哈佛大学公开课《happiness》.ppt

Psychology1504PositivePsychology,BridgingIvoryTowerandMainStreet,Theobjectiveofpositivepsychologyistounitetherigorofacademicresearchwiththeaccessibilityoftheself-helpmovement.,Housekeeping,FeedbackorquestionsIncaseofanemergencywelltakeaPP-breakPowerpointsandvideotapeonwebsiteActivenote-takingRegularTime-Ins,“Wordsarenotthesolemediumofexchangeinteachingandlearningweeducatewithsilenceaswell.SilencegivesusachancetoreflectonwhatwehavesaidandheardInauthenticeducation,silenceistreatedasatrustworthymatrixfortheinnerworkstudentsmustdo,amediumforlearningofthedeepestsort.”,TheRoadtoPositivePsychology,HumanisticPsychology(50s)TheThirdForceReactiontobehaviorism(FirstForce)Reactiontopsychoanalysis(SecondForce)Lackedrigorousmethodology,AbrahamMaslow(1908-1970),KarenHorney(1885-1952),MeettheGrandparents,AaronAntonovsky(1923-1994),Meet1504,MeettheParents,MartinSeligman,EllenLanger,PhilipStone,Itisnotmerelyaboutinformation,Itisalsoabouttransformation,Coveringless;uncoveringmore,“Inpursuitofknowledge,everydaysomethingisacquired;inpursuitofwisdom,everydaysomethingisdropped.”LaoTzu,“Thesoulgrowsbysubtraction,notaddition.”Thoreau,InSearchof“WOW”,Thereisno“WOW”!Makingcommonsensemorecommon,Informationisnotenough,“Whatiswrongisnotthegreatdiscoveriesofscienceinformationisalwaysbetterthanignorance,nomatterwhatinformationorwhatignorance.Whatiswrongisthebeliefbehindtheinformation,thebeliefthatinformationwillchangetheworld.Itwont.”ArchibaldMaCleish,Informationisnotenough,“Humanisticphilosophyoffersanewconceptionoflearning,ofteaching,andofeducation.Statedsimply,suchaconceptholdsthatthefunctionofeducation,thegoalofeducationthehumangoal,thehumanisticgoal,thegoalsofarashumanbeingsareconcernedisultimatelytheself-actualizationofaperson,thebecomingfullyhuman,thedevelopmentofthefullestheightthatthehumanspeciescanstanduptoorthattheparticularindividualcancometo.Inalesstechnicalway,itishelpingthepersontobecomethebestthatheisabletobecome.”AbrahamMaslow,Itisnotaboutprovidingdefinitiveanswersconcerningthegoodlife,Itisaboutidentifyingtherightquestions,Educationisthequestforinformationandtransformation,andthereforemustbeginwithaquestion.,“Themostcommonsourceofmistakesinmanagementdecisionsistheemphasisonfindingtherightanswerratherthantherightquestion.”PeterDrucker,“Theonerealobjectofeducationistoleaveamanintheconditionofcontinuallyaskingquestions.”BishopCreighton,TheQuestionofQuestions,Howcanwehelpourselvesandothersindividuals,communities,andsocietybecomehappier?,Itisnotasurveyofpositivepsychology,Itisaselectiveexplorationofthequestionofquestions.,EclecticCrossculturalpsychology,“WewerealittlesurprisedbytheDalaiLamasseemingresistancetothenotionofculturaldifferences.”DanielGoleman,StudyingOurselves(aswell),“Whatismostpersonalismostgeneral.”CarlRogers“Wemustrememberthatknowledgeofonesowndeepnatureisalsosimultaneouslyknowledgeofhumannatureingeneral.”AbrahamMaslow,“Thereisonething,andonlyoneinthewholeuniversewhichweknowmoreaboutthanwecouldlearnfromexternalobservation.Thatonethingisourselves.Wehave,sotospeak,insideinformation;weareintheknow.”CSLewis,ItisnotEnglish10aorMath55,Itisaboutrigorousfun,“Iwouldnotgiveafigforthesimplicityonthissideofcomplexity,butIwouldgivemylifeforthesimplicityontheothersideofcomplexity.”OliverWendellHolmes,Adifferentkindofeffort,“OnMonday,donttellmehowgreatitwas;tellmewhatyouredoingdifferently.”PeterDrucker,FinalProject,20-30minutePresentationAnytopicwithinpositivepsychologyWrittentext(10-15pagesdoublespaced)Slides(wordorpowerpoints)Include:ReferencetoresearchOptional:stories,filmclips,exercises,etcWhyapresentation?TeachingaslearningSpreadgoodness,WhyPositivePsychology?,Anger:5,584Anxiety:41,416Depression:54,040,PsychologicalAbstracts(1967-2000),Joy:415Happiness:1,710Lifesatisfaction:2,582,Ratio:21/1,FocusingonWhatDoesntWork,“Thescienceofpsychologyhasbeenfarmoresuccessfulonthenegativethanonthepositiveside;ithasrevealedtousmuchaboutmansshortcomings,hisillnesses,hissins,butlittleabouthispotentialities,hisvirtues,hisachievableaspirations,orhispsychologicalheight.Itisasifpsychologyhadvoluntarilyrestricteditselftoonlyhalfitsrightfuljurisdiction,andthatthedarker,meanerhalf.”AbrahamMaslow,PsychologyNeedsHelp,21/1ratioisunhealthybutitreflectsrealitydepression10timeshighertodaythan1960meanagefordepressiontodayis14.5(comparedto29.5in1960),DoesPsychologyNeedHelp?,21/1ratioofstudiesisunhealthybutitreflectsrealitydepression10timeshighertodaythan1960meanagefordepressiontodayis14.5(comparedto29.5in1960)mentalhealthcrisisoncampusesnationwide(Kadison,2005)worldwidementalhealthepidemic,WhyPositivePsychology?,TheimportanceoffocusingonwhatworksHappinessisnotthenegationofunhappinessPreventionthroughcultivatingcapacity,1.TheImportanceofFocusingonWhatWorks,“TheaimofPositivePsychologyistocatalyzeachangeinpsychologyfromapreoccupationonlywithrepairingtheworstthingsinlifetoalsobuildingthebestqualitiesinlife.”MartinSeligman,ReframingQuestions:TheCaseofAt-RiskPopulation,Traditionalpsychology(Post-WWII)“Whydotheseindividualsfail?”,Positivepsychologicalapproach(1980s-)“Whatmakessomeindividualssucceeddespiteunfavorablecircumstances?”,Resilience,“Aclassofphenomenacharacterizedbypatternsofpositiveadaptationinthecontextofsignificantadversityorrisk.”Mastentheanswercomeswithdifficulty,butitisthenewquestionthatisimportant.Thesalutogenicquestion,Isubmittoyou,isaradicallynewquestion,whichprovidestheimpetusforformulatinganewparadigmtohelpusunderstandhealthandillness.Ithasseriousimplicationsforresearcherandclinician,biologicalandsocialscientistalike.”AaronAntonovsky,“Weseewhatwelookforandwemissmuchofwhatwearenotlookingforeventhoughitisthere.Ourexperienceoftheworldisheavilyinfluencedbywhereweplaceourattention.”StavrosandTorres,RolemodelsHighExpectationsFromblametoresponsibilityToughandrespectfulOptimismandfaithinfutureFromfocusingondeficienciestofocusingonstrengths,PassiveVictimVs.ActiveAgent,selfpityblamefrustrationanger,_,takeactionresponsibilityconfidencehopeandoptimism,ReframingQuestions:TheCaseofaChicagoSchool,TraditionalWay“Howcanwekeepstudentsinschool?”,MarvaCollinsWay“Howcanwecultivatetheseedofgreatnessinourstudents?”“Howcanwecultivatetheseedofgreatnessinourselvesandfamilies,inourcommunitiesandorganization,inournationandourworld?”,2.HappinessisnttheNegationofUnhappiness,DiseaseModelHealthModel,FocusonweaknessesFocusonstrengthsOvercomingdeficienciesBuildingcompetenciesAvoidingpainSeekingpleasureRunningfromunhappinessPursuinghappinessNeutralstate(0)asceilingNoceilingTensionlessasidealCreativetensionasideal,_0_+,neurosis,anger,anxiety,wellbeing,satisfaction,joydepression,psychosisexcitement,happiness,3.PreventionthroughCultivatingPositive,Illnessastheabsenceofhealth(vs.healthastheabsenceofillness),“Itneurosisisafallingshortofwhatonecouldhavebeen,andeven,onecouldsay,ofwhatoneshouldhavebeen,biologicallyspeaking,thatis,ifonehadgrownanddevelopedinanunimpededway.Humanandpersonalpossibilitieshavebeenlost.Theworldhasbeennarrowed,andsohasconsciousness.Capacitieshavebeeninhibited.”AbrahamMaslow,“Wehavediscoveredthattherearehumanstrengthsthatactasbuffersagainstmentalillness:courage,future-mindedness,optimism,interpersonalskill,faith,workethic,hope,honesty,perseverance,thecapacityforflowandinsight,tonameseveral.Wehaveshownthatlearningoptimismpreventsdepressionandanxietyinchildrenandadults,roughlyhalvingtheirincidenceoverthenexttwoyears.Similarly,Ibelieve,thatifwewishtopreventdrugabuseinteenagerswhogrowupinaneighborhoodthatputsthematrisk,thattheeffectivepreventionisnotremedial.Ratheritconsistsofidentifyingandamplifyingthestrengthsthattheseteensalreadyhave.”MartinSeligman,CultivatingCapacity,Stronger“psychologicalimmunesystem”Largerandstronger“psychologicalengine”MentalhealthatHarvard,“ThemessageofthePositivePsychologymovementistoremindourfieldthatithasbeendeformed.Psychologyisnotjustthestudyofdisease,weakness,anddamage;italsoisthestudyofstrengthandvirtue.Treatmentisnotjustfixingwhatiswrong;italsoisbuildingwhatisright.Psychologyisnotjustaboutillnessorhealth;itisaboutwork,education,insight,love,growth,andplay.Andinthisquestforwhatisbest,PositivePsychologydoesnotrelyonwishfulthinkin