《同等学力写作》PPT课件.ppt

1,1,写作福建医科大学吴臻,英语写作的内容,考试大纲对写作的要求作文的题材作文的题型作文的体裁（以论说文为主）解释说明类对比类比较类立论类,作文的题材,工作学习(97)TheProblemsIHaveinMyEnglishStudy(98)WhyWeWork业余活动PositiveandNegativeAspectsofSports交通(95)OnAutomobiles科技(01)TheGreatestInventioninthePastCentury人生观(00)WhichisMoreImportant,WealthorHealth?社会热点(96)TheRoleofMigrantWorkers(99)TheQualitiesoftheCross-CenturyTalents文化及风俗ShouldFireworksBeBanned?谚语类HasteMakesWaste,作文的题型,提纲式作文情景作文根据所给的图表进行描写和评论看图作文写文章摘要,作文的体裁,解释说明类(97)TheProblemsIHaveinMyEnglishStudyMyFavoriteProgramWeNeedtoBroadenOurKnowledge对比类(00)WhichisMoreImportant,WealthorHealth?ReadingSelectivelyorExtensively?比较类(95)OnAutomobiles(98)WhyWeWorkPositiveandNegativeAspectsofSports立论类BicycleAnImportantMeansofTransportinChina,如何进行英语写作I(提纲式作文),如何审题如何拟提纲如何写开头段(Introduction)如何写正文(Body)如何写结尾段(Conclusion)写作的模式整体性和连贯性如何使句子多样化检查,审题,注意阅读标题和提纲审题时易犯的错误：I偏离主题Ex.1Title:AdvantagesofaJobInterviewOutline:1、现在找工作一般都要进行面试，通过面试，面试者和应试者可以互相了解情况。2、面试者可以向应试者介绍情况，如工作性质、条件、待遇等。3、应试者也有机会给对方留下一个好的印象，如可以表现自信心，可以介绍教育背景、工作能力等。Ex.2Title:BicycleAnImportantMeansofTransportinChinaOutline:1、为什么自行车在中国很普及。2、和汽车的比较。3、自行车在中国的前途。,II忽略提纲之间的内在联系Ex.3Title:WeNeedtoBroadenOurKnowledgeOutline:1、科学技术是社会发展所不可缺少的。2、社会科学和自然科学相互渗透。3、现代大学生需要广博的知识。审题三步骤1、题目是什么？（topic)2、需要回答什么问题？（论述的角度）a.wh/howquestionb.yes/noquestion3、提纲各条内容之间是什么关系？如何布局？引言或开头段（introduction)：提出问题正文(body)：分析问题结尾段(conclusion)：解决问题,拟提纲,Ex.1Title:BicycleAnImportantMeansofTransportinChinaTopic:bicyclesQuestion:WhyarebicyclesanimportantmeansoftransportinChina?Introduction:Chinaispopularforitsemperorofbicycles.a.cheap,affordableb.trafficconditionBody:Ridingabicycleshasalotofadvantagesoverdrivingacar.a.aphysicalexercisetorideabicycle,gainweightinacarb.moreeconomicaltorideabicyclethanacarc.noneedformuchparkingspaced.nopollutionConclusion:BicycleswillstillbeapopularmeansoftransportinChinaforquitealongtime.,Ex.2Title:AdvantagesofaJobInterviewTopic:jobinterviewQuestion:Whataretheadvantagesofajobinterview?Introduction:Ajobinterviewisadvantageousbothtotheinterviewerandtotheinterviewee.Body1:Itisadvantageoustotheinterviewer.a.getfirstimpressionoftheintervieweeb.lettheintervieweeknowaboutthejobc.gettheintervieweesambitionBody2:Iroducehisqualificationsc.demonstratehisabilitiesConclusion(增加部分):Thejobinterviewisimportant.,如何写开头段(Introduction),在开头段中应引出主题,提出从何角度讨论这一问题,并确立论点。Ex.1Title:AdvantagesofaJobInterview(1)Nowadays,whenoneappliesforajob,hewillbeinterviewedbeforehecanbeemployed.(2)Ajobinterviewisadvantageoustoboththeinterviewerandtheinterviewee.(3)Itsaneffectivewayfortheinterviewertoknowaboutapplicantandtheintervieweetoknowaboutthejobheisapplyingfor.Ex.2Title:WeNeedtoBroadenOurKnowledge(1)Knowledgeispower.(2)Scientificandtechnologicalknowledgeisespeciallythecase.写开头段的方法常用于开头的句型,开门见山法Ex.Thecross-centurytalentsshouldpossessthefollowingqualities.Theyshouldhaveprofoundknowledge,creativeability,goodcommandofaforeignlanguageandproficientskillincomputer.背景导入法Ex.1Atotalof11.5millionworkershadbeenlaidofffromthestate-ownedbankruptenterprisesbytheendoflastyear,andthefigureisexpectedtocontinuetoriseastechnologybecomesmoreadvanced.Ex.2Withthedevelopmentofindustryandincreaseofemploymentincities,morepeopleareswarmingintocities.Asaresult,accommodationshavebecomeverydifficult.设问法Ex.Howshouldweread?Shouldwereadselectivelyorextensively?Everyonehashisownview.定义法Ex.Patriotismisloveofonescountry.引语法,如何写正文(Body),一般写成一段或两段每个正文段落包括二至三部分：1、主题句(topicsentence)一般位于句首,表达全段的中心思想，句子尽量简洁，无语言错误。2、扩展句(supportingsentence)围绕主题句展开，阐述主题句观点，可应用不同的方式来扩展主题句。3、结尾句(concludingsentence)总结全段的内容，与主题句相呼应。有时可以无结尾句。常用的衔接词和短语,扩展主题句的方式,列举法(Listing):first,second,lastly,finally,one,another,foronething,foranother,inaddition,tobeginwith,etc举例法(Example):forexample,forinstance,suchas,also,thatis,besides,moreover,additionally,namely,etc因果法(CauseandEffect):asaresult,therefore,thus,so,consequently,owingto,dueto,becauseof,forthisreason,onaccountof,since,as,accordingly,resultin/from,etc比较和对比法(ComparisonandContrast):incontrast,onthecontrary,incomparison,justas,likewise,while,etc分类法(Classification):divide/classifyinto定义法(Definition):mean,bedefinedas类比法(Analogy):belike,equal,becomparedto,Ex.1Title:MyFavoriteTVProgramBody1:(1)WorldReportaimsatkeepingaudiencesinformedabouttheinternationalsituation.(2)Itintroducestheimportanteventswhichhappenrecentlyallaroundtheworld,forexample,internationalconferences,newscientificdiscoveriesandarmedconflicts.(3)Itreportsseriousaccidents,suchasair-crashes,trainderailments.(4)Italsoreportsnaturaldisasters,forinstance,earthquake,volcaniceruption,floodanddroughtwhichoccurinvariouscountries.Body2:(1)Thereareseveralfactorswhichmayaccountformypreferenceoftheprogram.(2)First,theinformationisnotonlynewbutjustandobjective.(3)Besides,thenewsannouncersbroadcastingqualityaswellastheirfacialexpressionsisexcellent.(4)Finally,thevideoqualityofthisprogramisalsowonderful.,Ex.2(1)Differentpeopleholddifferentattitudestowardsafailure.(2)Whenfacedwithit,somecanstanduptoit,learnvaluablethingsfromitandtrytheirbesttofulfilwhattheyaredeterminedtodo.(3)Others,onthecontrary,loseheartandgivein.Theydonothingbutcomplainaboutthemselvesandtheobjectiveconditions.Ex.3Substancescanbedividedintothreekinds:solid,liquidandgas.(topicsentence)Ex.4Wealldeclareforliberty,butusingthesamewordwedonotmeanthesamething.(topicsentence)Ex.5Afriendisasafeportinastorm.,如何写结尾段(Conclusion),总结全文与开头段相呼应如果提纲明确要求阐述“我的看法”，在结尾段一定要具体阐述建议或希望。Ex.1Title:AdvantagesofaJobInterviewIntroduction:Nowadays,whenoneappliesforajob,hewillbeinterviewedbeforehecanbeemployed.Ajobinterviewisadvantageoustoboththeinterviewerandtheinterviewee.Itsaneffectivewayfortheinterviewertoknowaboutapplicantandtheintervieweetoknowaboutthejobheisapplyingfor.Conclusion:Inconclusion,thejobinterviewissignificant.Boththeinterviewerandtheintervieweecanbenefitfromit.,Ex.2Title:ReadingSelectivelyorExtensively?Conclusion:Inmyopinion,weshouldreadbothselectivelyandextensively.Weoughttodistinguishgoodbooksfromindecentandvulgarbooks.Thelattershouldneverbetouched,butthesignificanceofgoodreadingcannotbeovervalued.Ourcontactwithgoodbooksshouldneverfailtogiveusenjoyment,andthereisnosuchthingas“toomany”inreadinggoodbooks.常用于结尾的词组和句型,写作的模式,模式一：开头段：第一段：（两句）S1：写出文章所要围绕的大致话题；S2：确立文章主题。正文：第二段：（七句）S3：引出作者持有此观点的理由；S4：理由1S5：支持理由1的细节1S6：支持理由1的细节2S7：理由2S8：支持理由2的细节1S9：支持理由2的细节2结尾段：第三段：（两句）S10、S11：总结全文，与文章主题相呼应。,模式二：开头段：第一段：（两句）S1：写出文章所要围绕的大致话题；S2：写出两种不同观点。正文：第二段：（三句）S3：写出正方观点的理由；S4：支持正方理由的细节1S5：支持正方理由的细节2第三段：（三句）S6：写出反方观点的理由；S7：支持反方理由的细节1S8：支持反方理由的细节2结尾段：第四段：（两句）S9：明确作者的观点；S10：总结全文，与其中一观点相呼应，强化主题。,整体性和连贯性,整体性：各个段落均围绕文章主题。连贯性：段落之间以合乎逻辑的方式排列，读起来通顺流畅。1、运用代词2、重复关键词3、采用同义词4、使用过渡词（启承转合）Ex.Giantpandasarefacingextinction.Foronething,theyoftensufferfromhungerbecausebambooblossomsanddies.Foranotherthing,thebirthrateoftheserareanimalsissolowthattheycannotsuccessfullyreproducethemselves.Thegreatestthreattotheseendangeredanimals,however,isfromhumanbeings.Somehuntthemfortheirfurs;otherscultivatetheirnaturalhabitatformorefarmland.Inaword,foodshortage,lowbirthrateandhumaninterventionleadtothedecreasingnumberofgiantpandas.,改变句子结构Ex.1Moreandmorepeoplefinallygottoknowthefact.Ex.2Wewereabsorbedinthebeautifulsceneryandforgotthetime.Ex.3Theyheardthenoiseandimmediatelyrushedoutoftheroom.Ex.4Wehadtowaitintherainforanhourtomeetthechairman.Ex.5Theybrokeintoloudcheerswhentheyheardthenews.Ex.6Stormyapplausebrokeforthwhenthechampionathletesappearedonthestage.Ex.7Theyoungrepresentativesfondesthopewasthatthelegislaturewouldpasstheanti-smokingbill.Ex.8Linda,normallyatimidgirl,arguedheatedlywiththemabouttheairpollution.交替使用长、短句Ex.(1)Advertisingcanbeaservicetothecustomer.(2)Thisistruewhenadsgivereliableinformationaboutthegoodsadvertised.(3)Suchinformationisneededifthecustomeristomakeasensiblechoicewhenhegoesshopping.(4)Itisusefulinthatitletshimknowofthekindsofgoodsintheshops.(5)Printedadsdothisjobbest.(6)Customerscancollectthemandcomparethem.(7)Theycanbetakenalongtoshopsandcheckedagainsttheactualgoodsintheshops.,检查拼写、大小写、标点符号检查语法错误1、时态：Ex.1Youcanpasstheexameasilyifyouwillworkhardatthesebooks.Ex.2Sheplannedtofinishtheworkat5,andthenshechangeshermind.2、语态：Ex.3Allthewindowsinthehousearesaidtobreaklastnight.Ex.4Theaccidentwashappenedwhenhewasaway.3、主谓一致：Ex.5Halfofthefruitarebad.Ex.6Theteamarecomposedoftwentyyoungmen.Ex.7Aseriesoflecturesoncomputersciencehavebeenscheduled.Ex.8Theyoungisusuallyinterestedinthisfilm.4、非谓语动词：Ex.9Surroundingbythepolicehehadnochoicebuttogiveup.Ex.10Weatherpermits,thebuswillleavethecityat10.,检查词汇错误1、词性误用：Ex.1LiYongisveryhumor.Ex.2Iwatchtheprogrameveryday.success-succeed;affect-effect;rise-raise;sometime-sometimes;adopt-adapt;custom-customer;etc.2、赘述：Ex.3Tpletelyeliminate;combinetogether;falldown;enterinto;inthemodernworldoftoday;newinnovation;returnback;truefacts;etc.3、关键词遗漏：Ex.4Ihateself-centeredpeople.Ex.5Thisnoveltellsushislifeinchildhood.写作中常见的其它错误：1、串句：Ex.1Marydecidedtostopsmoking,shedidntwanttodieoflungcancer.Ex.2ItooklotsofvitaminC,howeverIstillcamedownwiththeflu.Ex.3Evenyoudoitnow,youcantmakeitintime.,2、从句独立成句：Ex.4Therearemanywaystoimprovecitytraffic.Forexample,wideningthestreets,buildingsubwaysandsoon.Ex.5Marysmotherwasill.SoshedidntattendTomsbirthdayparty.3、平行结构：Ex.6Whilewereducethenumberofvehicles,thespeedoftrafficcanbeincreased.Ex.7Peoplenotonlywanttoeatenoughfood,butalso7wanttoeatbetter.Ex.8Thepriceofmilkisnthigherthangrain.Ex.9Butotherpeoplearguethateveryonehasacertainopportunityandawisemanwillneverloseitwheneveritarises.4、连词：Ex.10Smokingisharmfultohealth.Ontheonehand,itcancauselungcancer.Ontheotherhand,itcanincreasethechancesofhavingamiscarriageifawomanispregnant.,5、搭配：Ex.11However,thespeedofacarismuchfasterthanthatofabicycle.Ex.12Westudentsshouldstudy/learnasmuchknowledgeaspossiblesothatwecanbefullypreparedforthefuture.6、赘言(简洁问题)：Ex.13Inmyopinion,Ibelievethefreemedicalsystemisinneedofreform.Ex.14Wemustcooperatetogethertomakeourcitiesgreenerandcleaner.Ex.15Thenumberoffilm-goershasdecreased,anditisduetothereasonwhytheyfinditmoreconvenienttowatchTVathome.Ex.16Inspiteofthefactthathisinitialexperimentshadfailed,hepersistedinhisresearch.7、残缺句：Ex.17Isthatmiddleschoolwhereyoustudiedtwoyearsago?,8、Therebe结构：Ex.18Therearemanypeopleliketogotothemovies.9、moreandmore结构：Ex.19Nowadaysyoungpeoplewhoseektogoabroadarebecomingmoreandmore.10、“众所周知”的句型：Ex.20AsisknowntoallthatChinahasthelargestpopulationintheworld.11、逻辑错误：Ex.21Theyshouldspendtheirholidaystohavealongtrip.12、中式英语：Ex.22Thereasonforbraindrainhasthreerespects.Ex.23Thecauseofthetrafficaccidentsmostlyispeoplescarelessness.Ex.24Mikehasleftforhalfanhour.Ex.25IhelpedhimaspossibleasIcould.Ex.26Pleasecomeatsixifyouareconvenient.Ex.27Weareimpossibletofinishitbytomorrow.,如何进行英语写作II(情景作文),分析提示，认真审题，选择自己的观点草拟提纲，确定短文的布局结构开头段：根据题目中给出的情景，简要叙述主题产生的背景，提出自己的观点。正文：提出充分的理由来支持自己的观点。结尾段：总结全文，强调主题。Ex.Migrantworkershavemadeagreatcontributiontotheprosperityofcities.Inthispart,youaretowriteabout“TheRoleofMigrantWorkers”.Youcanagreeordisagree,completelyorpartiallytotheabovestatement.Butnomatterwhichpositionyoutake,youshouldgivesoundsupportingreasons.Introduction:Migrantworkershavemadeagreatcontributiontotheprosperityofcities.,Body:1、takeupdangerous,strenuousjobs2、cleanandbeautifythecities3、offerlabor:freewomenfromheavyhouseworkConclusion:Migrantworkerspromotethedevelopmentofcities.Migrantworkersleavetheirhomelandforbetterchances,Somewanttochangetheirdestiny;somewanttomakeafortune.Whateverpurposestheycherish,theyhavemadeagreatcontributiontotheprosperityofcities.Mostofthemigrantworkersarehardworkingandunafraidofhardships.Theytakeupthedirtiest,themostdangerousorstrenuousjobswhichcitylaborersareunwillingtodo.Withlotsofbuildingstheyhavesetupandstreetstheyhavekeptclean,theyhavehelpedmodernizeandbeautifythecities.Notonlyhavetheybecomethemainworkforceintheconstructionsectors,theyalsohavehelpedliberatecitywomenfromheavyhouseworkchoresbytakingcareofthebabies,cleaninghousesorprovidinganyotherservicecitizensneed.Althoughsomeofthecitizenscomplainabouttheincreasingnumberoftheproblemssuchastheft,robberyafewofmigrantworkershavecommitted,mostofthecitizensagreethattheircontributionisobvious,andtheydopromotethedevelopmentofcities.,WhyPeopleWork?,Introduction:Workispartofmanslife.Body:1.Workisindispensibletomansexistence.Itprovidesmaterialthingsoflife.2.Workisbeneficialtomanshealth.Themorethework,themoreactivethemind.3.Workoffersambitiouspeoplechancestorealizetheirvalue.e.g.AwriterorascientistConclusion:Weshouldregardworknotonlyasmeansofmakingalivingbutalsomeansoflivingamorefruitfullife.Somepeoplelivetowork.(forpleasureandsatisfaction)Otherpeopleworktolive.(formoney)Inmyopinion,如何进行英语写作III(图表作文),图表种类分析图表描绘图表，得出结论(Introduction)分析原因，发表议论(Body)总结全文，提出建议(Conclusion)应注意的问题：图表有无时间参照,table:表示多种事物相互之间的关系Ex.ChangesinPeoplesDietbargraph:比较几种事物在一段时间内的增减情况Ex.FilmareGivingWaytoTVlinegraph:表示一种事物的上升或下降趋势Ex.AirPollutionandCancerpiegraph:表示各种事物在总数中所占的比例Ex.MajorCausesofRoadAccidents,了解清楚表格、图形、数据、百分比、分类、横线、纵线等所代表的含义。从整体看图表有何发展变化，找出特点、规律。分析数字，从众多的数字中抓住所反映的问题