学术英语(理工)Unit5.ppt

,学术英语理工,AcademicEnglishforScienceandEngineering,UnitContents,1Definition2Twotypesofresearchpaper3Writinganintroduction4Writingthebodyofasecondaryresearchessay5Writingthebodyofaprimaryresearchessay6Writingadiscussionor/andconclusion7Writinganabstract8Writingareferencelist9Academicwritingstyle10Proofreading11Listening,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,Task1Text15GeneticallyModifiedFoodsFeedtheWorld?Text16InfluenceofGeneticallyModifiedSoyaontheBirthWeightandSurvivalofRatPupsText17ClinicalRiskAssessmentofGMFoodsTask2,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Text15isanordinaryessaywhiletext16and17areresearcharticles.,2Forexample,Text16and17usemanypreviousfindingsandhavetheirabstractsandreferencelists,allofwhichText15lacks.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,AdditionalquestionsforyourunderstandingofText15,1Definition,1Whatdoes“thegeneticisoutofthebottle”meanaccordingtotheauthor?,Theauthormeansthatinfact,geneticallymodifiedfoodsarealreadyverymuchapartofourlives.,AdditionalquestionsforyourunderstandingofText15,2Howcanbiotechhelp?,BiotechnologistshavedevelopedgeneticallymodifiedricethatisfortifiedwithbetacarotenewhichthebodyconvertsintovitaminAandadditionaliron,andtheyareworkingonotherkindsofnutritionallyimprovedcrops.Biotechcanalsoimprovefarmingproductivityinplaceswherefoodshortagesarecausedbycropdamageattributiontopests,drought,poorsoil,andcropviruses,bacteriaorfungi.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,AdditionalquestionsforyourunderstandingofText15,3Whydoestheauthorthinkthatbiotechisfarfromthewholeanswer?,Indevelopingcountries,lostcropsareonlyonecauseofhunger.Povertyplaysthelargestrole.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Matchthewordswiththeirdefinitions.,5c,10d,1b,2i,3e,4f,6h,7g,8a,9j,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Completethefollowingexpressionsorsentences.,1(基因上地)engineering2advantages(比重要)disadvantagesgreatly3(基础设施)construction4(统计)analysis5willsoon(解决)allthedifficulties6(金融的)institution7(严格的)discipline8(点燃)theflamesofrevolution9bein(合作)withyourpartner10a(n)(绝望的)cryforhelp11(改变)thebadhabit,genetically,outweigh,infrastructure,statistics,resolve,financial,rigorous,spark,collaboration,desperate,alter,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Completethefollowingexpressionsorsentences.,12resourcesof(可耕种的)land13(缓和)criticismwithreason14(游说以争取)forthefunds15Heisatthe(领先地位).16a(n)(一系列)ofinformation17be(缺乏的)innutrition18be(限制)toadults19(没有根据的)suspicions20Coalcanbe(使转变)togas.21a(n)(毁灭性的)hurricane22(主要的)exportsofthiscountry23(转变)dreamintoreality,cultivable,temper,lobby,leading-edge,array,deficient,restricted,unfounded,converted,devastating,staple,transform,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Completetheparagraph.,True,GMfoodsare(已成为我们生活的一部分),andfarmers(迫切地想要)usethebiotechnologyas(能提高稻谷产量),yetweneedadeepphilosophicaldiscussionofitsimplication.Westillrememberthatwhenpesticideswerefirstintroduced,theyalsowerepraisedasabsolutelysafeandasamiraclecureforfarmers.(尽管这么多保证),decadeslaterthetechnologyrevealeditstruerlethalimplications.Hence,anytechnology(应该进行严格的测试)beforeitswideapplication.,alreadyverymuchapartofourlives,haveastrongincentiveto,itcanraiseoverallcropproductivity,Butforallthatpromise,subjectedtorigoroustesting,shouldbe,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,1特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。,2在富裕的国家里，由于有大量丰富的食品可供选择，而且供应远远超过需求，所以关于生物技术的争论相对缓和一些。,3生物技术专家已经培育出了含有-胡萝卜素身体可将之转化为维生素A和更多铁元素的转基因水稻，目前正在研究培育其他一些增进营养成分的农作物。,TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromText15intoChinese.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromText15intoChinese.,4转基因的抗病毒作物可以减少这种损失，就像抗干旱种子在耕地面积因缺水而受到限制的地区起到的作用一样。,5尤其在运输基础设施落后的国家，地理条件对食物供给的限制正如遗传学为食物供给带来的希望一样大。,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,AdditionalquestionsforyourunderstandingofText16,WhatarethethreestudygroupsintheinvestigationoftheinfluenceofGMsoyaonthebirthrateandsurvivaloftheoffspringofWistarrats?,AgroupoffemaleratsfedbyGMsoyaflourbeforematingandpregnancy;Acontrolgroupoffemalesfedbytraditionalsoya;Apositivecontrolgroupreceivedfeedwithoutanysoya.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,AdditionalquestionsforyourunderstandingofText16,2WhatarethefourmainsourcesofhazardsofGMOthatarediscussedbyscientistsworldwide?,1)thoseduetothenewgenes,andgeneproductsintroduced;2)unintendedeffectsinherenttothetechnology;3)interactionsbetweenforeigngenesandhostgenes;4)thosearisingfromthespreadoftheintroducedgenesbyordinarycross-pollinationaswellasbyhorizontalgenetransfer.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,AdditionalquestionsforyourunderstandingofText16,3WhatarethetwopossiblefactorsthatthenegativeeffectofGMsoyaonthenewbornpupscouldbemediated?,Firstly,itcanbetheresultoftransformation,andinsertionoftheforeigngenes,whichcouldenterintothesexual/stemcells,or/andintocellsofthefetus,asitwasobservedbySchubbertetal.(1998).Secondly,negativeeffectofGMsoyacouldbemediatedbytheaccumulationofRoundupresiduesinGMsoyaresidues.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Matchthewordswiththeirdefinitions.,5i,10d,1f,2c,3e,4a,6h,7g,8j,9b,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Completethefollowingexpressionsorsentences.,1Fog(限制)visibility.2Thesunrisesfromthe(水平的)line.3Earlydetectionofcancersis(重要地)important.4putacoinintothe(插入)slot5failedto(获得)ascholarship6the(功能)ofanadjective7Themagician(改变)thefrogintoaprincess.8theofficial(文件)concerningthesaleofthisland9thedeterminate(因素)ofoureconomy10makeathorough(调查)intotheaffair,restricts,horizontal,vitally,insertion,obtain,function,transformed,documents,factor,investigation,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Completethefollowingexpressionsorsentences.,11(坚持)inonesefforts12Theartworkwasa(构成物)ofwireandtubes.13workingoutapayment(方案)14Fallingratesofchild(死亡率)arealsosignificant.15eatasmall(部分)offood16A(残留物)oftheshampoocanbuilduponthehair.17(承担)aprojectwithsignificance18becomplainedof(性别的)harassment19havedifficultyinbecoming(怀孕的),persist,construct,scheme,mortality,portion,residue,undertake,sexual,pregnant,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,20Thedemonstrators(分配)leafletstopassers-by.21theoldsalarypaledin(相比)withtheoffer22(组织学)involveslookingatcellsunderamicroscope.23I(假定)thatanagreementwilleventuallybereached.24A(n)(积累)ofdatawillbeprocessed.25Smokingis(有害的)tohealth.26All(途径)tothecitywereblocked.27losethe(最佳的)timetodefeattheenemy28asystemusedto(分配)ascarcecommodity,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Completethefollowingexpressionsorsentences.,distributed,comparison,Histology,presume,accumulation,detrimental,approaches,optimal,allocate,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,Accordingtoourliteraturereview,(早已得到证实)thattherearediverserelationshipsbetweenearlylifefactorsandadulthealth.(以前一些论文认为)thattheserelationshipsspanarangeofhealthoutcomeswhich,insomeinstances,manifestseveraldecadeslater.(论文假定)healthoutcomesofearlybiologicalinsultscoulddependonthesubsequentsocialandbiologicalenvironment.Ourstudiesprovethatadultdiseasewillbemorefullyunderstoodwhenaccountistakenofthecombinedeffectsofsocialandbiologicalriskoccurringatdifferentlifestages,(正如图表五所显示的).,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Completetheparagraph.,ithasbeenwellestablished,Itwasthoughtinseveralpreviouspapers,Itwassupposedthat,asisevidentfromTable5,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,1风险评估文件中提到，被转变植物中的转基因成分与植物中所含的其它基因材料都在人和动物的消化道中一并被摧毁。,2因此，我们决定进行一项研究来探寻雌性鼠的主要饮食为美联储大豆（一种转基因食品）的情况下，最常见的转基因作物对大鼠幼崽生育率、死亡率和体重增加的影响。,3众所周知，生大豆含有大量的抗营养素如凝集素，胰蛋白酶抑制剂（普兹泰等人,1998），以及女性激素类物质，因此，有必要将没有补充大豆粉控制对照组的动物与这些数据进行对照研究。,TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromText16intoChinese.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromText16intoChinese.,4更令人吃惊的是，由于幼崽更小，约一半大小，因此会有更多奶提供给单个的幼崽。,5然而，没有观测到雌性大鼠的死亡率，也没有观察到存活的幼崽的死亡率，尽管它们也开始吃转基因大豆，可以推测，（转基因大豆的）负面影响可能被前面的两个因素中和了。,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,AdditionalquestionsforyourunderstandingofText17,1Whatarethemainconcernsaboutadverseeffectsofgeneticallymodifiedfoodsonhealth?,Themainconcernsaboutadverseeffectsofgeneticallymodified(GM)foodsonhealtharethetransferofantibioticresistance,toxicityandallergenicity.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,AdditionalquestionsforyourunderstandingofText17,2Whatarethefourmainapproachesbywhichplantsaremanipulatedbygenetic“engineering”?,geneinsertionusingabacterialvector;(ii)microballisticimpregnation;(iii)poration(iv)geneneutralisationbymeansofantisensetechnology,homologousrecombination(geneknockout)andgenereplacement.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,AdditionalquestionsforyourunderstandingofText17,3ComparedtowhichareGMfoodsapreciseandsafemannerofgeneticalterationinplants?,Traditionalplantbreedingmethods.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Matchthewordswiththeirdefinitions.,5a,10h,1c,2f,3i,4g,6b,7d,8j,9e,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,1(严厉的)safetymeasures2(操作)thelightstogetthedesirableeffect3(辨别)betweenrightandwrong4(促使)hertorenewherinsurance5(进步)inonescareer6The(方案)nolongerseemsunrealistic.7(推论)aconclusionfromfacts8close(繁殖)9a(n)(相反的)decision,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Completethefollowingexpressionsorsentences.,stringent,manipulate,distinguish,prompt,advance,scenario,derive,breeding,adverse,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Completethefollowingexpressionsorsentences.,10illness(导致)byoverwork11(引起)onesinterest12agreat(多样的)ofmethods13(保持)appearanceofyouth14(共识)politics15(转移)ofwealthfromtaxpayerstosavers16social(稳定)17makeafew(改变)tothehouse18(合并)oftheorganization,induced,provoke,diversity,retain,consensus,transfer,stability,alterations,incorporation,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,19a(n)(关键的)pointinthecampaign20asomewhathaphazardand(断断续续的)schooling21the(取代)ofconventionalweaponsbynuclearweapons22(修改)athesis23loss(估计)24aTVprogram(着重反映)theunemploymentproblem,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Completethefollowingexpressionsorsentences.,critical,discontinuous,replacement,revise,assessment,highlighting,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,(有证据表明)thebenefitsofcloningarelimitless.(提供了一种可能)abletocreatehumanorgansinordertoreplacefaultyones.(还确保这样一种可能)stemcellsthatcouldbeusedtocureterminalillnesses,cancer,andseveralotherphysicalanomalies.(尽管这个技术有很多潜在优点),(但出现一些深深的担忧，涉及到)medicalandethicalproblems.,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Completetheparagraph.,Thereisevidencethat,Itoffersapossibilityofbeing,creating,potentialbenefitsofthistechnology,seriousconcernshavebeenraisedconcerningboth,Italsoensureaprobabilityof,Despite,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,(Tobecontinued),Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Completetheparagraph.,(主要的担忧是)thefrighteningpossibilitiesofthecreationof“super-humans”withunnaturalphysicalandmentalcapabilitiesandidealized“perfectchildren”forprospectiveparents.Hence,(我们要谨慎发展)inthefuture,assessingcloning(在把其运用到实践中之前，考虑其优点和危险性).,Themainconcernsare,onthebasisofitsmeritsandriskspriortoapplyingitintopracticaluse,proceedcautiously,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,weneedto,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,1详细的实验结果表明：巴西坚果中2S蛋白是巴西坚果的主要过敏原；转基因大豆中的最新显露的蛋白保持了其过敏性，因此，可能促使对巴西坚果过敏的病人发生临床反应。,2第二个问题是：由于不清楚为什么有的蛋白过敏，而有的不会，因此更难预测新的转基因是否表达新的过敏原、是否导致再次过敏。,3但是也存在明显的例外，特别是关于水果过敏原，缺乏这些特征就不能大胆地预测蛋白不引发过敏。,TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromText17intoChinese.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromText17intoChinese.,4不能根据氨基酸序列同源性来预测交叉反应性通常是因为折叠蛋白中出现了不连续（非线性）氨基酸序列组成的构象型抗原。,5有一致的报道建议：对食物的逐级评价应考虑基因的来源、与已知过敏原进行的氨基酸序列对比、免疫学分析（体外和体内的）以及基因产物的物理化学性质。,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,1Geneticallymodifiedcropsarethemostsuccessfulagriculturalinnovationinhistory.Theyregoodfortheenvironmentbecausetheykeeplesscarbondioxidegoingfromthesoilintotheatmosphereandtheyreducepesticideuse.Whatsmore,theyincreasecropyield,thusreducingtheuseofmoreagriculturalareasandimprovingsoilquality.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,2ThespeakerhassimilaropinionasthewriterofText15.TheyhavepositiveattitudetowardsGMfoodasitcanincreasecropyieldandsolvetheproblemsofstarvationandsoil.ButthewriterofText16isverycautiousaboutGMfood,whoseexperimentprovesthattherearesomeharmfulinfluenceofGMfoodonthebirth-weightandsurvivalofratpups.ThewriterofText17isalittlemoreoptimisticthoughtherearesomeadverseeffectsofGMfoods.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,1Definition,2Twotypesofresearchpaper,TwotypesofresearchpaperTask1Task2Task3Task4,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,Therearetwomajorkindsofacademicpaper:,primaryresearchpaper:thestudyofasubjectthroughfirsthandinvestigation,involvingpresentingoriginalideasandinformationonyourown-survey-or-experiment-basedresearchsecondaryresearchpaper:involvinggatheringandanalyzingtheresearchfindingsfromotherpeoplesresearch-library-or-Internet-basedresearch,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,2Twotypesofresearchpaper,1Text16isaprimaryresearchessaywhileText17asecondaryresearchone.,2Text16containsamethodssectionasitconductsanempiricalstudy.Text17,however,isanpersuasivearticlebasedontheanalysisofpreviousandcurrentresearchfindings.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,2Twotypesofresearchpaper,1Thefirstabstractisfromthearticleofprimaryresearch,andthesecondoneisformsecondaryresearch.Accordingtotheabstract,thearticlecarriesoutasmallscalesurveydesignedtoascertaindetailsofstudentknowledgeandmisconceptionsabouttheseenvironmentalissues.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,2Twotypesofresearchpaper,Intheintroductionpartofhispaperhedevisessuchresearchquestionsas“”willtheconsumersacceptanceofGMfoldsvaryfromfoodtofood?”,“IsthereanydifferentchangeinthecollegestudentsattitudetowarddifferentGMfoodproducts?”andsoon.Themethodheusesisthequestionnaireswhichareadministeredtostudentsofdifferentmajors.Themethodisappropriateforitcanelicittheanswers.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,2Twotypesofresearchpaper,Topic1.Yes.Interviewswithsomeofthestudentswillbemuchbetter.,Topic2.Yes.,Topic3.Yes.Interviewswithsomeexpertsinthisfieldwillbemuchbetter.,Topic4.Yes.Interviewswithsomeofthechildrenwillbemuchbetter.,Topic5.Yes,Topic6.Yes,Topic7.Yes,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,2Twotypesofresearchpaper,Topic8.Yes.Interviewswithsomeofthestudentswillbemuchbetter.,Topic9.Yes.,Topic10.Yes.,Topic11.Someexperimentswillbemuchbetter.,Topic12.Yes.,Topic13.Yes.Interviewswithsomeofthesubjectswillbemuchbetter.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,2Twotypesofresearchpaper,ElementsofanintroductionHowtomakethestatementofpurposeTask1Task2Task3Task4,3Writinganintroduction,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,Elementsofanintroduction:,1)Introducethetopicorproblemwithwhichtheresearchessayisconcerned.2)Giveacleardefinitionofthetopicandoftherelatedkeyterms.3)Providetherelevantbackgroundinformation/contextofthetopic.4)Reviewthepreviousrelatedstudiesandpointouttheirlimitationifnecessary.5)Statethepurpose/objectiveoftheessay.6)Introducethetheoreticalperspectivestheessaymightuse.7)Justifyyourchoiceofthetopicorgivethereasonsforyourresearch.8)Explainhowtheessaywillbeorganized(theoutlineoftheessay).,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,3Writinganintroduction,Howtomakethestatementofpurpose:,Purpose+ActionVerb+Topic,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,3Writinganintroduction,C,A,E,B,G,D,F,Thewholeintroduction:CADBEGF,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,3Writinganintroduction,Paragraph1:Sentences1-2thetopicandbackgroundSentence3areviewofthepreviousstudySentences4-5limitationorproblemsParagraph2:Sentences1-3reasonsandrationalforthestudyParagraph3:purposeandstructure,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,3Writinganintroduction,Paragraph1:Sentence1definitionSentence2backgroundParagraph2:Sentences1-2topicSentences3-8reviewofthepaststudiesParagraph3:reviewofthepaststudiesParagraph4:Sentence1limitationSentence2purpose,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,3Writinganintroduction,1Function:Establishthespecifictopic,2Function:Introducethepresentmethodology,3Function:Statethepurposeand/ortheprincipalactivities,4Function:Offerabriefstructureofthewholepaper,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,3Writinganintroduction,DefinitionStepstowritethebodysectionofthesecondaryresearchessayText18PhysicalEffectsofMarijuanaUseOrganizationsCommontypesoforganizationTask2Task3,4Writingthebodyofasecondaryresearchessay,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,Stepstowritethebodysectionofthesecondaryresearchessay:,1)Evaluateallsourcematerialsyouhavegathered;2)Designthestructureororganizationofyouessayaccordingtoresearchquestions,suchascauseandeffect,orcomparisonandcontrast;3)Arrangetheargumentsinalogicalorderaccordingtothechosenstructure;4)Selectandorganizesourcematerialstoillustratetheideasofthetopicsentencesrespectively.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,4Writingthebodyofthesecondaryresearchessay,AdditionalquestionsforyourunderstandingofText18,1Whatarethefactorsthathavetobeconsideredinordertoevaluatesomeoftheresearch?,Thefirstaspectistheamountofthedoseoftetrahydrocannabinol(THC),themajoringredientinmarijuana.Anotherfactoristhekindofpersonusingmarijuana.Also,thenon-drugfactorofsettingmustbeconsideredinevaluatingtheresultsofexperimentalstudies.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,4Writingthebodyofthesecondaryresearchessay,AdditionalquestionsforyourunderstandingofText18,2Whataresomeoftheshort-termeffectsofmarijuanause?,Increaseinpulserate,reddeningoftheeyes,drynessofthemouthandthroatandincreasingfrequencyofurination,increasedhunger,musclestrengthandperformanceofsimplemotortasks,auditorysensibility,visualacuity,andaestheticappreciationofmusic,etc.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,4Writingthebodyofthesecondaryresearchessay,AdditionalquestionsforyourunderstandingofText18,3Whataresomeoftheareastobeinvestigatedfromtheauthorspointofview?,Fromtheauthorspointofview,cardiovascularsystems,gastrointestinalfunction,liverfunction,neuro-endocrineeffectsofmarijuana,andlungfunctionarethemainareastobeinvestigated.,Unit5WritinganAcademicEssay,4Writingthebodyofthesecon