有机物中英文命名规则.ppt

OrganicChemistry,Somesignificantorganicchemicalterms,hydrocarbons;saturatedhydrocarbon;unsaturatedhydrocarbon;conjugate(conjugation);（碳氢化合物，烃，饱和，不饱和，共轭）,TypesofReaction:substitution(alkylation,halogenationetc)（取代，如烷基化，卤代）;addition（加成）;elimination（消去）;condensation（缩合）;polymerization（聚合）;oxidation（氧化）;reduction（还原）.,degradation（降解）;rearrangement（重排）;replacement（置换）;pericyclicreaction(cycloadditionreaction;electrocyclicreaction;sigmatropicrearrangement)（周环反应，包括:环加成，电环化，-重排）,Electrophile(electrophilic)（亲电试剂，亲电的）;nucleophile(nucleophilic)（亲核试剂，亲核的）;Carbocation（碳正离子）;carbanion（碳负离子）;radical（游离基，free,自由基）;intermediate（中间体）;substituent（取代基）;,Reactivity（反应活性）;Attack（进攻）;leavinggroup（离去基团）;protectinggroup（保护基）;catalyst（催化剂）;Kinetic（动力学的）;thermodynamic（热力学的）.,cis-transisomer;opticalisomer(enantiomer);（顺-反异构体，光学异构体（光学对映体）asymmetric;chiral;chirality;（不对称，手性的，手性）,racemicmixture;mesocompound;（外消旋体，内消旋体）stereoselectivereaction;stereospecificreation;regioselectivereaction;sterichindrance;stericeffects;（立体阻碍（位阻），立体效应）,reflux;stir;azeotrope;（回流，搅拌，恒、共沸物）separation;filter;distillation;fraction;chromatography;（分离，过滤，蒸馏，分馏，色谱）extraction;precipitate;recrystallization;（萃取，沉淀，重结晶）,Termsrelatedtothesyntheticexperiment,Groundjoint;Flask(three-necked,round-bottom,conical,filter,suction,volumetric);Condenser(air,reflux,ball,coil);distillinghead(claisen);adaptor(vacuum);Beaker;funnel(buchner,separatory,long-stem,stemless,dropping,sinteredglass);Bottle(weighing,washing,dropping,gas-washing);dryingtube(tower,desiccator,vacuumdesiccator);,Prefix-Parent-SuffixNomenclatureofparentpart-NomenclatureofalkanesandalkylsubstituentsStraight-chainalkanesStraight-chainalkanesarenamedbycountingthenumberofcarbonatomsinthechainandaddingthefamilysuffix-ane.Thuspentaneisthefive-carbonalkane,andhexaneisthesix-carbonalkane.,Analkylsubstituent(oranalkylgroup)isanalkanefromwhichasinglehydrogenhasbeenremoved.Alkylsubstituentsarenamedbyreplacingthe“ane”suffixofthealkanewith“yl”.Theletter“R”isusedtoindicateanyalkylgroup.ThusCH3-hasthenameofmethyl,whilethegroupofCH3CH2-wasnamedethyl.,NumberMolecularNameNameinAlkylofcarbonsformulaChinesesubstituents1CH4Methane甲烷Methyl2C2H6Ethane乙烷Ethyl3C3H8Propane丙烷Propyl4C4H10Butane丁烷Butyl5C5H12Pentane戊烷Pentyl6C6H14Hexane己烷Hexyl7C7H16Heptane庚烷Heptyl8C8H18Octane辛烷Octyl9C9H20Nonane壬烷Nonyl10C10H22Decane癸烷Decyl11C11H24Undecane十一烷Undecyl12C12H26Dodecane十二烷Dodecyl13C13H28Tridecane十三烷Tridecyl20C20H42Icosane二十烷Icosyl21C21H44Heneicosane二十一烷Heneicosyl30C30H62Triacontane三十烷Triacontyl,Branched-chainalkanes3-ethyl-3-methylhexane,SomeusefulprefixesforindicatingthenumberofsubstituentgroupsMono-单取代,一取代Di-二取代Tri-三取代Tetra-四取代Pent(a)-五取代Hex(a)-六取代Hept(a)-七取代Oct(a)-八取代Nona-九取代Deca-十取代,2,6-dimethyloctanenot2-ethyl-6-methylheptane3-ethyl-2-methylhexanenot3-isopropylhexane,Someusefulprefixesusedtonamebranchedalkanes(Commonnames)(normal)n-正(isomer)iso-异neo-新primary伯，一级(secondary)sec-仲，二级(tertiary)tert-叔，三级quaternary季，四级,n-pentaneneopentaneisobutane正戊烷新戊烷异丁烷Pentane2,2-dimethylpropane2-methylpropanetert-butanolisobutanaminesec-butanamine叔丁醇异丁胺仲丁胺2-methyl-2-propanol2-methylpropanamine1-methylpropanamine,Cyclicalkanes(cycloalkanes)e.g.cylcopropane,cyclopentane,andcyclohexyletc,NomenclatureofacyclichydrocarbonswithonedoubleortriplebondAcyclichydrocarbonshavingonedoubleortriplebondarenamedbyreplacingtheending“-ane”ofthenameofthecorrespondingalkanewiththeending“-ene”or“-yne”.(alkene)(alkyne)e.g.(butane)butenebutenebutynetrans-2-butenecis-2-butene3-methyl-1-butyne,Theunivalentradicalderivedfromacyclicalkeneoralkynehastheendings“-enyl”or“-ynyl”,(alkenealkenyl)(alkynealkynyl),andthepositionofthedoubleortriplebondisindicatedwherenecessary.(unlikealkanealkyl)e.g.1-propenyl2-butenylethynyl2-propynyl,Thefollowingnon-systematicnamesareretainedEthylene(乙烯）Allene（丙二烯）Acetylene（乙炔）Isoprene（异戊二烯）Vinyl（乙烯基）Allyl（烯丙基）Isopropenyl（异丙烯基）,NomenclatureofacyclichydrocarbonswithtwoormoredoubleortriplebondsTwoormoredoublebonds:theendingwillbe“-adiene”,“-atriene”etc.(alkadiene)Twoormoretriplebonds:theendingwillbe“-adiyne”,“-atriyne”etc.(alkadiyne)e.g.2-methyl-1,3-butadienepropadiene2,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene3-ethyl-4-methyl-1,6-heptadiyne,Nomenclatureofmonocyclicaromatichydrocarbons苯甲苯二甲苯苯乙烯异丙苯均三甲苯benzenetoluenexylenestyrenecumenemesitylene苯基甲苯基二甲苯基苯乙烯基异丙苯基均三甲苯基苄基Phenyltolylxylylstyrylcumenylmesitylbenzyl,Commonnamesretainedforthedisubstitutedbenzeneortho-,o-邻meta-,m-间para-,p-对,m-methylbenzylm-tolyl3,4-dimethylphenyl3-methylbenzyl3-tolylo-styrylp-cumenyl3,5-dimethyl-4-ethylphenyl2-styryl4-cumenyl,SomeimportantFamiliesoforganicmoleculesSaturatedhydrocarbons:suchas:Alkanes;cycloalkanes;Un-saturatedhydrocarbons:suchas:alkenes;alkynes;cycloalkenes;cycloalkynes;cycloalkadienes;cycloalkadiynes;Aromaticcompouds:benzene;biphenyl;naphthaleneandotherfusedandpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbons;Compoundswithfunctionalgroups:alkylhalides（卤代烃）;alcohols（醇）;phenols（酚）;ethers（醚）;amines（胺）;Compoundswithfunctionalgroups:aldehydes（醛）;ketones（酮）;quinones（醌）;carboxylicacids（羧酸）;esters（酯）;acylhalides（酰卤）;acidanhydrides（酸酐）amides（酰胺）;imides（亚胺）;,Compoundswithfunctionalgroups:alkylhalides（卤代烃）;alcohols（醇）;phenols（酚）;ethers（醚）;amines（胺）etc.alkylhalidesR-Xhalogen(-halo)(-Cl,-Br,-F,-I)AlcoholsR-OHhydroxygroup(-OH)PhenolsAr-OHhydroxygroup(-OH)EthersR-O-RAlkoxygroup(O-R)AminesR-NH2aminogroup(NH2),Alkylhalides(haloalkaneoralkylhalide)Alkylhalidesareclassifiedasprimary,secondary,ortertiarydependingonthecarbontowhichthehalogenisattached.,Thecommonnamesofthealkylhalidesareobtainedbycitingthenameofthealkylgroupfollowedbythenameofthehalogen.(alkylhalide)IntheIUPACsystem,alkylhalidesarenamedassubstitutedalkanes.Thesubstitutedprefixnamesforthehalogensendin“o”(fluoro,chloro,bromo,iodo).(haloalkane),NomenclatureofalcoholsAlcoholsThecommonnames,similartoalkylhalides,areobtainedbycitingthenameofthealkylgrouptowhichtheOHgroupisattached,followedbytheword“alcohol”.(alkylalcohol)TheIUPACnameforanalcoholisobtainedbyremovingthe“e”fromthenameofthealkaneandaddingthesuffix“ol”.(alkanol),NomenclatureofaminesAminesarecompoundsinwhichoneormorehydrogenofammoniahavebeenreplacedbyalkylgroups.Thereareprimary,secondary,andtertiaryamines.Thisclassificationdependsonhowmanyalkylgroupsarebondedtothenitrogen.(!notcarbon),Thecommonnameofaamineisobtainedbycitingthenamesofthealkylgroupsbondedtothenitrogeninalphabeticalorder.Theentirenameiswrittenasoneword.(alkylamine)e.g.,TherearetwoIUPACapprovedwaytonameanamine.Itcanbenamedasasubstitutedalkaneusingtheprefix“amino”todesignatetheaminesubstituent.(?aminoalkane)Italsocanbeennamedwithafunctionalgroupsuffix-“amine”.The“e”attheendofthealkanenameisreplacedby“amine”.ThenamesofsubstituentsbondedtothenitrogenareprecededbyanN(initalic)toindicatethatthesubstituentisbondedtoanitrogenratherthantoacarbon.(N-alkyl)alkanamine,Amineswithfouralkylgroupsbondedtothenitrogen-andthereforeapositivechargeonthenitrogen-arecalledquaternaryammoniumsalts.Theirnamesareobtainedbycitingthenamesofthealkylgroupsinalphabeticalorderasaprefixto“ammonium”,followedbythenameofthecounterion.alkylammoniumhalide(orhydroxideetc),Nomenclatureofetherssymmetricaletherandasymmetricalether.e.g.,Thecommonnameofanetherisobtainedbycitingthenamesofthetwoalkylsubstituents(inalphabeticalorder)followedbytheword“ether”.Thesmallestethersarealmostalwaysnamedbytheircommonnames.(alkylalkylether)TheIUPACsystemnamesanetherasanalkanethatbearsanalkoxysubstituent.Alkoxysubstituentsarenamedbyremovingthe“yl”fromthenameofthealkylsubstituentandadding“oxy”.(alkoxyalkane),methoxy,ethoxy,1-methylethoxy,1,1-dimethylpropoxy,Acarbonylgroup（羰基）isacarbondoublybondedtoanoxygenandanacylgroup（酰基）isacarbonylgroupattachedtoanalkylsubstituent.Abenzoylgroup（苯甲酰基）isacarbonylgroupattachedtoabenzenering.,NomenclatureofaldehydesandketonesThecommonnameofanaldehydeisthesameascarboxylicacid(derivedfromsomeLatinwords).(Latin+aldehyde)TheIUPACnameofanaldehydeisobtainedbyremovingthe“e”fromthealkanenameandadding“-al”.(alkanal),Ifthealdehydegroupisattachedtoaring,thealdehydeisnamedbyadding“carbaldehyde”tothenameofthering.(cycloalkanecarbaldehyde),phenylmethanal,NomenclatureofketonesCommonname:Onlyafewketonshavecommonnames,suchasacetone(likealdehyde).Commonnamesarealsousedforphenyl-substitutedketones.Theyarecalledphenones.(+one)IUPACname:KetonesarenamedintheIUPACsystembyremovingthe“e”fromthealkanenameandadding“-one”.(alkanone)Derivedname:Likeethers,R-CO-Rcanbenamedbycitingthenamesofthetwoalkylsubstituents(inalphabeticalorder)followedbytheword“ketone”.(alkylalkylketone),CommonnameIUPACnameDerivedname,Nomenclatureofcarboxylicacidsanditsderivatives,X=OH,acarboxylicacidX=halogen,anacylhalideX=OR,anesterX=OCOR,anacidanhydrideX=NRR,anamide,NomenclatureofcarboxylicacidsacarboxylgroupThefunctionalgroupofacarboxylicacidiscalledacarboxylgroup.Long-chaincarboxylicacidsarecalled“fattyacids”.,Commonname:Carboxylicacids(6)arefrequentlycalledbytheircommonnames.Theyarenamedbyadding“Latinprefix”before“acid”.?whatiscarbon?IUPACname:acarboxylicacidisnamedbyreplaceingthe“e”endingofthealkanenamewith“oicacid”.(alkanoicacid)Carboxylicacidsinwhichacarboxylgroupisattachedtoacycliccompoundcanbenamedbyadding“carboxylicacid”tothenameofthecycliccompound.,benzoicacid,NomenclatureofacylhalidesAcylhalidesarenamedbyusingtheacidnameandreplacingthe“icacid”with“ylhalide”(alkanoylhalide),orbyreplacing“carboxylicacid”with“carbonylhalide”(cycloalkanecarbonylhalide),benzoylchloride,Nomenclatureofacidanhydrides?Doyouknowthemeaningof“anhydride”R=R,asymmetricalanhydrideRR,amixedanhydride,Symmetricalanhydridesarenamedbyusingtheacidnameandreplacing“acid”with“anhydride”,mixedanhydridesarenamed