中国文化概论英文版Unit10答案.doc

Unit 10 Traditional Medicine and Health PreservationWarm-up Activity1. Watch a video clip about Traditional Chinese Medicine (126”).1) Watch the first 50 seconds of the video and describe the people and the parts of their work as shown in the video. Who are these people and what parts of their work are shown in the video? Theyre medical practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine, one great representative of whom is Li Shizhen, the author of Compendium of Materia Medica (本草纲目). The video shows us the process of preparing herbal medicines, from methods of growing, gathering, and drying herbs, to different ways of extracting their vital essences and making healing balms (镇痛软膏), lotions (药液), and the pulse diagnosis and prescription (and treatments). 2) Name all the medical treatments shown in the rest of the video. Acupuncture, Cupping (Baguan), Scraping (Guasha), Massagesource: UP CLOSE Edition 20090705, video clip from 2. Read an American mothers account of her experience with TCM and discuss the questions below.1) What are the different approaches to the daughters illness by the pediatrician and the doctor of Chinese medicine? Whereas Western medicine tends to focus on eradicating symptoms, the concept behind Chinese medicine is to manipulate the body to heal itself using a combination of acupuncture and herbal medicine.Chinese medicine treats the body as a whole, so each patient receives a customized treatment. There are literally thousands of herbal combinations and hundreds of acupuncture points that a doctor of Chinese medicine is able to utilize for healing. These techniques and treatments have been perfected over thousands of years of evolving practice.2) For what other diseases do you think Chinese medicine work well? Dating back over 5,000 years, the practice of Chinese medicine has proven to be both an effective and beneficial method for dealing with many different types of health concerns. Introduced to the United States in 1970s, Chinese medicine is now considered an advantageous addition to traditional Western medicine. According to the British Medical Journal, Chinese medicine works well for chronic headaches and migraines (偏头痛). Chinese medicine has also proven to work well for allergies, infertility (不孕不育), skin problems, A.D.D. (注意力不足过动症), sinus problems, digestive issues, blood pressure (high or low), back pain, fatigue, prostate problems, asthma, and many more.Now recognized by the Western medical community as a partner in healing, many physicians refer patients to practitioners of Chinese medicine and many insurance companies include coverage on their policies.Section A. Cultural Treasures Task1. Read the passage below and then answer the following questions.1) What are the five most popular styles of Taijiquan? Yang, Wu, Wu/Hao, Sun, and Chen.Additional information At the turn of the nineteenth century, a young man named Yang Luchan went from his home of Yongnian, Hebei province, to Chen village as a servant. There he learned taijiquan, and later returned home, where he became known as “Yang the Invincible.” Several of his students include the three Wu brothers, two of whom were local magistrates and scholars, Wu Chengqing and Wu Ruqing, and one a superior martial artist, Wu Yuxiang. All loved martial arts, and unlike Yang, were literate. Wu Yuxiang was briefly a student of Yang, and then, because Yang held back teaching, he went back to Chen village and Zhaobao village for training with Chen Qingping. Yongnian was a breeding ground for great martial artists, and this was a turbulent time. The eldest Wu brother found a text in a salt shop, attributed to Wang Zongyue from the turn of the nineteenth century. It was entitled A Treatise on Taijiquan (太极拳论). Prior to that time, taijiquan was referred to as Changquan (long boxing), or the Thirteen Movements. Wu Yuxiang, his brothers, and a nephew, Li Yiyu (and later Yang Banhou), worked on this manuscript to produce what are now known as the Classics. This body of work, consisting of approximately forty texts, expounds the philosophical and practical methods that most taijiquan schools claim as basic, common, and uniting. It includes, among other discussions, commentaries on sparring, the eight gates and five steps, the thirteen postures, the taiji circle, and qi circulation.Yang later moved to Beijing, taking a post with the Qing government teaching martial arts. He simplified some of the Chen movements. His sons, especially Yang Banhou, continued his work, and later Yang Luchans grandsons (from his son Jianhou), Yang Shaohou and Yang Chengfu, became famous for their skills, and their additions to the art, too. Yang Chengfu made the form smooth, large, and broad, popularizing it for young and old. It is his style of performance that is most popular today internationally. His style is most often referred to as Yang Style, although there are still scattered pockets of people performing sequences that are attributed to earlier members of the Yang family. Back in Yongnian, Wu Yuxiang created what is now known as Wu (or Hao) style from his studies with Yang, his training with Chen, and his study of the classics. This style is compact, simple, small in frame, and quite upright. Li Yiyu taught Hao Weizhen (18491920). In the capital, Wu Quanyou, a Manchu by birth and a student of Yang Banhou, created an elegant, medium-framed style referred to as Wu (different character and tone from Wu/Hao). It was passed on through Wu Jianquan (18701942) and is also quite popular.Hao taught the famous Sun Lutang (18611932). Already a well- known martial artist at the turn of the century, the latter created a new style of taijiquan, Sun, incorporating xingyiquan (形意拳) and baguazhang (八卦掌), which, like taijiquan, are considered internal arts based on similar principles. The Sun is a very distinctive style, still being taught by his daughter, Sun Jianyun, and gaining popularity. In 1928, Yang Chengfu traveled to Nanjing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, and Hankou and taught taiji. This trip, plus the many people taught by the Yang Family in Beijing who migrated to other parts of the country, helped to popularize taijiquan throughout China. It was also in 1928 that Chen stylist Chen Fake (18871957) moved to Beijing and began teaching. By far the five most popular styles of taijiquan are Yang, Wu, Wu/Hao, Sun, and Chen.2)Why do so many people practice Taijiquan? Some devoted practitioners value taiji as a metaphor upon which to model Daoist attributes as a base philosophy to attain control over their lives. Some seek out taiji as a means of restoring lost health or controlling chronic illness. For many, it is just playful recreation or a way of socializing. Finally, for others, it may serve any combination of these functions. Task2. Read the passage again and then complete the following tasks.1) Translate the underlined parts into Chinese.易经易有太极，是生两仪， 两仪生四象， 四象生八卦道德经黄庭经戚继光拳经2) Complete the table below about the founders of Taijiquan.legend historyWho was the founder?Zhang Sanfeng.Chen Wangting.When did he live?In the 12th / 14th century.In the 17th century.How was Taijiquan created?Taught by the spirit of Wudang/based on his observation of crane-snake fight.Under the influence of Huang Ting and Qi Jiguangs thirty-two movements in The Canons of Boxing.What was his contribution?the Thirteen Postures of Taiji (太极十三式)the yi lu, tui shou, incorporation of qigong exercises (called “silk reeling”), the use of spiraling movement, and the application of concepts of traditional Chinese medicine. What is the source of this claim?Ma Tungwen manuscript (in 1867)Tang Hao (in the 1930s)3) How did Taijiquan get its name? Taijiquan was originally referred to as Changquan (long boxing), or the Thirteen Movements (十三势). The very term Taiji comes from the Zhou dynasty and an anonymous text, the Yijing (I Ching; the Book of Changes). Over three thousand years ago, the author wrote, “In all changes exists Taiji, which cause the two opposites in all things. The two opposites cause the four seasons, and the four seasons cause the eight natural phenomena.” 4） Explain the following terms and then put them into Chinese.1）neijia - Internal (“neijia”) styles are those which use fluid movements and dodges to avoid attacks. They are influenced greatly by Taoist teachings. Breathing techniques, balance and control are highly important with the internal styles. With internal styles, strength develops most in the torso and legs. The most well known of the internal styles is taijiquan which is practiced by millions of people all over the world. The graceful movements of taiji build muscular strength and are popular with old and young alike. Other internal styles include xingyiquan (形意拳) and baguazhang (八卦掌). 内家拳2）yi lu - the long sequence that is the basis for traditional Yang, Wu, Hao, and Sun style sequences. 陈式太极拳第一路3)tui shou - push-hands, a type of sparring (对练) using light touch and redirection of force, developing greater efficiency and sensitivity. This type of sparring allows the development of important fighting skills without injury; it may also be applied to weapons, for example, “sticky” spear techniques (粘枪).太极推手4)silk reeling - also called winding silk energy, refers to a set of neigong movement principles expressed in traditional styles of taijiquan, but especially emphasised by the Chen and Wu styles of taijiquan. The name derives from the metaphorical principle of reeling the silk from a silk worms cocoon. In order to draw out the silk successfully the action must be smooth and consistent without jerking or changing direction sharply. Too fast, the silk breaks, too slow, it sticks to itself and becomes tangled. Hence, the silk reeling movements are continuous, cyclic patterns performed at constant speed with the light touch of drawing silk. Silk reeling is trained in solo forms and stances as well as in pushing hands with a partner.缠丝劲或缠丝功Section B. Cultural Knowledge CardingSkimming and scanning the following passage so as to finish Tasks 1 and 2.Task 1. Match the Chinese words or terms in the left column with their English equivalents in the right column.a.pharmacotherapy, acupuncture and moxibustion, massage 药疗、针灸、按摩b. dietary care and tonic medicines 食疗补药c. Warring States period 战国时期d. fangshi (gentlemen of remedies) 方士e. the arts of Zou Yan驺衍之术 f. the Yin and Yang philosophies阴阳五行学说g. the Wuxing (five agents) 五行h. five flavours 五味 five organs 五脏i. Yellow Emperors Inner Canon 黄帝内经j. self-cultivation 养生k. twelve distinct jingmai 十二经脉l. nine types of needle 九针m.acupuncture points 针穴，穴位n. leaves of mugwort 艾叶o. a Western Han tomb at the Mawangdui site 马王堆西汉墓p. the chancellor of the Han Kingdom of Changsha西汉初期长沙国丞相r. Treatise on Cold Damage伤寒杂病论s. the Divine Farmers Canon of Materia Medica 神农本草经t. Materia Medica, Systematised Monographs 本草纲目Task 2. Put the following words or expressions in Tables 1 & 2, and show them to your partner:bfihjdgcca Read the text more closely and finish Task 3 and 4.Task 3. Questions for thought and discussion based on the above passage.1)Match the traditional Chinese medicine classics and their authors.Huangdi - Yellow Emperors Inner CanonZhang Zhongjing - Treatise on Cold DamageTao Hongjing - the Divine Farmers Canon of Materia MedicaLi Shizhen - Materia Medica, Systematised Monographs2) Briefly describe the excavated texts from a Western Han tomb at the Mawangdui site. How significant are they for the understanding of traditional Chinese medicine?There were household manuals of remedies for various illnesses and early editions of treatises found in the canons of acupuncture and moxibustion. They have not been tampered with by generations of editors keen to re-arrange and re-order according to the prejudices of their own time. Therefore they provide a window through which we are offered a direct view of medical affairs in elite society of early imperial China.Task 4. What are the Chinese versions for the following sentences? Where are they taken from? What suggestions of health preservation do they give? Are they still practical in todays life? 1) 食不厌精，脍不厌细。论语乡党 The Analects of Confucius (Lun Yu).2) 君子有三戒：少之时，血气未定，戒之在色；及其壮也，血气方刚，戒之在斗；及其老也，血气既衰，戒之在得。论语季氏The Analects of Confucius (Lun Yu).3) 我善养吾浩然之气。 孟子公孙丑上 The Mencius4) 载营魄抱一，能无离乎？专气致柔，能如婴儿乎？ 道德经第10章 Lao-tzu Tao Te Ching5) 若一志，无听之以耳而听之以心，无听之以心而听之以气！耳止于听，心止于符。气也者，虚而待物者也。唯道集虚。虚者，心斋也。庄子人世间 The Chuang-tzu6) 堕肢体黜聪明，离形去知，同于大通，此谓坐忘。庄子大宗师 The Chuang-tzu7) 上古之人，其知道者，法于阴阳，和于术数，食饮有节，起居有常，不妄作劳，故能形与神俱，而尽终其天年，度百岁乃去。 黄帝内经素问 The Inner Canon of Huangdi or Yellow Emperors Inner CanonSection C. Legend Time Questions for discussion: 1) Why was Hua Tuo considered the first surgeon of China, and one of the last famous surgeons of ancient China? Because of his great achievements as a surgeon. First, Hua Tuo invented various herbal anesthetics. One, known as numbing powder (Mafai San), was taken with alcohol before surgery. Second, he performed numerous successful operations to save patients lives. One famous story is about general Guan Yu, whose arm was pierced by a poisoned arrow during a battle and who calmly sat playing a board game as he allowed Hua Tuo to clean his flesh down to the bone to remove necrosis, with no anesthetic. Third, Hua Tuo emphasized using a small nu