计数型MSA.ppt

Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute特性数据MSA,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Variables,Pg1,TheBreakthroughStrategyAndMeasurementSystemEvaluation,MeasurementSystemsAnalysiswillhelpusdecideifwecanadequatelymeasureouroutputcharacteristic测量系统分析有助于确认是否能够胜任测量输出特性的要求Thenafterweveimprovedtheprocess,wewillneedtoassessitagainandpotentiallyneedtoimproveit/在改善过程以后，我们需要再次评价测量系统，以及潜在的测量系统的改进,1.SelectOutputCharacteristic2.DefinePerformanceStandards3.ValidateMeasurementSystem确认测量系统4.EstablishBaselineProcessCapability5.DefinePerformanceObjectives6.IdentifyVariationSources7.ScreenPotentialCauses8.DiscoverVariableRelationships9.EstablishOperatingTolerancesImplementImprovements10.ValidateMeasurementSystem确认测量系统11.DetermineFinalProcessCapability12.ImplementProcessControls,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg2,ModuleObjectives,Bytheendofthismodule,theparticipantshouldbeableto:DiscusstheneedforanAttributeMeasurementSystemAnalysis探讨属性数据测量系统分析所需条件DescribethetypesofAttributeMeasurementSystemAnalysesandwhentousethem叙述属性数据测量系统分析以及何时使用PerformanAttributeMeasurementSystemAnalysis实施属性数据测量系统分析,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg3,TypicalMeasurementSystems,NotethatoftenAttributeMeasurementSystemsinvolvehumanjudgmentIsitreliableforuseindecisionmaking?/注意属性数据MSA经常包含人员的判定判定可靠吗？,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg4,PurposeOfAttributeMSA,Accuracychecks准确性检查Assessstandardsagainstcustomersrequirements评价标准和顾客要求对比IdentifyhowwellMeasurementSystemconformstoa“knownmaster”/识别测量系统符合”已知标准”的程度Precisionchecks精密性检查Todetermineifinspectors(Appraisers)acrossallshifts,machines,lines,etcusethesamecriteriatoevaluateitemsReproducibility/确认检查员(评价者)所有班次、设备、生产线是否使用相同标准评价再现性Toquantifytheabilityofinspectors(Appraisers)orgagestoaccuratelyrepeattheirinspectiondecisionsRepeatability/量化检查员(评价者)或仪器准确重复检查结果的能力重复性Toidentifyhowwellinspectors/gagesmeasureaknownmaster(possiblydefinedbythecustomer)toensurenomisclassificationoccurs/识别检查员/仪器测量”已知标准”(可能是顾客定义)确保没有错误分类的能力Howoftenoperatorsdecidetoshiptrulydefectiveproduct多久操作员会将不良品判为合格品？Howoftenoperatorsdonotshiptrulyacceptableproduct多久操作员会将合格品判为不良品？Todetermineareaswhere确定以下范围Trainingisneeded是否需要培训ProceduresorControlPlansarelacking是否缺乏程序或控制计划Standardsarenotclearlydefined标准是否未定义Gageadjustmentorcorrelationisnecessary仪器调整或相互性是必须的,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg5,AttributeDataWithUnorderedCategories非顺序型的属性数据Kappa,SupposethatinvoicequalityisakeytotheprocessThroughput.Inotherwords,ifaninvoiceisincomplete,thereworkrequiredimpactsthequantitythatcanbeprocessedinaday.TwoAppraisersareaskedtoindependentlyevaluateteninvoicesrandomlyselectedfromdifferentdays.Theresultsofthestudyareshownbelow:/假定发票质量是过程输出的关键，换句话说，如果一张发票不完整，再作业就会影响当天的产量。2个评价者独立评价随机在不同日期抽取的10张发票。结果如下所示：Invoice#Appraiser1Appraiser2Agreement?1BadBadY2GoodBadN3GoodGoodY4BadBadY5GoodGoodY6GoodGoodY7GoodBadN8GoodBadN9GoodGoodY10GoodGoodYWecouldsimplylookatthepercentofthetimetheyagreeasmetricforbetweenAppraiseragreement:我们可以只考虑评价者判定一致的百分率作为衡量指标Butwhatwouldthatnottakeintoaccount?但是还有什么没有考虑？,_%agree_%disagree,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg6,KappacomparestheproportionofagreementbetweenAppraisersafterremovingagreementbychance/Kappa比较了评价者之间去除了的偶然性的一致性比率TheproportionthatthejudgesareinagreementisPobserved/判断一致的比率是PobservedTheproportionexpectedtooccurbychanceis:由于偶然性一致的比率Pchance=(PInsp1Good)(PInsp2Good)+(PInsp1Bad)(PInsp2Bad)1.WhatwouldtheKappabeifthejudgesagreedoneverypart?/如果每个零件的判定都一致，Kappa是多少？2.HowwouldyouinterpretaKappaofzero?怎么解释Kappa为0？3.WhatwouldbetheKappaifthejudgesneveragreed?如果判定都不一致Kappa又是多少？,DefinitionOfKappa,Letswalkthroughthecalculationbyhand.,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg7,HowToCalculateKappaByHand,BuildcontingencytableSumcolumnsandrowsCalculatePobsbyaddingdiagonalCalculatePchanceCalculateKappa,Howisthisinterpreted?,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg8,HowToInterpretKappaResults,ThegeneralruleforinterpretingKapparesultsareasfollows:解释Kappa的规则通常如下0.9ExcellentMeasurementSystem极好的测量系统,Remember,consideryourMeasurementSystemandhowwelltheabovecriteriamightapply.,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg9,AttributeDataKappaExercise,Yourcompanyproducesdocumentsthatarefilledwithalpha-numericcharacters.Ifadocumenthasoneormorenumerals(0-9),itisdefective.Yourmissionistoidentifythedefectivedocuments./你公司的产品是字母与数字混合编排的文件。如果文件中有1个或多个数字(0-9)，就是不合格品。你的任务就是识别不合格的文件。Inteamsoftwo,appointonepersontobethedatacollectorTheotherpersonistheinspector.Thedatacollectionsheetislocatedonthefollowingpage.2人一组，任命其中一个为数据收集员，另一个是检查员，数据收集表在后面一页中Thedocumentnumberislocatedundereachofthe20documents.Thedocumentswillbevisibleforthreesecondsbeforeautomaticallyadvancing.Theexercisewillbefinishedin60seconds(threeseconds/part).共有20个文件，每个显示3秒，然后自动进行下一个。练习在60s内完成(3s/部件).EachAppraiserwillperformtwotrials每个评价者重复2次PerformanalysisinMINITABperthenextslides进行MTB分析,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg10,KappaExercise,BeginKappaexercise,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg11,KappaExerciseDataCollectionForm,NOTE:Partcountof20usedonlyfordemonstration.Samplesizeguidelinesfoundonpage13.,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg12,KappaAnalysisInMINITAB,PutdataintoMINITAB,eachjudgestrialinaseparatecolumnToanalyze,gotoStatQualityToolsAttributeAgreementAnalysis,1,2,3,EnterJudges(Appraisers)andquantitySelect“Results”buttonandclicklastoption,4,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg13,AttributeGageRforuseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg14,GuidelinesForKappaStudies,Planning策划SampleSize样本大小100sampleswithtwotrialsperAppraiser/100个样品，每个评价者重复2次Ifonly50-100samplesareavailable,dothreetrialsperAppraiser/如果只有50-100个样品，每个评价者重复3次0,indicatesassociation,ifthep-valueissmall,weacceptthatKCC0.Thep-valuetellsyoutheprobabilitythatsomeassociationwasfoundpurelybychance.Thisissayingthatthereisa7.4%chanceanon-zeroKCC(somelevelofassociation)wasfoundbychancealone.Youdecidebasedontheamountofriskyourewillingtotake.Avaluelike0.05istypical./首先要看p值，记住KCC0，表示有联系，如果p值很小，我们接受KCC0。P值表示纯粹由于偶然而发生联系的可能性。这里表示有的纯粹由于偶然而发生非0KCC的机会是7.4%(互相联系的水平)。你的决定取决于你愿意承担的风险。通常设为0.05TheKCCisfairlylowhere,seecriteriaonnextslide这个KCC比较小，看下一页的标准,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg21,HowToInterpretKendallsCoefficientOfConcordance,Ingeneral,KCCcanvaryfrom0.0to1.0/KCC值一般可以从0变到1Thehigherthevalue,thehigherdegreeassociationamongtheassessmentsmadebytheAppraisers/值越大，评价者的一致性越高Howcloseto1.0isneeded?需要和1.0多接近？Althoughverysituationaldependent,thegeneralguidelinesareasfollows:虽然有很多不同状况，但是一般规则如下,0-0.7Lowdegreeofassociation,MeasurementSystemneedsattention低程度联系，需关注测量系统0.7-1.0Generallyacceptable通常可接收,Asstatedonthepriorpage,thep-valueforKCCshouldalsobelow,generallylessthan0.05ThisreducesyourriskofgettinganacceptableKCCjustbyrandomchance.正如前页所说，KCC的p值应该较小，通常比0.05小减少由于偶然造成接收的KCC的风险,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg22,GuidelinesForKendallsStudies,Planning策划Samplesize样本大小MoreisbetterAsyoursamplesizeincreases,yourconfidenceintervalsaroundyourKCCdecrease越多越好样本大小增大，和KCC有关的置信区间范围减小Collectasmanysamplesaspracticallypossible,20minimumisaguideline,30isbest/收集尽可能多的样品，至少20，最好30PerformatleasttwotrialsperAppraiser每个评价者至少重复2次Samplepartselection样品选择Partsinthestudyshouldrepresentthefullrangeofvariationandthusutilizethefullrangeoftheratingscale研究的样品能代表变差的整个范围，这样就能使用整个范围的分类标准Execution实施Partsshouldberatedinrandomorderindependently(nocomparisons)/部件应该以随机顺序评价Studyshouldbeblind研究应该是盲测Ratingtimeshouldbesimilartothat“normally”used评价时间也和正常使用近似,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg23,GuidelinesForKendallsStudies(Contd),Analysis分析PriortoreviewingtheKCCvalue,checktoseethatthep-valueislow(generally0.05)Ifitisnot,addmoresamplestothestudyoraddanothertrial/在看KCC值之前，检查p值是否较小(通常0.05)如不是，增加样品或增加1次重复Reviewtherepeatabilityportionfirst(WithinAppraiser),ifanAppraisersKCCisverylow,theymayneedimprovement(seeImprovementbelow)/先检查重复性部分(评价者内),如果评价者的KCC很低，那就需要改进(看下面的改进)ForAppraisersthathaveacceptablerepeatability,reviewthereproducibilityportion(BetweenAppraiser)/如重复性可接收，检查再现性部分(评价者间)Ifa“GoldStandard”isavailable(ratingsofthesamplesknownbysomeothermeansasbeing“correct”),compareeachAppraisertothemfor“calibration”/如果”标准”已知(已知的正确的等级)，通过比较每个评价者和已知值来校正UsethefieldinMINITAB,“KnownStandardAttribute”/用MTB中“KnownStandardAttribute”一栏Improvement改进IftheWithinAppraiserKCCscoresarelow,thatAppraisermayneedtraining.Dotheyunderstandtheratingscale?Aretheinstructionscleartothem?/评价者内KCC值较低，那么就需要培训，他们是否理解分类标准？是否清楚作业指导书？IftheBetweenAppraiserKCCscoresarelow,eachAppraisermayhaveadifferingdefinitionoftheratingscaleAstandardizeddefinitioncanimprovethissituation/评价者间KCC值较低，那么每个评价者对零件分类的定义不同标准定义可以改变这种状况Ifimprovementsaremade,thestudyshouldberepeatedtoconfirmimprovementshaveworked/如果已进行改进，还需要再次研究以确认改进有效,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg24,ObjectivesReview,Theparticipantshouldbeableto:DiscusstheneedforanAttributeMeasurementSystemAnalysis探讨属性数据测量系统分析所需条件DescribethetypesofAttributeMeasurementSystemAnalysesandwhentousethem叙述属性数据测量系统分析以及何时使用PerformanAttributeMeasurementSystemAnalysis实施属性数据测量系统分析,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,Appendix,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg26,AttributeMSAMethod,Step1:Selectaminimumof30partsfromtheprocess至少选择30个部件50%ofthepartsinyourstudyshouldhavedefects/50%有缺陷50%ofthepartsshouldbedefect-free/50%没有缺陷Ifpossibleselectborderline(ormarginal)goodandbadsamples/尽可能选择界限附近的好的和不好的样品Step2:Identifytheappraiserswhichshouldbequalified/选择有资格的评价者Step3:Haveeachappraiser,independentlyandinrandomorder,assessthesepartsanddeterminewhetherornottheypassorfail/每个评价者随机评价部件，确认是否通过或不通过Step4:EnterthedataintoExcelorMINITABtoreporttheeffectivenessoftheattributemeasurementsystem/输入Excel或MTB报告属性数据MSA的有效性Step5:Documenttheresults.Implementappropriateactionstofixtheinspectionprocessifnecessary/结果文件化，如有必要，进行相应的改善Step6:Re-runthestudytoverifythefix/再运行MSA，验证改善有效Note:A30-piecesamplewillyieldanestimateofappraiserefficiencyandcapabilitywhichhasafairamountofuncertainty.Typicallyalargersampleisnotneededbecausetheappraisalprocessisobviouslyineffective.TheExcelspreadsheetcanhandleupto100samples,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,AttributeMSASupplementalFiles,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg28,AttributeMSA-ExcelMethod,AllowsforRforuseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg29,AttributeMSAExample,Openfile:MSA-Attribute.xls,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg30,ScoringExample,100%istargetforallscores100%indicatestrainingrequired%Appraiserscore=repeatabilityScreen%EffectivenessScore=reproducibility%Scorevs.AttributeindividualerroragainstaknownpopulationScreen%Effectivevs.AttributeTotalerroragainstaknownpopulation,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg31,StatisticalReport,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg32,StatisticalReport,Copyright2001-2005SixSigmaAcademyInternational,LLCAllrightsreserved;foruseonlyincompliancewithSSAlicense.,MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)Attribute,Pg33,StatisticalReportContinued,Copyright2001-2005SixSigm