语法专题之非谓语结构.ppt

非谓语动词简述,非谓语动词使用条件,一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下,还有别的动词出现时。,Shegotoffthebus,leavingherhandbagonherseat.Shegotoffthebus,butleftherhandbagonherseat.,非谓语的分类：todo,doing,done非谓语的不同形式：todo不定式tobedoingtohavedonedoing现在分词havingdone过去分词:donehavingbeingdone,非谓语动词的句法功能,可充当成分:主语,宾语,宾语补足语,表语,定语,状语.,一、不定式,1.不定式作主语,Toloseyourheartmeansfailure.Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.Todotwothingsatatimeistodoneither,2.不定式作宾语,Youneedntbothertocomeyourself.Theyareconsideringwhattodonext.Somewhowerefamousintheirowntimeswouldfinditdifficulttoachievesuccesstoday.,afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire,Idontwant_likeImspeakingillofanybody,butthemanagersplanisunfair.tosoundB.tobesoundedC.soundingD.tohavesounded2.Ithinkyoullgrow_himwhenyouknowhimbetter.AlikingBtobelikeCtolikeDtobeliking,1.A2.C,3.Idontknowwhetheryouhappen,butImgoingtostudyintheU.S.A.thisSeptember.AtobeheardBtobehearingCtohearDtohaveheard,3.D,注意：1.介词but,except,besides,otherthan+todo时，介词前有行为动词do或其某种形式时，不定式要省去to。例Wedidnothingbut/exceptwaitthen.Theydidnothingbutcomplain.Wehadnothingtodootherthanwait.2.某些特殊结构cannotbutdo只好做;candonothingbutdohadbetterdosthhavenochoicebuttodocantchoosebutdocanthelpbutdowouldratherdoAthandoB,3.不定式作表语,Whatshewantstodomostnowis(to)travelabroad.Themostimportantthingistotakemeasurestopreventthepollution.主语的内容或性质,HeistomarryRose.,表按计划要做的事情.,注意不定式符号to作表语时的省略。当主语部分有行为动词do,作表语的不定式to可省略。例:WhatIwanttodonowisfindsomebookstoread.,4.不定式作定语,Ineedapentowritewith.CharlesLindberghisthefirstmantoflytheAtlanticalone.Themeetingtobeheldtomorrowisveryimportant.thewaytounderstandotherstheabilitytoreadandwriteEnglish,注意：“有”字结构havesthtodo如：Ihavesomeclothestowash.Ihavesomeclothestobewashed.2.thefirst+(sb/sth)+todosecondthird3.givemeaknifetocutwithpentohouseto工具地点,writewith,livein,5.不定式作宾语补足语,Weoftenhearhersingthesongathome.Myteacheraskedmetogothereontime.Shewasconsideredtohavestolenthemoney.,1）see、watch、notice、observelookatmake、let、havehear,listentofeel,吾看三室两厅一感觉,被动语态中加to,+sbdo,如：Iheardhimsingasongjustnow.Hewasheardtosingasongjustnow.Wemadehimcleantheclassroom.Heismadetocleantheclassroom.,2)五看，一室，两厅，一感觉find,catch,keep,leave如：Ifoundhimcryinginthestreet.Hewascaughtstealing.Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforsuchalongtime.,+sb+doing,3）主要动词+todotellsbtodopersuadesbtodoforbidsbtodoencouragesbtodoconvincesbtodorequiresbtodoforcesbtodobegsbtodowantsbtodoadvisesbtodoordersbtodoremindsbtodogetsbtodocausesbtodowarnsbtodoteachsbtodoinvitesbtodo,4)做主补的结构sbisrequiredtodotobedoingtohavedonesaidbelievedknownconsideredfoundreported如：Heissaidtohavegoneabroad.Heatisconsideredtobeaformofenergy.,5)find+it+n/adj+todothinkfeelmakeconsiderexpect如：Wemakeitaruletogetupearly.ShefindsiteasytolearnEnglish.,Myadvisorencouraged_asummercoursetoimprovemywritingskills.A.formetakingB.metakingC.formetotakeD.metotake,6.不定式作目的状语,Timsatnearthefiretogetwarm.Theathletespracticedhardtowinthematch.,相当于用inorder(not)to，soas(not)to引导的目的状语.,1.Helenhadtoshout_abovethesoundofthemusic.A.makingherselfhearB.tomakeherselfhearC.makingherselfheardD.tomakeherselfheard2Allthesegiftsmustbemailedimmediately_intimeforChristmas.AinordertohavereceivedBinordertoreceiveCsoastobereceivedDsoastobereceiving,1.D2.C,3._moreaboutuniversitycourses,call(920)746-3789.ATofindoutBFindingoutCFindoutDHavingfoundout4.Itwasunbelievablethatthefanswaitedoutsidethegymforthreehoursjust_alookatthesportsstars.A.hadB.havingC.tohaveD.have,7.不定式作结果状语,常用enoughtodo，sufficient(足够的）todo，onlytodo，tootodo，so+形容词/副词+astodo,such+名词astodo引导Wouldyoubesokindastostepthisway,please?Itriedthedoor,onlytofinditlockedinside.HeisbraveenoughtogooutaloneatnightImnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.,1.Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only_thefilmstarshadleft.AtotellBtobetoldCtellingDtold2.Hehurriedtothestationonly_thatthetrainhadleft.tofindB.findingC.foundD.tohavefound,8.不定式作原因状语,常放在表示心理感觉的形容词后Iamhappytoseeyou.Shewassadtohearthebadnews.,Youweresillynot_yourcar.tolockB.tohavelockedC.lockingD.havinglocked,B,9.不定式的完成式.,表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。Thenovelwassaidtohavebeenpublished.seem、appear、besaid、besupposed、bebelieved、bethought、beknown、bereported等动词常用于上面句型。,此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。Imsorrytokeepyouwaitingforaminute.对不起，请稍等。（说话时还未等）Imsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.对不起，让你久等了。（说话时已等了很久）,1.Idontknowwhetheryouhappen,butImgoingtostudyintheU.S.A.thisSeptember.AtobeheardBtobehearingCtohearDtohaveheard2.-IsBobstillperforming?-Imafraidnot.Heissaid_thestagealreadyashehasbecomeanofficial.tohaveleftB.toleaveC.tohavebeenleftD.tobeleft,1.D2.A,1.Acomputerdoesonlywhatthinkingpeople_.A.haveitdoB.haveitdoneC.havedoneitD.havingitdone2.Wevemissedthelastbus.Imafraidwehavenochoicebut_ataxi.A.totakeB.takingC.takeD.taken,1A2.A,10.不定式后动词的省略,动词love,mean,want,hate,like,wish,expect,hope，try,intend,plan,refuse,prefer,seem及beglad(pleased,delighted,happy)to等后面接不定式时，为避免重复，常省略与上文相同的动词，只保留to不定式符号。,1.-WouldyouliketogototheGreatTheatrewithmetonight.-_.A.Yes,IwouldliketogototheGreatTheaterwithyoutonight.B.Idloveto,butIhaveanexamtomorrow.C.No,IwouldntD.Thatsallright2.-DoesyourbrotherintendtostudyGerman?-Yes,heintends_.A./B.toC.soD.that,句式wouldhavedone,shouldhavedone,oughttohavedone,neednthavedone,usedtobe等省略形式为wouldhave,shouldhave,oughttohave,neednthave,usedtobe,要保留不定式后的be或have。例-Areyouasailor?-No,butIusedtobe(asailor).,11.评注状语：tobehonesttotellthetruthtobefrank,不定式的主动表被动结构1）adj+todo(easy,difficult,heavy,hardinteresting,light）如:Theproblemiseasytosolve.Themanisdifficulttogetonwith.Theboxisheavytocarry.wh-+todo如:Idontknowwhattodonext.tolet,toblame,toseek如Thehouseistolet.Thereasonisnotfartoseek.,3）Hegivesmesomebookstoread.Theresnothingtodo.Theresnothingtobedone.Theresnothingtosee.Theresnothingtobeseen.,现在没事干。,现在没什么办法了。,没东西值得看。,看不见什么东西。,二、动名词,充当成分:主语宾语表语定语,1.动名词作主语,Seeingisbelieving.Playingchessisfun.Itsnousewaitinghere.,2.动名词作表语,Thenursesjobislookingafterthepatients.请对比下面的句子:Thenurseislookingafterthepatients.,3.动名词作宾语,下列动词后只能接动名词：suggest,finish,avoid,stop,canthelp,mind,enjoy,require,practise,miss,escape,pardon,advise,consider,imagine,keep,appreciate,permit如：Doyoumindmyopeningthewindows?,注意:动名词复合结构Mycomingbackhomelatemademymotherangry.IcantimagineGeorgesailingacrosstheoceaninaboat,下列动词短语接动名词：leaveoff,putoff,giveup,lookforwardto,feellike,havetrouble/difficulty(in)doingdevoteto,getusedto,payattentionto,befondof,beworth；burstoutcrying;keeponwring;IamusedtowatchingTVintheevening.,非谓语区别：trytodomeantodoregrettodotrydoingmeandoingregretdoinggoontoforgettodoremembertodogoondoingforgetdoingrememberdoingstoptodocanthelpdoingneeddoingstopdoingcanthelp(to)doneedtodo,1.wantdoingrequiredoingneeddoing2.beworthdoing/nbeworthy,ofbeingdoneof+ntobedone,4.动名词作定语,动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系；动名词作定语表示事物性质特点asleepingbagasleepingcarawalkingstickareadingroom请对比下面：runningwaterdevelopedcountryasleepingboy,IamusedtowatchingTVintheevening.Iamsorryforhavingwastedsomuchofyourtime.Hecameintotheroomwithoutbeingseen.Hedeniedhavingbeenbeatenbyhisfather.,5.动名词的时态和语态,doing-beingdonehavingdone-havingbeendone,1.Themaninsisted_ataxiformeeventhoughItoldhimIlivednearby.A.findB.tofindC.onfindingD.infinding2.Itsnecessarytobepreparedforajobinterview._theanswersreadywillbeofgreathelp.A.TohavehadB.HavinghadC.HaveD.Having,高考点击,1.C2.A,3.Ireallycantunderstand_herlikethat.youtreatB.youtotreatC.whytreatD.youtreating4.Hegotwell-preparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldntrisk_thegoodopportunity.toloseB.losingC.tobelostD.beinglost,3.D4.B,三、分词,现在分词与过去分词.充当成分:宾语补足语,表语,定语,状语.,（一）现在分词,1.现在分词作状语,现在分词可在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。,时间状语（分词作状语前面可加when,while等）Hearingthegoodnews,hejumpedwithgreatjoy.原因状语Seeingnobodyathome,hedecidedtoleavethemanote伴随状语Thegirlscamein,followingtheirparents.结果状语Thepooroldmandied,leavingnothingtohischildren.,注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式havingdone。语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。遵循的规则“主动进行，被动完成”。人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。,Heglancedoverather,_thatthoughshewastiny,sheseemedverywellputtogether.notingB.notedC.tonoteD.havingnoted2._theprogramme,theyhavetostaythereforanothertwoweeks.NotcompletingB.NotcompletedC.NotcompletingD.Nothavingcompleted,3Themanager,_itcleartousthathedidntagreewithus,leftthemeetingroom.AwhohasmadeBhavingmadeCmadeDmaking4Thestormleft,_alotofdamagetothisarea.AcausedBtohavecausedCtocauseDhavingcaused,5_fromothercontinentsformillionsofyears,Australiahasmanyplantsandanimalsnotfoundinanyothercountryintheworld.ABeingseparatedBHavingseparatedCHavingbeenseparatedDTobeseparated,2.现在分词作定语,1.Thepicture_onthewallispaintedbymynephew.A.havinghungB.hangingC.hangsD.beinghung,2ReadingisanexperiencequitedifferentfromwatchingTV;therearepictures_inyourmindinsteadofbeforeyoureyes.A.toformB.formC.formingD.havingformed3.Theflowers_sweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.A.tosmellB.smellingC.smeltD.tobesmelt,（二）过去分词,1.过去分词作状语,过去分词作状语，相当于一个状语从句，用来说明原因、时间、条件等。,（1）过去分词作原因状语Tiredbythetrip,hesoonfeltasleep.Lostinthought,healmostranintoacar.（2）作时间状语Seenfromthehill,thecitylookslikeagarden.（3）作条件状语Givenmoretime,Iwouldhaveworkedouttheproblem.（4）伴随状语Theteachercamein,followedbysomestudents.,分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。如：Hergrandfatherbeingill,shehadtostayathomelookingafterhim.,1_withthesizeofthewholeearth,thebiggestoceandoesnotseembigatall.ACompareBWhencomparingCComparingDWhencompared2._inthemountainsforaweek,thetwostudentswerefinallysavedbythelocalpoliceA.HavinglostB.LostC.BeinglostD.Losing,2.过去分词作定语,1.LindaworkedfortheMinnesotaManufacturingandMiningCompany,_as3M.A.knowingB.knownC.beingknownD.tobeknown2.Thedisc,digitally_inthestudio,soundedfantasticatthepartythatnight.A.recordedB.recordingC.toberecordedD.havingrecorded,3.Theprizeofthegameshowis$30,000andanallexpenses_vacationtoChina.A.payingB.paidC.tobepaidD.beingpaid4.Therepairscostalot,butitsmoneywell_.AtospendBspentCbeingspentDSpending,3.分词作宾补,1)跟分词作宾补的动词有：catch,have,get,keep,hear,find,feel,leave,make,want,start,notice,observe,watch,set等2)在复合宾语中，用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的发出者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；用过去分词作宾补，表示宾语是动作的承受者，构成逻辑上的动宾关系。,Therewassomuchnoisethatthespeakercouldntmakehimselfheard.Whenheawoke,hefoundhimselfbeinglookedafterbyanoldwoman.,如:,1.Dontleavethewater_whileyoubrushyourteeth.A.runB.runningC.beingrunD.torun2.Lawsthatpunishparentsfortheirlittlechildrensactionsagainstthelawsgetparents.worriedB.toworryC.worryingD.worry,3.Youshouldunderstandthetrafficrulebynow.Youvehadit_oftenenough.A.explainingB.toexplainC.explainD.explained,非谓语动词的其他考点:,1.主语一致,1.Havingbeenattackedbyterrorists,_.A.doctorscametotheirrescueB.thetallbuildingcollapsedC.anemergencymeasurewastakenD.warningsweregiventotourists,2Whilewatchingtelevision,_.AthedoorbellrangBthedoorbellringsCweheardthedoorbellringDweheardthedoorbellrings,2.with的复合结构,with+名词+,doingtododone,1.Icouldntdomyhomeworkwithallthatnoise_.A.goingonB.goesonC.wentonD.togoon2_andnowaytoreduceherpainandsufferingfromtheterribledisease,thepatientsoughtherdoctorshelptoendherlife.AHavinggivenuphopeofcureBWithnohopeforcureCTherebeinghopeforcureDInthehopeofcure,独立主格结构,功能独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。,1)表示时间Themeetingbeingover,allofuswenthome.开完会后我们都回家了。Herworkdone,shesatdownforacupoftea.她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。2）表示条件Theconditionbeingfavourable,hemaysucceed.若条件有利，他或许能成功。3）表示原因Therebeingnotaxis,wehadtowalk.没有出租车，我们只好步行。Hewrappedherupwithgreatcare,thenightbeingdarkandfrosty.夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。4）表示伴随情况Almostallmetalsaregoodconductors,silverbeingthebestofall.几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almostallmetalsaregoodconductors,andsilveristhebestofall.),例如：,常见的独立主格结构：,1.名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如：Thegirlstaringathim(=Asthegirlstaredathim),hedidn”tknowwhattosay.姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。Timepermitting(=Iftimepermits),wewillgoforanoutingtomorrow.如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。2.名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如：Theproblemssolved(=Astheproblemsweresolved),thequalityhasbeenimproved.随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。Herglassesbroken(=Becauseherglasseswerebroken),shecouldntseethewordsontheblackboard.由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。,3.名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：Heisgoingtomakeamodelplane,someoldpartstohelp.借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。Theysaidgood-byetoeachoth