《高考阅读理解》PPT课件.ppt

2009英语高考复习之,阅读理解,YangCaijun,调查问卷,在平时的高考模拟题操练中，我最不喜欢做的题型是,原因：词汇量大，句型复杂，篇幅长，较难读懂。,篇数太多，当读到D篇时已在崩溃边缘，读到E篇时已完全麻木，若任务型简单些则能恢复知觉，否则将昏迷不醒。,分值大，很多选项模棱两可难以抉择，失分率较高，很有挫败感。,练习过程痛苦，见效太慢。,调查反馈,3、对于英语高考，我最没有把握并想快速提高的题型是,Pleaseworkhardatthereadingcomprehension！,阅读理解题考查的是考生阅读理解英语篇章的能力，文章涉及到人物、故事、经济、政治、新闻、广告、科普、文化、社会等多种题材,涵盖了记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文等多种体裁，它考查的不仅是考生对整篇文章的把握能力,而且考查考生快速捕捉信息,准确理解特定细节以及复杂句子的能力。考生不仅要理解文章的表层意思,更重要的是能通过文章的表层去合理推断,挖掘文章的隐含意义、延伸意义。,阅读理解考查内容,近六年阅读短文题材一览表(以全国卷I为例),考试大纲要求,1、理解主旨和要义；2、理解文中具体信息；3、根据上下文推断生词的词义；4、做出简单判断和推理；5、理解文章的基本结构；6、理解作者的意图、观点和态度。,阅读理解命题分类,主旨大意型,事实细节型,词义猜测型,推理判断型,命题类,阅读理解之,主旨大意,主旨大意型,常见提问形式,1).主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式:ThemainideaofthepassageisThepassageismainlyaboutWhichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?2).目的类主旨大意题Thepassageismeantto.Thepurposeofthisarticleisto3).标题类主旨大意题ThebesttitleforthepassagemightbeTheparagraphcouldbeentitled,HowToGetTheMainIdea?,如何做主旨大意题?,如何做主旨大意题,做此类题目时，首先要搞清是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。,第三:要学会借助文章的结构来把握中心思想。段落中心思想常常由主题句(Topicsentence)来表达。主题句常常出现在段首(60%-90%)或段尾处,有时也在段落中间。同样,一篇文章的中心思想也常常在开始段或结尾段点出。因此,在阅读中,我们要对文章的开始段和结尾段及段落的主题句给予特别的注意。,一、主旨大意型,实战演练,1Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smokerscough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?,1Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smokerscough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?,（1）主题句在段首一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。,2Oftennoonelooksmoreguiltythantheinnocent.Ontheotherhand,nobodymaylookmoreinnocentthanaprofessi-onalcriminal.Andthemanwhoknows“everything”mayreallyonlybetryingtohidehisownweakness.So,itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance,So,itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance,（2）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据,层层推理论证,最后自然得出结论,即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论,3Ifyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset,thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlydrawyourattention:“ColorTV.Only79.Twodayssale.Hu-rry.”However,whenyougotothestorereadytobuy.Youmaydiscoverthattheyaresoldout.Buttheshopassistantisquicktotellyouthathehasanothermodel.Amuchbettersetwhichis“justrightforyou”Itcosts395.Thissalestrickiscalled“baitandswitch”.Buyersarebaitedwithasalesadvertisement,andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermoreexpensiveone.Buyingthingsonsaleneedscarefulconsiderationofthegoodsandthereasonforthesale.Theparagraphcouldbeentitled_.A.BuyerBeCarefulB.Closeout(出清存货)SaleC.CrimePaysD.BuyingaTVSet,Thissalestrickiscalled“baitandswitch”.,（3）在短文中间当主题句被安排在段中间时,通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释,支撑或发展.,4TomstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.Themainideaofthisparagraphisthat_.A.Tom,whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfouryears,movedtoanotheruniversity.B.TombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfromHarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege.C.TomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedatBerlinuniversity.D.Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation.,detail,detail,detail,一、主旨大意型,解题要领,A、干扰项可能属文中某个具体事实或细节。,B、干扰项可能属从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。,C、干扰项可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。,D、正确项是根据文章意思全面理解而归纳概括出来的；但不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。,TypesOfParagraphStructures,Atthebeginning,Attheend,Inthemiddle,Nocleartopicsentence,details,Paragraphideas,Passageidea,上下文,构词法,猜测词意,阅读理解之,猜测词意,猜测词义题常见设问方式:,1.Theword“.”refersto/probablymeans2.Theunderlinedword“”couldbestbereplacedby3.Whatdoyouthinktheexpression“”standsfor?4.Bysaying“”,wemean5.“”,asusedinthepassagecanbestbedefinedas6.Whichofthefollowingwordscantaketheplaceoftheword“”?7.Theunderlinedphrase“”isclosetinmeaningto.?8.Theunderlinedword“.”roughlymeans?,Howtoguessthemeaningsofnewwords?,Amosquitoisasmallflyingpestthatthrusttheskinandthendrinkblood.Desertcanbedefinedasalargeareaoflandwherethereisnotenoughrainandvegetationtosupporthumanlife.信号词：be,becalled,means,bedefinedas,1.Definitionandexplanation利用定义和解释猜测词义；,蚊子,沙漠,Ex.1Apersonwhoisskilledatmakingorrepairingwoodenobjectsiscalledacarpenter.Hisuncleisazoologist,anexpertwhodoesresearchonanimals.Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.,木匠,动物学家,牧人,ThoughTomsfacehasbeenwashedquiteclean,hisneckstillremainsgrubby.Johnusuallywastesalotofmoneyonsuchuselessthings,hiswife,however,isverythrifty.2.GuessingfromComparisonandContrast信号词:but,however,yet,otherwise,while,though,ontheonehandontheotherhand,foronethingforanotherthing,insteadof等,污秽的,节约的,Ex.2Inthepasttheworldseemedtoruninanorderlyway.Now,however,everythingseemstobeinastateofturmoil.Ifyouagree,write“yes”;ifyoudissent,write“no”.,混乱,不同意,Rubber(橡胶)canbemadetostretchmorethanninetimesitsnormallengthbecauseitisveryelastic.Theriverissoturbidthatitisimpossibletoseethebottomevenwhenitisshallow.3.GuessingwordfromCauseandResult信号词:because,since,as,for,dueto,so,therefore,sothat,suchthat,thus,owingto,thanksto,resultin,leadto,contributeto,resultfrom,contributeto,弹性的,混浊的,Ex.3Hessuchashrewdbusinessmanthathelosesnomoneyinanytrade.Shewantedthehairdressertotrimherhairabitbecauseitwastoolong.,精明的,修剪,Carsmusthavecertainsafetydevicessuchasseatbelt,headlights,andgoodbrakes.Onthefarmtheymainlyraisepoultry,suchaschickens,ducksandgeese,fortheireggsandmeat.,家禽,装置,信号词:such,suchas,like,forexample/instance,especially,include,consistof,4.Guessingwordfromexamples.,Insomecountrieswherethereisverylittlerain,thefarmershavetoirrigate,orwater,theirfields.Allwhalesfallintotwogroups,thosewithteethandthosewithout,Dolphinsbelongtoodontoceti,thatistosay,theyaretoothedwhales.5.Guessingwordsaccordingtoretelling信号词:or,thatis(tosay),inotherwords,toputitanotherway,i.e.,灌溉,有牙齿的,Thenewtaxlawsupersedesorreplacesthelawthatwasineffectlastyear.Motherwastall,fatandmiddle-aged.Myauntwasanoldwoman,almostasplumpasmother,andmuchshorter.6.GuessingwordfromSynonymandAntonym信号词:or,and,like,asas,thesameas,替代,圆胖的,Isheintelligentorstupid?MostwomeninGhana-theeducatedandilliterate,theurbanandrural,theyoungandold-worktoearnanincomeinadditiontomaintainingtheirrolesashousewivesandmothers.Theirreputationforeconomicindependence,self-reliance,andhardworkiswellknownandwelldeserved.Theunderlinedword“illiterate”inthepassagemeans_.A.repeatedB.reiterated.C.uneducatedD.sick,clever,Ex.6,Whenadoctorperformsanoperationonapatient,heusuallygivesananaesthetictomakehimunconscious,becausehedoesnotwanthispatienttofeelpainortoknowwhatishappeningtohim.Whenyouthrowastoneintostillwaterofalake,youwillwatcharipplespreadinringsonthesurfaceofwater.7.Guessingwordsaccordingtothecommonsense,麻药,波纹,8.Wordformation即根据前缀、后缀、复合、派生等构词知识判断生词的词义,(1)Overworkmaycausediseases.前缀over-的意思是“过分的、过量的”故overwork的意思应为“工作过度”。(2)Therewasadissatisfiedlookinthemanagerseyes.satisfied的意思是“满意的”，前缀dis-的意思是“不”，故dissatisfied的意思应该是“不满意的”。,conclusion,历年高考题,1.Whensomekindofpainkillerwasbroughtoutrecently,researchersfoundthatthecolorsturnedthecustomersoffbecausetheymadetheproductlookweakandineffective.Eventually,itcameonthemarketinadarkblueandwhitepackage-bluebecausewethinkofitassafe,andwhiteascalm.(2004年NMET全国，广东卷),65.Theunderlinedpart“thecolorsturnedthecustomersoff”(inPara.3)meansthatthecolors_.A.hadweakeffectsonthecustomersB.trickedthecustomersintoshoppingC.causedthecustomerstoloseinterestD.attractedthecustomersstrongly,通过因果法可知答案为C,2.(NMET2002,E篇,74)Achildsbirthdaypartydoesnthavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun,accordingtoBethAnaclerio,anEvastonmotheroftwo,ages4and18months.74.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordhassleprobablymean?A.apartydesignedbyspecialistsB.aplanrequiringcarefulthoughtC.asituationcausingdifficultyortrou