休闲与旅游的辨证关系及其社会功能（.doc

休闲与旅游的辨证关系及其社会功能试析作者简介 曹芙蓉，女，北京联合大学旅游学院休闲与旅游管理系。曹芙蓉（北京联合大学旅游学院休闲与旅游管理系）摘 要 从1995年“十一”黄金周的旅游“井喷”，到“七年之痒”的今年，人们终于能够比较全面地认识到旅游业对中国经济社会的意义；而对于正中国大地初起的休闲，当前人们的讨论却仍然是众说纷纭。本文的研究，试图在当前我国经济社会的背景下，从休闲活动与产业的兴起，从研究的回顾，从当前“旅游”与“休闲”的交叉研究等几个方面辨析二者的同异，并继而在阐述其社会功能的基础上，试探借助国家统计局有关我国旅游统计的资料等，估算中国国内休闲产业日益增强的经济推力。论文内容的大致结构是：正在兴起的中国居民休闲与中国休闲产业；就“休闲”与“旅游”概念和国内外研究的进展状况对二者的辨证关系进行初步的讨论；试析休闲与旅游活动的社会功能与经济推力；结语：推进休闲与旅游的良性互动。关键词 休闲；旅游；辨证关系；功能与价值广州环城市带旅游产品发展研究 廖卫华， 梁明珠（暨南大学管理学院旅游管理系，广东 广州 510632）摘 要本文在分析广州环城市带旅游产品类型分布及旅游发展模式基础上，指出目前广州环城市带旅游发展存在的主要问题，特别是对主题公园、游乐场等主题型旅游产品，以及生态及度假旅游开发问题作进一步深入分析，最后提出环城市带旅游产品发展的若干原则，并提出相关建议。关键词环城市带；旅游产品；发展模式；开发原则；广州杭州市本地居民休闲游憩行为与偏好研究吴必虎, 伍 佳作者简介吴必虎（1962），男，江苏人，北京大学旅游研究与规划中心主任，教授，博士生导师，主要研究方向为旅游规划与旅游地理。(北京大学旅游研究与规划中心, 北京 100871)摘要杭州作为中国著名的旅游城市，在市区内外都有大量的游憩用地。本文通过问卷调查，研究了杭州本地居民休闲行为及偏好特征。并在调查的基础上运用统计检验总结出杭州本地居民对休闲产品类型、时间、目的地区位的偏好规律。最后，对游憩选择与偏好的影响因素和原因进行了分析。关键词环城游憩带；休闲偏好；旅游城市；本地居民；杭州市Five type crowds of the comparison and the analysis of ways with Leisure in BeijingZHAO Peng ,lIU jie ,FU YueAbstract:With the continuous improvement of peoples material living level，the need of the leisure activity is more than before. People attach importance to the leisure. This text wants to inquisition the different people then to their different leisure activity. We can see how important the leisure is in peoples daily life. Then we can suggest the better leisure activity to different people.Key words: Leisure mood , leisure time , leisure education , leisure consciousness从“历史文化名村”到“大遗址”:中国北方黄土地区文化遗产的景观复原（遗产保护）个案探索 基金项目首都经济贸易大学2006年校级科研项目“中国北方黄土地区古村落（人类家园）环境解说系统研究北京地区个案”（项目批准号：2006XJ0015）资助成果作者简介张祖群（1980），男，湖北应城人，首都经济贸易大学工商管理学院旅游管理系讲师，陕西师范大学西北环发中心05级博士生，研究历史地理与旅游地理、城市规划等。张祖群1，2(1首都经济贸易大学工商管理学院旅游管理系,北京100070；2陕西师范大学西北历史环境与经济社会发展研究中心，西安710062)摘要 国际古迹遗址理事会第15届大会会后发表的西安宣言第一次从理论上比较完整地阐述和推行保护文化遗产的环境。文章在界定中国北方黄土地区的地理范围之后，给出了其研究的国际意义，为此希望从“历史文化名村”到“大遗址”2个案例中实践文化遗产的景观复原：以爨底下村等8个村落探讨人类家园EROT环境解说传播模式；分析了汉长安城遗址本体与历史环境特点，抓住“大遗址内居民全部外迁是否符合其可持续发展”核心，寻求大遗址的PRED联动，并进行了重点保护区人口调控。最后讨论了景观复原研究的关键点，倡议从实践中应用、总结与修正相关遗产保护理论。关键词人类家园，景观复原历史文化名村，大遗址，爨底下村，汉长安城北京五类人群休闲方式的比较与分析收稿日期 2006-10-01；修订日期 2006-11-01作者简介赵鹏（1954-），男，湖北人，北京联大旅游学院院长，研究员，主要从事旅游基础理论与教育科学研究；刘捷（1968-），女，北京市人，中国科学院研究生院，北京联大旅游学院酒店与餐饮管理系教师，主要从事休闲与娱乐管理、酒店与餐饮管理专业教学研究；付玥（1983-）女，北京市人，北京联合大学旅游学院2003级旅游管理专业，现就职于北京天伦王朝饭店。赵鹏1，刘捷1，2，付玥1（1.北京联合大学旅游学院 北京 100101；2.中国科学院研究生院，北京 100049）摘要随着人们生活水平的不断提高，对于休闲活动的需求也越来越大。人们也越来越重视休闲在自己生活中的地位。本文想通过对北京五类人群的调查与研究来了解北京不同阶层人群的休闲方式的不同之处，以及他们选择休闲方式的决定因素和制约因素。揭示出休闲在人们生活中的重要地位，并倡导不同阶层人群选择健康与积极的休闲方式。关键词休闲方式；休闲时间；休闲教育；休闲意识 中图分类号F59文献标识码A文章编号1002-5006(2006)12-0000发达国家休闲产业发展特点与趋势分析赵小丽（北京联合大学旅游学院休闲与旅游管理系， 北京 100101）摘要休闲产业是在城市化和经济发展水平较高的情况下产生的。所以休闲产业首先在发达国家兴起和发展，并己经成为发达国家经济体系中的支柱产业或主导产业。发展休闲经济和休闲产业，将成为许多发达国家解决过高的失业率的宏观产业调控政策中的重要组成部分。休闲产业在发达国家己经呈现出多元化趋势，己经成为当今世界最具生命力的产业之一。从国际经济范围来看，休闲产业的发展与城市化进程，人均生活水平的提高有着必然的联系。关键词休闲产业；特点；趋势The Discussion of Entertainment Treatment to Chinese Young Hearing HandicappedCHEN Wen-li , WU NingAbstract: Nowadays, with the living condition continuously increasing, more time and more money are spent on entertainment and recreation. Normal people can enjoy entertainment and recreation without any uncomfortable, and their entertainment activities are various and rich. The entertainment needs of normal people can be satisfied, but those activities which belong to handicapped are far poorer. If those entertainment requirements could not be satisfied for long time, the health of handicapped would be directly affected. According to Serious Leisure Theory and Entertainment Treatment, this article discusses two questions: One is the entertainment needs of special groups; the other is the suited entertainment activities of them. This Entertainment Treatment model is based on a survey on the students of Beijing No.4 deaf school. Through serious leisure education, they can learn some skills from entertainment activities, and at the same time, the treatment can provide them more working opportunities. We will propose our entertainment treatment suggestions to Chinese young hearing handicapped. Those suggestions will base on the survey and analyses below.Key words: Serious leisure theory, Entertainment treatment, Hearing people, Ordinary person对我国听力有障碍的年轻人进行娱乐治疗的探讨 陈文力 , 吴 宁（北京联合大学旅游学院, 北京 100101）摘要当今世界，随着生活水平的不断提高，人们对娱乐休闲的时间和金钱的投入越来越多。这促进了娱乐休闲业的快速发展。现在作为正常人享受娱乐休闲会感到非常方便，娱乐休闲活动多种多样，十分丰富。基本可以满足这个群体的需求。但是对于残疾人的娱乐休闲活动就显得逊色了许多。这个群体的娱乐需求长期得不到满足会直接影响到他们的身心健康。本文依据国外的严肃休闲理论和娱乐治疗概念对听力有障碍的这个特殊群体的娱乐需求、适合这个群体的娱乐活动进行探讨。在对北京聋哑学校学生的调研基础上提出针对这个群体的娱乐治疗模型。以及探讨他们通过严肃休闲教育的方式学习一些开展娱乐活动的技能，在达到治疗他们心理疾病的同时能够获得更多的就业机会。在以上调研和分析的基础上提出我们对中国听力有障碍的年轻群体进行娱乐治疗的建议。关键词 严肃休闲理论 娱乐治疗 听力有障碍的年轻群体 听人我国休闲旅游发展的共轭影响因素浅析* 作者简介:侯满平（1972），男，江西九江人，博士，主要从事旅游规划、土地利用规划及区域农业等研究。侯满平,周艳丽（中国防卫科技学院，北京 101601）摘要休闲旅游占旅游份额越来越大，我国休闲旅游发展前景巨大。本文对休闲旅游概念进行了初步探讨；并对我国休闲旅游发展的原因进行了简要分析；休闲旅游形成及其可持续发展是建立在诸多因素的基础上，这些因素主要包括经济因素、交通因素、生活方式因素、消费心理因素、教育文化因素、年龄与性别因素、其它社会因素等，它们是必要充分条件，共同制约着休闲旅游的发展，形成共轭影响，有着积极与消极的双重功效。关键词休闲旅游；定义；共轭影响因素生态旅游者与一般游客行为特征的比较研究以北京市百花山自然保护区为例李燕琴，刘玉春(中央民族大学管理学院,北京100081)摘 要目前在国内，缺乏关于生态旅游者的基础数据，在国际上，缺乏对于发展中国家生态旅游者特征的基本了解。本文所做的研究在一定程度上弥补了这一不足。研究选择北京市百花山自然保护区为案例区，在对生态旅游者和一般游客有效分类的基础上，进行了人口统计学、动机、环境态度和管理倾向等多角度的比较研究，获得了关于二者差异的第一手资料，主要包括：百花山生态旅游者年轻人更多，男性更多，教育程度和收入较高，职业以学生和公司职员为主，家庭结构主要为单身和带小孩夫妻家庭；与发达国家生态旅游者的动机偏好基本一致，但程度要弱；环境素质较好；对间接的管理措施的接受程度和对直接的管理措施的反感程度都较一般游客高。关键词生态旅游者；一般游客；行为特征；百花山中国黄土地区古村落（人类家园）环境解说系统研究之展望基金项目首都经济贸易大学2006年校级科研项目“中国北方黄土地区古村落（人类家园）环境解说系统研究北京地区个案”（项目批准号：2006XJ0015）作者简介张祖群（1980），男，湖北应城人，陕西师范大学西北环发中心05级博士，首都经济贸易大学工商管理学院旅游管理系讲师，研究历史地理与旅游地理等。赵明（1979），女，硕士，吉林师范大学东北旅游研究与规划中心主任、讲师，研究户外游憩与环境解说、旅游开发与规划等。张祖家)祖群的博客QQ:654294209Email: 本文联系人通讯地址：（100070）北京市丰台区花乡张家路口121号 首都经济贸易大学工商管理学院旅游管理系教师 张祖群 博士 收电013520902735邮箱： eisure Practices & Tourism DevelopmentDr Neil CarrUniversity of Otago, New ZealandDepartment of TourismUniversity of Otago4th Floor, Commerce BuildingP.O Box 56DunedinNew ZealandTel: + 64 3 479 8520Fax: + 64 3 479 9034Email: ncarrbusiness.otago.ac.nzAbstract:Rather than highlighting the interrelations between leisure and tourism in the academic literature there has been a tendency to stress the differences between them; identifying tourism as an experience undertaken away from the home environment whilst leisure is undertaken in an individuals normal place of residence. Consequently, few comparisons of how people behave in leisure and tourism environments have been undertaken. This paper highlights the results of a critical analysis of the current literature on behaviour in the tourism and leisure environments and demonstrates there is a commonality between the underlying personal and socio-cultural factors that influence how people behave during their leisure and tourism experiences. This commonality may explain why some people appear to behave in a similar manner while they are on holiday to that which they display in their leisure environments. Fundamentally, these tourists appear to take the socio-cultural norms and values that influence their leisure behaviour on holiday with them.However, it is apparent that a significant proportion of people behave differently while on holiday compared to during their leisure experiences in terms of the intensity and/or nature of the activities they engage in. This suggests at least some tourists are able to leave their socio-cultural baggage at home and their behaviour on holiday is influenced by a tourist culture. The extent to whether an individual is influenced by the socio-cultural baggage from their home environment or by their tourist culture while on holiday appears to be partially determined by the degree of difference between the physical nature of the tourism and leisure environments.Whilst a tourist culture appears to exist it must be recognised that the specific nature of this influence and the socio-cultural baggage from the leisure environment on observable behaviour is place specific. Consequently, individuals from different locations may have different sets of motivations and, as a result, display differing types of behaviour during their tourism experiences even if they are all on vacation in the same place. The recognition of a fundamental link between the factors that influence the nature of leisure and tourism motivations and behaviour suggests it may be possible to develop facilities with the dual purpose of satisfying the desires of both tourists and leisured individuals. However, the place specific nature of the factors that influence behaviour and the consequent potential for differences in the leisure and tourism behaviour of individuals suggests caution must be taken to ensure tourism products are developed that meet the desires of tourists rather than reflecting evidence of how these tourists behave during their leisure time in their place of origin. In addition, the recognition that tourists from different places may have dissimilar motivations and may behave differently even when on holiday in the same location suggests there is a need to ensure that appropriate tourism development takes place that carefully considers the place specific nature of the motivations and behaviour of the target market, rather than attempting to cater to a socio-culturally and behaviourally homogenous tourist population. Finally, place specific differences in tourism and leisure motivations and behaviour indicate care should be taken when attempting to develop facilities to meet the needs of both tourists and local leisured people within a destination.Keywords: Behaviour;motivation;placeLEISURE PRACTICES AND TOURSIM DEVELOPMENTSRaymond Thomas Hibbins, PhDProgram Director (Undergraduate)Department of Tourism, Leisure, Hotel and Sport ManagementGriffith UniversityQueensland, AUSTRALIA 4111Phone: +61 7 3735 6559Fax: +61 7 3735 6743Email: .auKeynote address delivered at the International Tourism Symposium “Modern Leisure Practices and Tourism Development” in Beijing, P.R.China, 13 15 November 2006.ABSTRACTIn the Asia-Pacific region we are experiencing socio-political and economic changes as well as uncertainty and turbulence created by terrorist activity, intranational strife and conflict and environmental catastrophes like tsunamis. This is a region experiencing transmigration by large numbers of people for business purposes, and migration for humanitarian, employment and political reasons. These various migrations have contributed to increasing cultural diversity in the region and in particular nations.The outcomes of such movement include: issues of citizenship, debates about the appropriateness of educational qualifications; questions about visas and multicultural policies; exploitation of labour; health issues and quarantine of particular goods and products; questions about cultural awareness and sensitivities in regards to the provision of services in the areas of tourism and leisure as well as racism, prejudice, discrimination and xenophobia; environmental degradation and sustainability associated with population increases and tourism. Developments in transnationalism and tourism have had important implications for the training of service providers and the raising of questions about the quality of services particularly in the areas of tourism, hospitality, recreation and leisure. Further, this leads to considerations of the cultural sensitivity of concepts and theories being used in cross-cultural comparative research especially in the area of leisure practices and tourism developments. Given the gendered and ethnic nature of migration as well as leisure behaviour, planning and policy making it is important that consideration be given to cultural appropriateness of the tools used to investigate these phenomena.The above attempts to provide a context for this paper which will discuss the issues surrounding the impacts of ever increasing numbers of tourism developments on leisure practices of local communities and individuals on the eastern seaboard of Australia. These developments include environmental, cultural, educational, social and cultural impacts. Locals often protest for example, that these tourist developments sometimes associated with big events like international football competitions or car rallies are paid for from local taxes and rates which benefit the tourists but have few benefits for local communities. Occasionally these developments can mean the building of big facilities which have the potential of becoming white elephants if short-term gains are not linked with longer-term planning of local consequences. As well, this paper will address the implications of the tourist developments on the leisure behaviour and practices of locals but more particularly will explore the sensitivity of available research instruments in the field of leisure studies for investigating the interactions of diverse socio-cultural groups in these leisure and tourism contexts.Key words: cultural diversity, leisure experiences, transnationalism, migration农村居民闲暇旅游活动的动态分析以湖南省农村居民为例贺小荣（湖南师范大学旅游学院，湖南 长沙，410081）摘要农村居民闲暇生活是农村居民在闲暇时间内，即在农业生产活动结束和睡眠等基本需求满足之后的时间内进行的各种活动的总称。旅游的发展，在一定程度上改变了农村居民的生活习惯，看电视、打牌、闲聊等日常休闲活动减少了，出外参观、游览、学习等旅游消费行为增加了，出于公益或经济目的的旅游服务、演出服务增多了。通过分析统计数据我们还发现，农村居民的闲暇生活方式正在逐步多样化，闲暇生活质量不断提高，出游人数在逐年增加。旅游者的涌入、媒体的宣传等因素直接导致农村居民出游率的提高，同时，旅游的经历也在影响着农村居民的闲暇生活，具体表现在社区参与的积极性提高、对闲暇时间的价值的认识提高、对闲暇时间的安排更积极、技能学习的积极性提高、对旅游的认识加深等。为此，当地政府和社区应该对区内居民的闲暇生活正确引导，采取建设居民和游客共用的文化活动设施、组建乡村俱乐部负责居民出游管理、建立居民活动基金等措施来丰富和繁荣居民的闲暇生活，使农村居民的闲暇生活“不闲着”。关键词农村居民；闲暇生活；旅游；湖南基于“休闲体验”的乡村旅游发展研究沈和江（河北师范大学资源与环境科学学院旅游管理系, 河北 石家庄 050016）摘要 本文从休闲体验、乡村、乡村旅游的基本认知出发，对休闲体验的真谛、乡村和乡村旅游的层次进行了认知与判定，在此基础上，对 “新农村、新旅游、新体验、新风尚”的乡村旅游主题理念进行了分析，并以“休闲体验”为核心，对发展乡村旅游的价值取向进行了阐释，即：休闲作为乡土环境下的 “成为状态”（state of becoming）,是乡村旅游发展的行为取向-休闲氧吧；体验是对乡村独具特色人文内涵的感悟和感知，是对乡村本土化的咀嚼与品味-价值体验，追求的是对乡村本土化的投入-“畅”（flow），同时将和谐作为乡村旅游发展的基础，论述了“休闲、体验、和谐”在乡村旅游中的辨证关系。 关键词乡村旅游；休闲；体验；和谐乡村休闲旅游：和合文化的视角孙 颖(河南大学历史文化学院旅游系,河南 开475001)摘 要乡村休闲旅游是在传统和合文化和和谐美学意识的驱动下，城市居民走向乡村享受、认识乡村生活，带有生态科教和身心回归自然色彩的专项旅游活动。乡村休闲旅游符合中国传统和合文化的思想精髓，符合构建和谐社会的时代要求，必将成为建设社会主义新农村的一支重要力量。从和合文化的角度来分析认识乡村休闲旅游，有助于更深刻地理解它的发展动力，认识它的广阔前景，了解它的社会功能，并进一步开拓思路寻求它的发展策略，从而通过乡村休闲旅游的健康发展促进社会主义和谐社会的构建。关键词乡村休闲旅游;和合文化;和谐社会;新农村Reborn of Taiwan Kukeng coffee FestivalFeng-chou YANG* Yi-Jing WU * Dr. Associate Professor. of the Graduate School of Recreational Sport Management of the National Taiwan College of Physical*Student of the Graduate Institute of Physical Education of the National Taiwan College of Physical Education Kukeng town was renowned for planting coffee tree from 1895 to 1945 as Taiwan was occupied by Japan. Unfortunately it had been declined gradually since World War II ended. The local government is in a planed way to develop the sightseeing agriculture according to the success of rebuilding Kukeng coffee tree. In addition, the municipal government held the Taiwan Coffee Festival (TCF) repeatedly from 2003 to 2006. Significantly, TCF brought tremendous programmed recreation to visitors and new sightseeing business to local people. Moreover TCF strongly establishes the related leisure service business such as trial test coffee cafeteria, local food, beverage family style restaurant, and agricultural hostel nearby Huashan area. Practically it stimulates village life experience for the specific region during holidays and builds up new type of recreation business and raises the tourism volume.This research is probed into through documents, collected newspapers, magazines, field investigation, and photo explanation. The purpose is to study the disappearance, rebirth, rises, and the vision of the future of the coffee related recreation industry in Kukeng. The conclusion of this research shows that the local non-profitable organization (NPO) and not-governmental organization (NGO) successfully expedited the emergence of tourism business and a brand-new community culture in Kuken . The TCF also create the mutual benefits between small town business and community culture simultaneously. Finally, this monograph proposes a new strategy to combine with Kukeng township coffee industry, programmed recreation, and economy as equally important. The TCF experiences really provide the countryside and agricultural area that they currently face declining under the industrial competition as reference. In conclusion the successful experience of the TCF in Kukeng should not only bring tourists to the locality, but also popularize this successful sightseeing agriculture recreation tactics to the declining countryside where the situation is similar to and furthermore, the value of tourism and recreation reborn will be well created and expanded. Keywords: Kukeng coffee、recreation、tourismThe Research on Application of Integrated Marketing Communications in Leisure Industry in ChinaGuo Yong-Jian 1(Beijing City University,Beijing 100083)Abstract: Since leisure industry is affected easily by the consumers intangible and unmeasured elements, the traditional marketing theories which are used in the leisure industry cant meet the needs of the leisure industry rocket development. This paper studies the application of Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) in leisure industry from the aspects of the orientation of leisure production, the image fostering of leisure industry and leisure industry social marketing.Key Words: Integrated marketing communications;