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本文由昆山陆家二手房昆山陆家二手房 原创 中原工学院信息商务学院中原工学院信息商务学院 毕业设计(论文)译文毕业设计(论文)译文 题题目:目: 住宅小区物业管理系统设计 系系别:别: 专专业:业: 班班级:级: 学学号:号: 学生姓名:学生姓名: 指导教师:指导教师: 2010201020102010 年年4 4 4 4 月月2 2 2 2 日日 本文由昆山陆家二手房昆山陆家二手房 原创 物业管理 物业管理就是一个对实际物业的操作和维护的预见并达成业主目的的过程。 有时候业主 自己管理自己的物业,尤其是小的物业或是当业主本身也部分占有物业时。 但是对大型物业或是业主与物业相距较远的情况下, 这种管理通常通过雇佣的物管经理 来完成, 无论是长期租赁的, 租赁方维护, 交纳税款和保险并按月付给房东支票的个人建筑。 但大多数的住宅,办公,零售以及许多工业化的物业都在超时的提供场地和服务。物业管理 在房地产业中是一项被长期忽视的功能。 直到 20 世纪的 30 年代,当无数的被迫关停显示出管理的不足时,对专业化物业管理 的需要才变得明显起来。这种想法可能有些奇特,因为经营一个大型的,有成百上千的人居 住或工作在里面的商业或是住宅项目是一项高度挑战性的工作, 要求训练, 良好的判断和各 种各样的技能。但是传统的说来,房地产业的重点向来都是放在那些永恒的因素上,比如好 的投资地段,建筑以及合理的长期回报,而部是放在对产业日常的管理操作上。有时看起来 旧像如果一个业主对这个永久建筑作了巨大的投资之后就会认为这个物业会在最少的监管 之下自行运做。 这种物业管理的概念在过去的十年里有了巨大的改变。在一个成本不断上涨的时代, 对 业主来说好的物管是对剩余现金流(例如,装入业主口袋的钱)的主要可控制影响。实际上 租金和管理费用都非常受到任何业主也无法控制的时常力量的影响(例如 20 世纪 70 年代 能源成本的剧烈上涨) 但是, 同地域内的可比性的物业常常会显示出在租赁收入和管理成本 方面的差异,为什么呢?近距离的观察显示“高于平均”的管理费用和“低于平均”的租金水平 都是由于物管的不足引起的。股票和证券投资者的经典性的误区转移到了地产业, 包括对管理的低估。有的投资者有这样的感觉,那就是地产会自己管理自己。 本文由昆山陆家二手房昆山陆家二手房 原创 这是一个有关于物业管理的重要性的故事。 近日旧金山一家房地产经纪人发 现一个项目,在市场上为 100 万美元。他知道,在物业曾在过去了,那个百万美元估 值基于一个历史性的收益资本化。他借了钱来购买该地产,重新建立了一个更有 效率的租赁运作程序。在六个月的时间里,他卖了 140 万美元,使他在原有的财 产上可以拥有更高的净收入。他的贡献是管理人员的专业知识。 物业管理水平的需要增加的是服务水平和客房翻新频率。一些不同的问题管 理职责和问题,组织类型的空间。在某种程度上包括租物业管理的关系,目前住 宅物业的最大挑战。空间出租的住宅租回“家”,业主和其他家庭成员花大量的 时间和租金,业主可以代表最大的财务责任。因此,住宅租物业,希望客户服务和设 施,可作为承诺在租金保持尽可能低(还有其他的原因,因为房租不申请扣减税项 作为商业租赁)。在另一方面,一个或两个很难处理的租户在一个项目对其他物业 管理的房客会增加许多烦恼和。 相对短期的住宅租赁意味着物业经理保持对客房的更新速度,必须重新粉 刷,修理,而且时间上要尽可能短。一个被认可的理财理论, 如果几个星期前用户 流动过于频繁,那将失去一笔可观的收入。 有这样一个类型的住宅公寓是公寓和合作社,和单一家庭的住宅。 经理与业主个人关系,可以维持高入住率至关重要。 租户导致更高的销售量 和低租金营业费用。要求公平的租金和应对租户的需求(如,维护和修理)在成功 的公寓的管理往往是最重要的。 业主管理不到的家园。业主可能提出的单户住宅的租金。业主可能已经放弃 了返回住宅的行为。在两种情况下,业主雇佣当地的代理收取租金,缴纳房地产 本文由昆山陆家二手房昆山陆家二手房 原创 税和还本付息,并处理任何可能出现的问题。这种类型的管理,经常进行房地产 经纪人收取每月的租金率。 在办公楼物业管理人员必须对住宅物业的使用这些复杂的租赁条款熟悉。 举例来说,写字楼租户是非常了解由平方英尺计算支付的租金率,所以测量的空 间成为一个重要的考虑因素。一个经常使用的推销措施,是可出租面积或租用面 积。管理者必须了解如何计算它。例如,浴室和走廊的“利用率” ,与她的个人 空间, 加上她的“公共使用面积” 支付租金。是否计算墙内和墙外的范围?此外, 生活的舒适,办公楼共同费用,并经常与每个住户进行谈判。答案是合同。物业 经理必须具有足够的律师和足够的工程师、 足够的营销人员才能确保所承诺的服 务工作(如电梯) ,对他提供的服务和高质量租客的财务会计报告销售给给业主。 当租赁的空间,物业经理应该牢记办公大楼的价值有直接关系到三个相连 的要素: (1)每平方英尺的速度;(2)质量的租户,和租赁的时间。 租金率越高,收入总额 越高。更信誉的房客, 向老板可能会支付更高的租金。最后,再在租赁期内,降低 风险的营业额问题。在长期租赁,更重要的是要有适当的升级条款和规定,费用机 制的机会增加租金覆盖增加基础运营成本正在减少。 在办公大楼管理服务是特别重要的。物业经理负责确保房屋都保持清洁、 安全、可靠运行,电梯,公用事业工作和建筑的外观良好。许多办公室的租金租客, 是次要的,高效的服务条款是主要的。 今天的更大的楼房越来越“聪明” 。他们有计算机来控制手柄暖气和空调 负荷最小化的能源消耗。电梯来满足峰值负载。消防系统被绑在中央广播预警系 统、喷嘴、空气的压力。红外线感应器可转灯,当他们感觉人们进入和离开房间。 本文由昆山陆家二手房昆山陆家二手房 原创 利用光纤通信能创造出数据的高速公路在异地或公共电话系统或独立。 电信选项 是昂贵的,只有当营运管理保证他们能充分利用房客合理的费用。 零售物 对于大型零售综合商店,特别对购物中心、物业管理是非常重要的。 一、,维护自身的性能要求实质性工作。每天大量购物游览场所,产生大量 的垃圾和造成的磨损和改进。除了保养、日常安全是一个至关重要的服务。 二、物业经理必须保持警惕的可能性,使房屋更具吸引力,需要更新和现代 化销售区域。 激烈的零售业务意味着不断的努力必须有回报用户尽可能多。 此外, 每当新的租户租赁的空间,改造所需的条件相适应的新用户。 三、物业经理执行中的一个重要功能获得适当的房客混合零售复杂。太多 的比赛中使用可能意味着企业倒闭的租户及负面的现金流为宜。 最理想的情况是, 各租户应该是相辅相成的,来到一家商店购物者会找到相关产品或服务在相邻的 商店。 最后,零售租约租金规定比例经常含有的房东有权获得额外的租金是基于 销售总额的一定比例超过规定的最低。业主必须准备商谈的最优惠的条件,并确 保业主百分比计算缴纳租金是正确的。预计租金收入是衍生自建设的历史经验, 以及从市场趋势的物业经理涵在大型零售和购物中心。举例来说,如果当前市场 租金上升了以上之空间的合同目前被指控在现行租金租赁、 物业经理会增加租金 收入作为租赁合同到期,物业经理预计租金水平上保持现有收费相当空间。(注: 物业经理,由于他或她的专长,是一位优秀的信息来源的购买者能为未来的投资帐 单。) 本文由昆山陆家二手房昆山陆家二手房 原创 一个更加专业化的管理与工业商业建筑物,主要用于制造、仓储、 和那也包 括少量的办公空间。 太多的工业产权或者是建立或更改以满足特殊要求房客通常 会签署一个长期租赁(例如,10 到 20 年),使业主收回的特殊费用。 这样的专用建筑 物通常只需要最短的管理,因为它们经常地主租了一个网络的基础上,与租户负责 营业费用,包括地产税和保险。 另一方面,一些类型的仓库空间让在相对较短的时间超过一个条件。 在这种 情况下,业主可以负责维护和修理,也一定要市场预期的间隔空间。其中最重要的 现金流的项目成本增加了 20 世纪 80 年代末的租户需要由业主承担。在 20 世纪 90 年代,一个关键物业管理功能将会对现有的租户服务,寻找合适的新房客着眼 于保持价格降低业主的改进。在市场竞争日益激烈的空间,办公室、零售和工业 的租赁通常为显著改善。业主即使在工业物业类型,通常需要改进,业主的最低的 改进费用与一年的租金相等。因此,保持下来(因此房客改进的花费可以周转)。 是一个主要目标的现金支付业主。 在酒店行业、服务是至关重要的。这和频繁的往来客人(通常是日常)意味 着酒店和汽车旅馆需要更多的不断的管理比其他类别的空间,我们已经考虑。在 许多情况下,会议业务是主要的收入来源。作为这样一个结果,酒店和汽车旅馆管 理包括餐饮服务和娱乐以及典型的物业管理功能。市场营销是第一中的重要性。 租期是如此的短, 管理必须为房客找到房间。 管理技能创造价值高达的物理特性。 对于服务行业,维护安全是一个需要不懈努力的,不仅限于物业管理。在 有关的事项一般的物质设备, 人员和操作影响财产的资产和它的客人和员工的保 护。 本文由昆山陆家二手房昆山陆家二手房 原创 任何非财产较少的广泛安全观和决议和安全问题的处置导致效率低下,不必要 的开支,以及损害雇主和来宾的巨大潜力。在看到随物业类型不同管理要求的变 化之后,我们现在详细查看一个物业经理日常职责。如许多工作的人一样,物业经理早上起 床,穿上职业装,吃早饭,然后开车去办公室(在或者不再所管理的物业内)。在那里, 他 或者她又做些什么?我们先列出所有的职能,然后详述最重要部分。 制定管理计划 作为业主的代理人,物业经理有责任实现业主的目标。 创建管理计划的第一步是使这些目 标明晰化。如我们所看到,付费管理的物业可能很小,或者可能是数百万美元的建筑群落。 管理计划可以相等地简单或者精细,与物业的市场区域和管理的范围相适应。无所谓大小, 重要的是制定计划(可能从手写的半页纸到打印且装订好的 50 页,依项目而定)。这 里我们需注意用于任何大小物业的管理计划包含三点:(1)一份竞争环境的分析;(2) 一份物业本身的分析;和(3)列举业主的目标及实现它们的建议。 制定预算 物业经理筹钱,付账,然后把或多或少的结余结算给业主。预算是必要的,有两个原因: (1)调节现金流,用来确保手头有充足现金以应付必须时的如税收,抵押金,运营费用, 及特别设备改建(如,新屋顶)这些负担;及(2)在会议目的中做为权衡表现的标准用来 衡量物业经理成功与否。 支付费用、保留记录 物业经理务必保证运营花费,房地产税,保险费,抵押金到期时已经支付。取决于安排, 物业经理可能被授权签署支票或者仅仅预备一张让业主留意的费用列表。 物业经理也要保留 收益和费用的记录, 和在准备年度财政陈述和退税时和业主的会计协同工作。 物业经理可能 同样要为官方要求的报告负责。 本文由昆山陆家二手房昆山陆家二手房 原创 展示和出租空间 尽管买卖房地产是不同于管理的一个职能, 两者通常合并在一起交由物业经理或者管理公 司负责。就公寓建筑来说,物业经理实际上在现场(常驻经理)通常展示空闲公寓,并且可 能还经手租约谈判。 就商业或者办公空间来说, 出租通常由物业管理公司内部的专家来完成, 或者可能交由别的经纪公司。 出于出租的重要性和要把它做好的特别努力及专家意见, 经手出租的物业经理通常会收到 超过或者高于正常管理酬金的一份佣金。 出租职能可以分为三步, 所有的或者某步可能由物 业经理或管理公司来完成。 设置出租等级 以最大化物业未来的出租收益为目标建立出租日程。设置租金不是一门精密科学: 它需要 基于可以比较的建筑物的出租费用和可用空间, 同样如所属物业和竞争空间的特色, 功能和 利益的这些学问的良好判断力。许多专业物业经理所采用的一种方法是基本单元等级逼近。 这包括选择公寓建筑内一个标准单元(如,六层的两卧公寓)或者一个办公室的指定平方英 尺数或者得自带有对特定物业和它的竞争对象的差别的调整的市场研究。 (比如,较新建筑 通常要求比较旧建筑更高的对空间的租金,在其他都相同的情况下。)在特定建筑内,出租 费用取决于各单元的相对优点和不足而变化。 比如, 高层空间通常要由于没有街道噪音和更 好的风景租金更高。 征集可能的客户 出租过程的第二步是为所出租空间在合适媒体登广告 (无论是广告牌, 报纸, 电台, 电视)。 如果只是敷衍了事, 这个任务可能会被认为出租代理的一次过分的人员推销。 要有效的出售 空间, 出租代理要不仅熟悉展示物业的每个细节, 也要探知这些可能的客户的精确需要和期 望。 本文由昆山陆家二手房昆山陆家二手房 原创 谈判和执行租约 最后,在租约的谈判和执行上或多或少对物业经理来说有些棘手。就公寓项目 来说,采用标准形式的租约,正常地很少有谈判,物业经理完成整个过程。另一 方面,一个主要办公建筑的多层长期租约需要业主和法律顾问双方的努力。甚至 在这时,物业经理还是有初步的重要作用,由于他和业主最初的合同。 Property Management Functions Property managementisthe process of overseeing the operation and maintenance of real property to achieve the objectives of the property owner. Sometimes owners manage their own property, particularly small properties and particularly when they themselves occupy part of the space. But for larger properties or those whose owners live at a distance, managementisusually performed by a paid property manager, either an individual buildingsonlong-term leases, where tenants maintain the building, pay the taxes and insurance,andmailthe owner a check each month. But most residential, office,retail,and many industrial properties offer services along with the space over time. Property management has long beenanunderrated function in the real estate industry. The need for professional managementdidnot become apparent until the depression of the 1930s, when numerous foreclosures revealed a patternof management deficiencies. This oversight might seem strange,since running a large commercial or residential project in which hundreds or thousands of people reside or workisa highly challenging task, calling for training, good judgment, variety of technical skills. Traditionally, however,emphasis in the real estate industry has been on the so permanent elements of the investment-good location, construction, and reasonable long-term financing-thanonthe day-to-day operation of the property.It has sometimes seemed asifa property owner, having made a very large investment 本文由昆山陆家二手房昆山陆家二手房 原创 in the permanent structure, assumed that the property would runitselfwith a minimum amount of supervision. This concept of property management has changed substantially in the past decade. Inanera of rising costs,ithas dawned on owners that good property managementisthe major controllable influence on residual cash flow (i.e., the number of dollars that endupin the owners pocket)。Itistrue that both rent rates and operating expenses are largely shapedbymarket forces beyond the control of any one property owner (witness the very sharp rise in energy costs in the 1970s) 。 But itisalso true that comparable properties within the same geographic area often show significant variances in rental income and operating costs. Why? Close inspection often shows that“above-average” operating expenses and lower than average rent levels result from inadequate property management. The classic mistake of the stock and bond investor moving into real estate involves underestimating the importance of management. Some investors have the feeling that real estate manages itself. Thereisa story about the importance of property management. A San Francisco real estate broker recently noticed a project that was on the market for $1 million. He knew how the property had been managed in the past and that the million dollar valuation was based on a capitalization of historic income figure. He borrowed money to buy the property, renegotiated certain leases, and established more efficient operating procedures. In six months he sold the property for $1.4 million based on the capitalized value of the new, higher net income. His contribution was management expertise. The level of management a property needs increases with the level of services and with the frequency that tenants turn over. Some examples of ddifferent managerial responsibilities and problems follow, organized by type of space. To the extent that property management involves tenant relations, residential properties present the greatest challenge. The space leased by the residential tenantis“home”, where the tenant and other family members spend a substantial amount of their free time and the rent for which may represent the tenants largest single financial 本文由昆山陆家二手房昆山陆家二手房 原创 obligation. Consequently, the residential tenant expects a well-run property, with services and utilities available as promised at rents kept as low as possible (among other reasons, because residential rentals are not tax deductible as are business rentals)。 Onthe other sideofthe coin, one or two bad tenants in a project can be a continuing source of vexation to the property manager and to the other tenants. The relatively short termofa residential lease means that the property managerisunder continual pressure to maintain ahighrenewal rate in order to avoid vacated units that must be repainted, repaired, and re-leased in as short a time as possible. A property thatistheoretically fully rented may, nevertheless, lose a substantial amount of rental incomeifturnoverisvery high and more than a few weeks elapse before each new tenant moves in. Among the types of residential properties areapartments, condominiums and cooperatives, andsingle-family homes. The personal relationship between manger and tenant can be crucial to maintaining high occupancy. Turnover of tenants results in higher operating expenses and lower rentals collected. Asking fair rents and responding to tenantsneeds (e.g., maintenance and repairs) are often the most important variables in successful apartment management. The least involved homes. The owner may have moved rentalof single-family homes. The owner may have moved away for business or other reasons with the intention of returning at a later date to occupy the house or may be holding the property as an investments.Ineither case, the owner retains a local agent to collect rent,pay real estate taxes and debt service, and handle any problems that may arise. This type of managementisfrequently performed by real estate brokers, who charge a fee equal to a percentage of each months rent. The property manager of an office building must be familiar with more complex lease provisions than those used for residential properties. For example,the office building tenantisvery much aware of paying a rent rate measured by the square foot, and so the measurement of space becomes an important consideration. One frequently used measureisrentable area or rentable space. The manager must understand how to 本文由昆山陆家二手房昆山陆家二手房 原创 computeit.For example, are the bathrooms and hallways an added “load factor”, with the tenant paying for her individual space plus her “share” of these common areas? Does the manager measure a tenants space to the insidewall, the outside wall,or the center of thewall? In addition, escalation and cost-of-living-clauses are common in office buildings and frequently are negotiated with each individual tenant. The answers are in the leases. The property manager must be enoughofa lawyer to read them, enoughofanengineer to be sure the services (e. g., elevators) work as promised, enoughofa marketer tosellto the tenantonthe quality of the servicesheprovides, and enough of a financial accountant to reportit al to the owner. When leasing space, the property manager should bear in mind that the valueofan office buildingisdirectly related to three interlocking elements: (1)the rate per square foot,(2) the quality o the tenancies,and (3) the lengthofthe leases. The higher the rental rate, the higher the gross income. The more creditworthy the tenant, the more assured the owner may be that rentswillbe paid.Finally,the longer the lease term,the lower the risk of vacancies and turnover problemsinthe future. With longer term leases,itismore important to have appropriate escalation clauses or expense pass-through provisions, for the opportunities to increase base rent to cover increased operating costs are less frequent. In office building management, serviceisparticularly important. The property managerisresponsible for making sure the premises are kept clean and secure, that elevator run reliably, that utilities work, and that the structure looks (andis)wellmaintained. To many office tenants, the amount of rentissecondary to the efficient provision of these services. Todays larger buildings are getting“smarter”。 They have computerized controls to handle heating and air conditioning loads to minimize energy consumption. Elevators are programmed to meet peak loads. The fire systemistied to the public-address warning system, sprinklers, andairpressure. Infrared sensors may turn lights on and off as they sense people entering and leaving rooms. Telecommunications using fiber optics can create data highways between distant 本文由昆山陆家二手房昆山陆家二手房 原创 locations either in concert with public telephone systems or independently. Telecommunications options are expensive and can be cost-justifiedonlywhen operating management helps tenants ensure theirfullutilization. Retail complexes For largeretailcomplexes and particularly for shopping centers,competent property managementisextremely important. First, maintenance of the property itself requires substantial work. Each day large numbers of shoppers visit the premises, generating a great dealofrubbish and inflicting wear and tearonthe improvements. Besides maintenance, daily security isanessential service. Second, the property manager must keep alert to possibilitiesofmaking the premises more attractive and to the need to renovate and modernize selling areas. Fierce competition forretailbusiness means constant efforts must be made to have customers return as often as possible. In addition,whenever new tenants lease space, renovationisrequired to suit the premises to the new user. Third, the property manager performs an important function in obtaining a proper tenant mix for theretailcomplex. Too much competition among similar uses may mean business failures for the tenants and a negative cash flow for the landlord. Ideally, the various tenants should complement each other so that a shopper coming to one storewillfind related products or services in adjacent stores. Finally,retailleases frequently contain percentage rent provisions by which the landlordisentitled to additional rent based on a percentage of gross sales over a specified minimum. The property owner must be prepared to negotiate the most favorable terms for the owner and also to ensure that percentage rents are correctly computed and paid as they come due. Estimated rental incomeisderived as from the historical experience of the building aswellas from market trends discerned by the property manager in largeretailcomplexes and shopping centers. For example,ifthe current market rent for comparable space has risen above the contract rent currently being charged under existing leases, the property managerwillproject 本文由昆山陆家二手房昆山陆家二手房 原创 an increase in rental income as leases expire, the property managerisexpected to keep current on rent levels charged for comparable space.(Note that the property manager,byvirtue of his or her expertise,isanexcellent source of information for a prospective purchaser establishing an investment pro forma.) A more specialized type of managementisinvolved with industrial property-that is,buildings that are used primarily for manufacturing or warehousing, and that may also include a limited amount of office space. Much industrial propertyiseither built or altered to meet the specific needs of a tenant who normallywillsign a long-term lease (e. g., 10 to 20 years), enabling the landlord to recover the special costs involved. Such special-purpose buildings usually require only a minimal amount of managementbythe landlord since they are frequently leased on a net basis, with the tenant responsible for operating expenses, including real estate taxes and insurance. On the other hand, some typesofwarehouse space areleton relatively short terms to more than one tenant.Inthis typeofsituation, the landlord may be responsible for maintenance and repair and must also anticipate the need to market the space at frequent intervals. One of the most important cash flow items of the late 1980s was the increasing cost of tenant alterations necessitatedbytenant rollovers. In the 1990s,a critical property management functionwillbe to service existing tenants and find the right new tenants with an eye to keeping down the cost of tenant improvements.Inthe increasingly competitive space markets -apartments, office, retail,and industrial -new leases usually provide for significant tenant improvements. Evenonindustrial properties, traditionally the type requiring the lowest tenant improvement,tenant improvementsona rollovercanequal one years gross rent. Consequently,keeping down rollovers (and therefore the cost of tenant improvements) isa primary objective of the cash floworiented owner. In the hospitality industry, serviceiscrucial. This and the frequent turn-over of guests (often daily) mean that

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