大学英语四级写作句子练习.ppt

,英语写作之二句子写作外语部齐红(38),welcome,句子定义及作用句子成分和句子类型常见错误句句子写作原则句子多样性及长难句写法,内容提要,一、句子,句子是文章基础，是作者表达思想最小语言单位。句子的质量直接影响文章质量。写作基本要求句子语法正确。好文章的共性句型多样。提高写作水平首先必须写好句子，掌握不同句型的写法，根据需要进行灵活的句型转换，使文中的句子长短错落，起伏有致。,下面几个句子正确吗?如果有误,怎么改?,1.Themeetingwilluntil3:00.,2.Workhard,youwillsucceed.,3.Thereareonly4studentstakepartinthesportmeeting.,last,and,who,taking/totake,1）句子的定义和作用,句子是由词按照一定的规则组成的能够表达一个独立完整意义的语言单位。,二、句子的构成（句子成分）,主语陈述和说明的对象谓语对主语动作进行陈述和说明的文字宾语动作涉及的限定的文字对象定语对名词进行修饰和状语对形容词、动词、副词、句子进行修饰的文字补语对宾语进行补充说明的文字表语在系动词之后，对主语进行说明的文字,句子成份再复习,主,谓,宾,表,补,定,状,S-subjectP-predicateO-objectAttri.-attributeAdv.-adverbialC-complement,P-predicative,1、按句子功能分类？2、按语法结构分类？,Question句子类型有几种？分别是什么？,1按句子功能分类陈述句（declarativesentence）疑问句（interrogativesentence）祈使句（imperativesentence）感叹句（exclamatorysentence）2按语法结构分类简单句（simplesentence)并列句(compoundsentence)复合句(complexsentence)和并列复合句(compound-complexsentences),三、句子类型,(一)、按句子的用途可分四种：1、陈述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold;Shedidnthearofyoubefore.2、疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,cantshe?3、祈使句Becareful,boys;Donttalkinclass4、感叹句Howclevertheboyis!,句子功能分类再复习,陈述句（declarativesentence）,疑问句（interrogativesentence）,祈使句（imperativesentence）,感叹句（exclamatorysentence）,你会造句吗？1、陈述句.2、疑问句.3、祈使句.4、感叹句.,句子类型（语法分类）,简单句,并列句,复合句,2HowtosaytheminEnglish简单句（simplesentence)并列句(compoundsentence)复合句(complexsentence)和并列复合句(compound-complexsentences),简单句：主语（或并列主语）部分+谓语（并列谓语）部分并列句：简单句+并列引导词+简单句；常见的并列引导词：and，or，so，for，but，notonly.butalso,either.or,neither.nor,when,while，therefore等复合句:简单句+从属连接词+简单句常见从属引导词：whether,as,if,since等。所有的句子都是由五个基本句型转换来的。,三种句子定义与区别,1、简单句,只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子叫做简单句。例如：Alicestudiedhard.LiMingandZhangHuaworkinthesamefactory.BothTonyandJimgotoschoolatseveninthemorning,havelunchthereandcomebackatfiveintheafternoon.,主语不及物动词（S+V）主语及物动词宾语(S+V+O)主语系动词表(S+V+P)主语及物动词+间宾+直宾(S+V+Oi+Od)主语及物动词宾语宾语补语(S+V+O+C),简单句的五种基本句型,五种简单句型及例句,主语+不及物动词2.主语+及物动词+宾语,Birdsfly.Busesrunfromdawntillmidnight.Wearestudyinghard.,Wehavereadmanybooks.Theydoshoppingattheweekend.WearelearningEnglish.,3.主语+系动词+表语4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语,Wearestudents.Thatsoundsgood.,HegaveTomapresent.Heofferedmeajob.,Wemadehimourmonitor.Themanagerthinkstheplanpractical.Hewillhavehisbikerepaired.Iwonthaveyouspeakingtoherlikethat.,英语系动词分几类？有哪些？,1、表示状态系动词：be，说明主语状态（am、are、is、was、were）2、表示持续性系动词：keep、stay、lie、stand、remain3、表“像”系动词：“看起来像”seem、look、appear4、感官系动词：feel、smell、sound、taste等，主语往往是物，不是人5、表示变化系动词：become、grow、turn、fall、get、go6、表终止系动词：prove、turnout,1、2、3、4、5、,SV,SVO,SVP,SVOO,SVOC,start!,五种基本简单句回顾wedidntcatchanything.,用分号，后跟一个连接副词：Wefishedallday;however,wedidntcatchathing.,用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）Wefishedallday,but(we)didntcatchathing.,并列句,常用并列连词coordinatingconjunctions,平行并列连词:转折并列连词：因果并列连词:选择并列连词:,and,bothand,notonlybutalso,neithernor,andthen,but,however,while,yet,for,so,therefore,or,eitheror,Exercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。,Hewastired,sohewenttobed.,1.Hewastired.Hewenttobed.,2.Thechildhidbehindhismothersskirt.Hewasafraidofthedog.,3.Hemadeapromise.Hedidntkeepit.,Hemadeapromise,buthedidntkeepit.,Thechildhidbehindhismothersskirt,forhewasafraidofthedog.,复合句=主句+从句由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。主句:具有完整的句意,可以独立存在。从句:句意不完整,不能独立存在，必须和主句连用。,复合句,复合句主要包含以下类型从句：1.主语从句2.宾语从句3.表语从句4.定语从句5.状语从句6.同位语从句,写作最常使用从句,名词从句状语从句定语从句,Idontknow,him.,宾语从句,thatheisleavingforWashington.whenheisleavingforWashington.whyheisleavingforWashington.howheisleavingforWashington.whetherheisleavingforWashington.,宾语从句例句,主语从句,thepeople,surprised,That,WhathesaidWhathedid,主语,Thathedidntknowtheanswer,there.,定语,whoweresittingintheroom.whowerepresent.whosesonswereatwar.whohadsignedthecontract.,定语从句,无“，”,，,去掉从句意思不完整,去掉从句不影响表达,既可以修饰单个名词，也可是整个句子,通常修饰单个名词或代词,that不能引导非限定性定从。whom在非限定从中不能用who代替。引导非限定从的关系词，即使作宾语也不可省略。,非限定性和限定性定语从句试比较,Shehasasonwhoisadoctor.（不止一个）Shehasason,whoisadoctor.（仅有一个）Hesaidnothingthatmadeherangry.Hesaidnothing,whichmadeherangry.,表语从句,That,is,thefact.,表语,whatheneeds.whathegaveme.whyhewaslate.whathashappened.,Theearthisround,_isknowntoall._isknowntoall,theearthisround_isknowntoallthattheearthisround.,as,As,It,as的使用,ThisisthesamebookasIlost.ThisisthesamebookthatIlost.,这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。,这本书就是我丢的那本。,状语从句（九类）,1时间2地点3原因4结果5目的6条件7让步8方式9程度,状语从句,1)时间状语从句,Waituntilyouarecalled.Whenspringcomes,leavesturngreen.,常用的关联词有：as,after,before,since,till/until,when,while,assoonas,whenever等,2)地点状语从句,Putitwhereyoufoundit.Sitdownwhereveryoulike.,常用的关联词有：where,wherever,anywhere,3)原因状语从句,AsIdidntknowtheway,Iaskedapoliceman,常用的关联词有：because,as,since,4)结果状语从句,IwasinthebathsothatIdidnthearthetelephone.,常用的关联词有：so,sothat,suchthat,that,5)目的状语从句,Illshowyousoyouwillseehowitsdone.,常用的关联词有：so,sothat,inorderthat,6)条件状语从句,Ifitsnowstomorrow,wewillbuildasnowman.,常用的关联词有：if,unless,incasethat,onconditionthat,常用的关联词有：though,although,ifevenif,eventhough,7)让步状语从句,ThoughImfondofmusic,Icantplayanyinstrument.,常用的关联词有：as,asif,asthough,how,常用的关联词有：so,sothat,asfaras,solongas,8)方式状语从句,Hedidjustasyoutoldhim.,9)程度状语从句,Herunssofastthatnobodycancatchupwithhim,指出下列各从句的类型,Ibelievethateverythingisgoingonwell.ShewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.,宾语从句,状语从句,定语从句,Practice,用所给连词连接句子,Hehasfoundout.Shewaslate.(why),Hehasfoundoutwhyshewaslate.,Istillremembertheday.IfirstwenttoYorkonthatday.(when),IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstwenttoYork.,Practice,句子写作原则,完整连贯清晰简洁多样,清晰,指代要清楚Parentsoftenmakeselflesssacrificesinordertoeducatetheirchildrenwell.Theyarewillingtodoalltheheavyhouseworksothattheycanburythemselvesinpilesofbooks.Theywantthemtostudyhard.Theylovethemverymuch.修正：,They,theirchildren,themselves.They,theirchildren.They,theirchildren.,Agreatcrowdofshoppersrushedinsideandoutsidehundredsmorewerepushingthroughthedoor.Agreatcrowdofshoppersrushedinside,andoutsidehundredsmorewerepushingthroughthedoor.,正确使用标点符号,完整,Mylittlebrotherhasmanyhobbies.Forexample,stampcollectionandpainting.Livinginthecityismoreconvenient.,Mylittlebrotherhasmanyhobbies.Forexample,helikesstampcollectionandpainting.,Livinginthecityismoreconvenientthanlivinginthecountryside.,协调nevertheless尽管如此,然而;合:lastbutnotleast最后同样重要的，so,therefore,inconclusion最后，综上所述,toconclude最后,ina/oneword,ingeneral,例:forinstance,forexample,suchas,Whenitcomesto.说起,经典引导句型Thereisnodoubtthat/insayingthatThereisnoexaggeration夸张insayingthatItisknowntousallthat,Itiswell-knownthatItisapparent/obvious显然thatItisnothardtounderstandthatItisnottoomuchtosaythatItiscommonly/widely/generallyagreedthat(acknowledged公认的that/believedthat),.写插入语插入语多半用逗号隔开，可能是一个词、一个短语或一个句子，例如：thatistosay换句或说toacertainextent在某种程度上tosomedegree一定程度上，toalargerdegree在很大程度上foronereasonoranother因为某种原因toputitinanotherway换言之directlyorindirectly直接或间接inotherwords换句话说，asamatteroffact事实上,常用插入语副词：indeed的确，surely无疑，obviously显然，frankly坦率地说，naturally自然，briefly简单地说等。短语：strangetosay说也奇怪，needlesstosay不用说，mostimportantofall，worsestill更糟糕的，asamatteroffact分词短语：strictlyspeaking严格地说，generallyspeaking一般地说，judgingfrom根据判断不定式短语：tobesure无疑地，tosumup概括地说，totellthetruth老实说等。例句：ThedictionarycontainsmuchinformationTobesure,thedictionarycontainsmuchinformation.,3.写从句名词性定语从句:that,who时间状语从句:before,when,after,during地点状语从句:where原因状语从句:because,becauseofthat.primarily/mainlyowingtothat,partly/partiallyduetothat,inthat条件状语从从句:if,onconditionthatincasethat例句：Thedictionarycontainsmuchinformation.Itmustbeadmittedthatthedictionarycontainsmuchinformation.,写后置定语扩展思路句意不够明确时，深入阐述：“这意味着”inotherwords,“，whichmeansthat”例1.在线学习能避免不必要的注意力分散问题，这就意味着学生们能真正把注意力集中于他们课程当中。Onlinelearningcanavoidunnecessarydistraction,whichmeansthatstudentscanreallyfocusontheircourse.例2.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.As引导的非限定性定语从句：例1.众所周知,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。Asiswellknowntoeverybody,TaiwanisaninseparablepartofChina.例2.从图中可看出，手机用户人数从2001年至2009年增长惊人。Ascanbeseenfromthebarchart,thenumberofmobilephoneusersisincreasingsurprisinglyfrom2001to2009.,例3：英语很重要Englishisveryimportant.Englishis,toalargedegree,veryimportant.Iti