助动词和情态动词课件(方案C).ppt

情态动词,情态动词的类型1、只作情态动词的有：must,can(could),may(might),oughtto;2、可作情态动词也可作实义动词的有：need,dare(美语中常用作实义动词）；3、可作情态动词也可作助动词的有:shall(should),will(would);4、具有情态动词的某些特征的有：have(had)to,usedto.,情态动词的特征1、有一定的词义，但不能单独作谓语，它们要和行为动词或连系动词连用，构成谓语。2、适用于主语的各种人称和数haveto例外，主语是第三人称单数时，要用hasto）。如：We/Hemustworkhard.我们/他一定要努力工作。Ihavetowalkhome.我得步行回家。Hehastowalkhome.他得步行回家。,3、后面接原形动词，即不带to的不定式（oughtto,haveto,usedto本身带有to）。如：Hemaylosehisway.他可能会迷路。Yououghttoobeythelaw.你应该遵守法律。4、具有助动词的作用，即可用来构成否定句、疑问句及用于简明答语。如：-Icantswim.Canyouswim?-No,Icanteither.-我不会游泳。你会游泳吗？-我也不会。,题组训练句子改错：1）Yououghttofollowtheteachersinstructions,oughtntyouto?(去掉最后一个to)2）Youneednttogothererightaway.(去掉to)3)Hedaresgotherebyhimselfatnight.(darestogo)4)Howdareyoutosaythattoyourparents?(去掉第一个to)5)Thebuildingdatingfrom1916needtoberepaired.(needstobe),表能力1、表示现在的或一般的能力：表示现在的或一般的能力用can或beableto，一般的能力即你无论什么时候想做就能做到的能力。表示现在的或一般的能力时，can比ableto更普遍。如：Acomputercantthinkforitself;itmustbetoldwhattodo.（一般能力）HeisanativespeakerofEnglish,sohecanofcoursespeakEnglishquitewell.（一般能力）Iamstarvingtodeath.Icaneattwobowlsofricenow.（现在的能力）,练习：Thebiggestproblemformostplants,which_justgetupandrunawaywhenthreatened,isthatanimalsliketoeatthem.(07湖南)A.shantB.cantC.needntD.mustnt答案：B，句意为：对绝大多数受到威胁时而不能起身逃跑的植物来说，最大的问题是动物喜欢吃它们。情态动词can可以表示人的能力和物的性能，故选B表示对能力的否定。,2、表示将来的能力：willbeableto如：Ifyouhaveagoodsleep,youwillbeabletoworkourthisproblem.如果你睡个好觉，那么你就能做出这个题目。3、表示过去的能力：could表示过去一般的能力，但不表示做或未做某事；was/wereableto表示过去有能力并且成功地做了某事，相当于managedtodosomething/succeededindoingsomething；“couldhave+过去分词”表示过去有能力但未做。如：,Shecould/wasabletosinglikeanangelwhenshewasachild.（过去一般的能力）Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryonewasabletogetout.（过去有能力并且成功地做了某事）Icouldhaveworkedouttheproblem,butIdidnt.（过去有能力但未做）,题组训练根据句意填入情态动词的正确形式：尽管很累了，那些冬泳者还是游过了那条河。Tiredastheywere,thewinterswimmers_swimacrosstheriver.(wereableto)老师跟我谈了很久，我终于被他说服了。Theteachertalkedwithmeforalongtime,andeventually,he_makemebelievehim.(wasableto),表示推测情态动词的重要用法.,肯定的推测可能的推测否定的推测疑问的推测,must/should,对将来对现在对过去,情态动词,may,might,cant,couldnt,can,could,+V+V+havedone/常见mustbemustbedoinghavebeendoing,+V.+V.+havedone+bedoing/havebeendoing可以用not表示“可能不”,+V.+V.+havedone+bedoing/havebeendoing,+V.+V.+havedone+bedoing,P.S:1.在反意疑问句中，当附属部分含有表示推测意义的must时，疑问部分的助动词应与must后面的动词在非推测情况下的用法保持一致。Hemustbeaworker,isnthe?（现在）他准时个工人，是吗？YoumusthavelearnedEnglishformanyyears,haventyou?（完成时）你一定学了好多年英语，是吗？比较：Itmusthaverainedlastnight,didntit?（过去）昨晚一定下雨了，是不是？Hemusthavearrivedbyyesterdaymorning,hadnthe?,2.can可用于肯定句中表示客观的（理论的）可能性，而表示具体事情实际发生的可能性时，can一般不用于肯定句。Accidentscanhappenonsuchrainydays.（表客观的可能性）Petermaycomewithustonight,butheisntsureyet.(实际可能性不用can),can常用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中，表疑惑、惊讶或不可能等意思，could既可用于肯定句又可用于否定句、疑问句中。Thiscant/couldntbedonebyhim.这不可能是他干的(表不可能、不相信)Canthisbedonebyhim?(表疑惑、惊讶)Mr.Bushisontimeforeverything.Howcanitbethathewaslatefortheopeningceremony?(表疑惑、惊讶),1.Idontknowwheresheis,she_beinWuhan.2.Atthismoment,ourteacher_ourexampapers.这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。3.Theroadiswet.It_lastnight.(rain)4.Yourmother_foryou.你妈妈一定一直在找你。,may,mustbemarking,musthaverained,musthavebeenlooking,5.Philip_seriouslyinthecaraccident.菲利普可能在车祸中受了重伤.6.-Lindahasgonetowork,butherbicycleisstillhere.-She_(go)bybus.7.Mike_hiscar,forhecametoworkbybusthismorning.迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。,may(might)havebeenhurt,may(might)havegone,canthavefound,1-Hi,Tom.AnyideawhereJaneis?-She_intheclassroom.Isawhertherejustnow.（2009重庆）A.shallbeB.shouldhavebeenC.mustbeD.mighthavebeen2-Whatdoyoumean,thereareonlytentickets?There_betwelve.（2009全国）A.shouldB.wouldC.willD.shall3Thetrafficeisheavythesedays.I_arriveabitlate,socouldyousavemeaplace?（2009辽宁）A.canB.mustC.needD.might,4（2009上海）It_havebeenTomthatparkedthecarhere,asheistheonlyonewithacar.A.mayB.canC.mustD.should5（2009安徽）Somepeoplewhodontliketotalkmucharenotnecessarilyshy;they_justbequietpeople.A.mustB.mayC.shouldD.would,6、(2008湖南)Youdonthavetoknowthenameoftheauthortofindabook.You_findthebookbythetitle.A.mustB.needC.canD.would7、(2008福建)ItisusuallywarminmyhometowninMarch,butit_berathercoldsometimes.A.mustB.canC.shouldD.would8（2009北京）Oneofthefewthingsyou_sayaboutEnglishpeoplewithcertaintyisthattheytalkalotabouttheweather.A.needB.mustC.shouldD.can,根据句意，选用can,may,和must填空。,1.Anybody_makemistakes.2.Mr.Readlookspale.He_beill.3.Mr.Readisinpoorhealth.He_beillatanytime.4.-Look,someoneiscoming.Who_itbe?-It_betheheadmaster.-It_behim.HehasgonetoShanghai.-It_beMr.Zhang.Helooksliketheheadmaster.,(can),may,(can),(can),(may),(cant),(must),表示请求、允许、允诺1.当对方是决策者时，你代表你（们）自己（I，We），或代表第三者（he,she,they）向对方（you）请示或提出建议时用：Shall/May(Might)/Can(Could)I/we.?Shallhe/she/they.?Would/Willyou.?Shallwebeginourclass?我们开始上课吗？Shallthedriverwaitoutside?司机将在外面等吗？Whenshallmyfatherbeabletoleavehospital?我父亲什么时候能出院？Wouldyoudomeafavor?你能帮我一个忙吗？,2.could/might/would表委婉的功能。如：-Could/MightIuseyourbiketomorrowmorning?-Yes,youcan/may.(否定:No,Imafraidnot)不可说：Yes,youcould/might.回答允许时，用could/might表委婉是不恰当的。,3.当你自己（I）是决策者，给对方（you）或第三者（he，she，they）以命令、警告、允诺或威胁时，要用shall。此外，当颁布法律、规定时，也要用shall。如：Youshallleavetheroomatonce,andhealsoshall.(=Iorderyouandhimtoleavetheroomatonce.)你马上给我滚出去！他也一样。（说话者的意志）Ithasbeenannouncedthatcandidatesshallremainintheirseatsuntilallthepapershavebeencollected.在所有试卷收上来之前，应试者必须留在座位上。（规则或规定）,4will可表示意愿、习惯或倾向（否定句中表示不肯、不能）、在疑问句中表示请求和建议.Iwilltry.Shewillsitthereforhours,waitingforhersontocomeback.Willyoupleaseexplainthesentenceoncemore?,题组训练根据对话内容，选用can,may,will的正确形式填空。1-Couldyoulendmeyourbook?-Certainly,I_.(can)2-MightIaskyouaquestion?-Surely,you_.(may)3-_youdomeafavor?-Ofcourse,Iwill.(Would),4-Dontforgettobringsomemoneyonyou.-OK,I_.(wont)5-Excuseme,butwouldyouliketodoitforme?-Yes,I_.A.wouldB.willC.wouldliketoD.willdo6)“Theinterest_bedividedintofiveparts,accordingtotheagreementmadebybothsides,”declaredthejudge.mayB.shouldC.mustD.shall,7）He_bepunishedifhedisobeys.(shall）如果他不服从,就要受到惩罚.8.Wearenotgoingtoquarrelatallifyou_onlyletmespeak.(will)只要你让我说话,我们根本就不会吵架.9.-Sir,_hegoorstay?-Lethimgo.A.willB.shallC.mightD.could,10.Thedoor_open.这门经常打不开.(wont)11.Ronald_stayinhissmallgardenforalongtimeeverydayinthepast.A.couldB.mightC.shouldD.wouldYou_havethebookafterIreadit.(shall)我看完以后一定把这本书给你.,表示必要性（责任/义务）1.must表示义务,意为“必须”（主观意志）,表现在和将来必须做某事用“must+动词原形”，表现在或将来不必做某事用“donthavetodo或dontneedtodo或needntdosth”，例如：Wemustdoeverythingstepbystep.我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。-Mustwehandinourexercisebooksnow?我们现在就要交练习本吗？-No,youneednt./No,youdonthaveto.不必。neednthavedone表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“本没必要”。例如：Youneednthavewakenmeup;Idonthavetogotoworktoday.,.must和havetomust表示主观意志，而haveto表示由于客观因素不得不做某事。must没有过去式，除在间接引语中可用于表示过去时间，在直接引语中表示过去时间应该用hadto代替。Itoldherthatshemustgiveupsmoking.我叫她必须戒烟。Wehadtogeteverythingreadythatnight.我们那晚得把一切准备就绪。“注：must还可表示“偏要、硬要”，如：-Howoldareyou,madam?-Ifyoumustknow,Imtwicemysonsage.,2.should1)表义务。意为“应该”（某件事宜于做），用于各种人称。例如：Youshouldbepolitetoyourteachers.你对老师应该有礼貌。Youshouldntwasteanytime.你不应该浪费时间。.3、oughtto1)表义务，意为“应该”（因责任、义务等该做），口气比should稍重。例如：Youarehisfather.Yououghttotakecareofhim.你是他父亲，应当管他。Yououghtnttosmokesomuch.你不应该抽这么多烟。,oughtto/shouldhavedone和oughtnotto/shouldnthavedone用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该”和“本不应该”。例如：Withalltheworkfinished,Ishouldhavegonetothepartylastnight.Yououghtnottohavemadefunofhim.Heisnottheoneyoulaughatbutlearnfrom.,五表示“宁愿做某事”时，可使用下面这些句式：wouldratherdosth.wouldratherdosth.thandosth.woulddosth.ratherthandosth.wouldrathersb.didsthprefertodosthprefertodosth.ratherthandosthpreferdoingsth.todoingsth高考中对这类用法的考查主要侧重结构，因些要熟记其结构。,题组练习：根据括号内的中文提示，选用最佳的情态动词填空：,1We_（必须）reportthemattertothebossimmediately.2We_（有必要）toreportthemattertothebossimmediately.3Igotupearly,butI_（没必要）havedoneso,becauseIhadnothingtodothatmorning.4Itisrainingsohard.I_（宁愿）stayathome.5Ifyou_（非要）smokehere,doitoutside,please.,(must),(need),(neednt),(wouldrather),(must),6.Icantleave.ShetoldmethatI_stayhereuntilshecomesback.(09全国)A.canB.mustC.willD.may7Thedoctorrecommendedthatyou_swimaftereatingalargemeal.(09浙江)A.wouldntB.couldntC.needntD.shouldnt8-Idontcarewhatpeoplethink.-Well,you_.（09四川）A.needB.wouldC.shouldD.might,9-Imsorry.I_atyoutheotherday.-Forgetit.Iwasabitoutofcontrolmyself.（08江苏）A.shouldntshoutB.shouldnthaveshoutedC.mustntshoutD.mustnthaveshouted10-Itstheoffice!Soyou_knoweatingisnotallowedhere.-Oh,sorry.（2009湖南）A.mustB.willC.mayD.need11-Lucydoesntmindlendingyouherdictionary.-She_.Ivealreadyborrowedone.（05湖南）A.cantB.mustntC.needntD.shouldnt,12-Couldihaveawordwithyou,Mum?-Ohdear,ifyou_.（06浙江）A.canB.mustC.mayD.should13Someaspectsofapilotsjob_beboring,andpilotsoften_workatinconvenienthours.（06湖南）A.can;havetoB.may;canC.haveto;mayD.oughtto;must,情态动词+have+done”表“本来”使用情形分析,1、shouldhavedone过去本来应该（而实际上并没有)shouldnothavedone本不应该而实际上却已经”如：Weshouldhavestudiedlastnight,butwewenttotheconcertinstead.我们昨晚本应学习的，但我们却去看音乐会了。（实际上没有学习）,2、couldhavedone它表示过去本来能够实际上没能做。如Icouldhaverun100metresin12seconds.我本来能用12秒钟完100米的.（实际上没能）Ifyoucouldhavefinishedthetaskintime，youcouldhavebeenpromoted.如果你当时能如期完成那任务的话，你可能已提升了（实际上没有被提升）,3、neednothavedone它表示过去已做的事，事实上没有必要。如，Ineednothavegotupsoearly.我本来不必要那么早起床的（事实上早已起床）Ineednothavewaitedforthetrainforanhour.我本来不必要等一个小时的火车。（事实上已经等了一个小时）问题:,wouldhavedone在什么情况下使用呢?,四、wouldhavedone用在虚拟语气中表示与过去事实相反之假设的结果，常与if的条件句连用。IwouldhavehelpedyouifIhadknownofyourdifficulties.要是我当时知道你们的窘境，我就会帮助你了（而实际上没有帮助你）Ifithadntrainedyesterday,wewouldhavegoneoutforawalk.假如昨天没下雨，我们就去散步了。（实际上没有去）。,5hadbetterhavedone用于事后的建议，含有轻微责备的口吻，意为“当时最好做了某事”，其否定式表达相反的含义。Youhadbetterhavestartedearlier.Youhadbetternothavescoldedher.6wouldratherhavedone表示“当时宁愿做某事”，其否定式wouldrathernothavedone表达相反含义，两者都表示“后悔”之意。Iwouldratherhavetakenhisadvice.Iraisedobjectionsatthemeeting,butnowIwouldrathernothavedonethat.,Practice,1.MrWhite_at8:30forthemeeting,buthedidntturnup.A.shouldhavearrivedB.shouldarriveC.shouldhavehadarrivedD.shouldbearriving,2.Ifhehadbeenhereyesterday,he_thispopstar.A.wouldmeetB.wouldhavemetC.metD.musthavemet,3.ItishardformetoimaginewhatIwouldbedoingtodayifI_inloveattheageofsevenwiththeMelindaCoxLibraryinmyhometown.A.wouldnthavefallenB.hadnotfallenC.shouldfallD.weretofall,4.ButforthehelpofmyEnglishteacher,I_thefirstprizeintheEnglishWritingCompetition.A.wouldnotwinB.wouldnothavewonC.wouldwinD.wouldhavewon5.Thisprinterisofgoodquality.Ifit_breakdownwithinthefirstyear,wewouldrepairitatourexpense.(09天津)A.wouldB.shouldC.couldD.might此处should（表示不确定）万一，用于虚拟语气。相当于wereto例如：IfIshouldseehim,Illtellhim.万一我见到他，我就告诉他。Ifitshouldraintomorrow,thesportsmeetingwouldbepostponed.万一明天下雨,比赛就延期举行。,6Thankyouforallyourhardworklastweek.Idontthinkwe_itwithoutyou.（08山东）A.canmanageB.couldhavemanagedC.couldmanageD.canhavemanaged7Hepaidforaseat,whenhe_haveenteredfree.（05山东）A.couldB.wouldC.mustD.need,可兼做行为动词的情态动词：need、dare,情态动词(+动词原形),行为动词,.,need,dare,1.无人称和数的变化;,2.尤其用于：,*否定句及疑问句中;,*在if/whether之后;,*或与hardly,never,noone,nobody连用;,3.常以neednt和darent的形式出现;,4.dare有其过去时dared.,多用于肯定句;(sb.)needtododaretodo(sth.)needtobedone(sth.)needdoing,Idarentaskherforarise.我不敢请求她加薪.Howdidyoudaretotellherthat?Iwonderwhetherhedarestandupinpublic.Idontknowhowshedarestowearthatdress.Doyouneedanyhelp?Iwonderwhetherheneedsenditimmediately.Ineedhardlytellyouthattheworkisdangerous.Thegardendoesntneedwateringatthemoment.Youneedntfinishthatworktoday.,判断正误: