项调查，每年希望工程所募集的资金价值￥。，这些钱可以。如果没有这