普通心理学13心理压力与健康.ppt

Chapter12,Stress,coping情绪：愤怒、恐惧、悲伤；心境：抑郁、焦虑；生理：血压（Novaco,etal.1990)；,Conflicttwoormoreincompatiblemotivations,冲突的三种类型（Lewin,andMiller(1944)Approach-approach(双趋性冲突）：鱼与熊掌；Avoidance-avoidance（双避冲突）：approach-avoidance（趋避冲突）：进退两难、犹豫不决、举棋不定；NealMiller(1944)的实验：趋（食物+电击）避（无食物+无电击）冲突；-LauraKingandRobertEmmons(1991):以问卷调查内心冲突与焦虑、抑郁、及生理症状的关系；,conflicts,conflicts,Change:havetochange,Twoissues:Whatchangesledtostress?Degree?Whatconsequence?HolmesandRahe:SocialReadjustmentRatingScale(SRRS)耗费更多的能量。肺结核的心理因素调查：结婚、晋升、有小孩等；消极刺激；生活变化大，生理疾病和心理问题也多一些（Creed,1993)；-疾病与生活应激的相关研究；,Socialreadjustmentratingscale,Deathofspouse100Divorce73Jailterm63Marriage50Firedatwork47Retirement45Changeinschool20Vacation15,学生压力量表(HolmesandRaber),Pressure:expectationtobehaveincertainways,PerformancepressureSalespeopleProfessorActorStudentConformpressure（相符）。来源于关系期望的压力（工作、学校、家庭、朋友等）；与自我期望有关（ideaself压力与心理问题、生理疾病。,国内研究,恋爱婚姻与家庭内部问题；恋爱婚姻；子女与父母关系；家庭关系变迁；学校与职业场所的问题；失学；失业；社会生活变化与个人特殊遭遇灾难性事件；生活事件量表,Respondingtostress,EmotionalrespondingPhysiologicalrespondingBehavioralresponding,Figure13.4Overviewofthestressprocess.Apotentiallystressfulevent,suchasamajorexam,elicitsasubjectiveappraisalofhowthreateningtheeventis.Iftheeventisviewedwithalarm,thestressmaytriggeremotional,psychological,andbehavioralreactions,aspeoplesresponsetostressismultidimensional.,Respondingtostress:emotionalresponses,Stress-specificcognitivereactionspecificemotion(SmithandLazarus,1991)Selfblame自责-Guilt内疚；Helplessness无助-sadness悲伤；Commonemotionalresponse:annoyance(烦恼）,anger,andrage;apprehension（忧虑）；anxiety（焦虑）,andfear;dejection（沮丧）,sadnessandgrief（悲痛）；,Emotionalresponses,Casper,etal.(1987)的研究被试：96女性，时间28天任务：报告她们每天生活中紧张事件与心情；结果：stressledtonegativemood;,Emotionalresponsetostress,研究：253Care-givingpartnersofmenwithAIDscopingpattern（Folkman，1997)存在一定的正情绪；Positiveemotions:interestandjoy;Promotecreativityandflexibility;加速信息加工过程；减弱不良的生理反应；情绪反应的作用/功能？,Effectsofemotionalarousal,Emotionalarousalandperformance(成绩/绩效）Theinverted-U-hypothesis（倒U曲线）-简单任务需要较高唤醒水平；-中等难度任务在中等唤醒状态下成绩最好；-复杂任务在较低唤醒状态下才有较好成绩。情绪与认知关系；,Figure13.5Arousalandperformance.GraphsoftherelationshipbetweenemotionalarousalandtaskperformancetendtoresembleaninvertedU,asincreasedarousalisassociatedwithimprovedperformanceuptoapoint,afterwhichhigherarousalleadstopoorerperformance.Theoptimallevelofarousalforataskdependsonthecomplexityofthetask.Oncomplextasks,arelativelylowlevelofarousaltendstobeoptimal.Onsimpletasks,however,performancemaypeakatamuchhigherlevelofarousal.,PhysiologicalResponsesFight-or-flightresponse。W.Cannon(1932):cats与dogs的实验；result:increasedinbreathingandheartrateanddecreasedindigestiveprocesses。现代生活与应激的生理反应；,RespondingtoStressPhysiologically,HansSelye：GeneralAdaptationSyndrome,Physicalandpsychologicalstress:cold,heat,pain,mildshock,restraint,et.Al.Stressfulresponse:nonspecificreactions.Generaladaptationsyndrome:Alarm（警觉）:fightorflightresponse,Resistance（抵抗、坚持）:prolongedstress,Exhaustion（疲乏，衰竭）:diseaseofadaptation(适应疾病）；,一般适应症候群和慢性应激,长期压力带来的生理反应是什么?,一般适应症候群报警阶段抵抗期疲惫期心身失调,一般适应症候群的三个阶段,Brain-bodypathways（Felker,Figure13.6Brain-bodypathwaysinstress.Intimesofstress,thebrainsendssignalsalongtwopathways.Thepathwaythroughtheautonomicnervoussystemcontrolsthereleaseofcatecholaminehormonesthathelpmobilizethebodyforaction.Thepathwaythroughthepituitaryglandandtheendocrinesystemcontrolsthereleaseofcorticosteroidhormonesthatincreaseenergyandwardofftissueinflammation(FelkerBehavioraldisengagement(行动脱离);StressincreasedandledtodepressionSelfblame适当的自我批判；过分的自责导致焦虑上升;Catastrophicthinking(自责思维/悲观思维/悲惨思维）Developmentofdepression;,Strikingoutatother,Aggression（攻击）:Frustration-aggressionhypothesis（Dollard,etal.，1939).Displacement（转移）：将攻击目标（挫折引起）转移到其它无关的对象，例如，家庭成员;Catharsis(宣泄）-释放发泄紧张情绪，宣泄与抑制对心理/生理适应的作用。,Indulgingoneself（纵容自己）,Indulgingoneself:在其它方面获得替代满足。Smoking,Drinking，Drugsusing,Overeating,Spendmoney,Internetaddiction（网迷).,Defensemechanisms（防御机制）,Repression（压抑）Projection（投射）Displacement（转移/迁怒）Reactionformation（反向形成）Regression（倒退）Rationalization（合理化）Identification（认同）,Intellectualization(isolation)智力化,升华。Overcompensation(过度补偿）;Undoing（取消）；Denialofreality（否认）;Fantasy（幻想）；,Constructivecoping（Epstein,1989,1990),-更有效、更加健康的应付方式直接面对问题，积极解决问题；对引起应激环境和应付资源理性现实的评价；学习对可能引起的破坏性情绪反应进行重新组织，或者抑制；努力确保自身不受可能的伤害；-与IQ关系较弱，与社会关系、爱情及成功的工作有较大相关。,TheEffectsofStress,OnPsychologicalFunctioningOnPhysicalHealth,FactorsinEffectsofstress,Stress:HighPersonality:howtraitsmodulatetheinteraction?Forwhat?Why?How?,StressImpairedtaskperformanceBaumeister(1984)的研究：hypothesis:PressureselfconsciousincreaseperformancedecreaseX:PressureY:PerformanceonthetaskofperceptionHome-team(主场）wouldbeundergreaterpressurethanthevisitingteam（客场）?Earlygames:home-teamwinsLastgame:hometeamwins,Effectsofstressonpsychologicalfunctioning,Burnout（崩溃）,Burnoutinvolvesphysical,mental,andemotionalexhaustionthatisattributabletolong-terminvolvementinemotionaldemandingsituation(长期情绪紧张导致生理、心理及情绪上的衰竭）.Pines(1993)concluded,eventsundermineimportantandheroicbeliefsgraduallybyheavy,chronicwork-relatedstress.Eg.Retirefromanimportantposition.,Antecedentscomponentsconsequences,WorkoverloadLackofsocialsupportLackofcontrol,Inadequaterecognition,rewards,Exhaustion疲惫不堪Cynicism牢骚Loweredself-efficacy低自我效能,IncreasedphysiologicalillnessIncreasedabsenteeism,turnoverDecreasedcommitmenttojobReducedproductivity,Posttraumatic创伤stressdisorders(PTSD）,灾难经历：Mele:81.3%;women:74.2%。PTSD：toogreatfear；9%,or45%。Psychologicalproblemsanddisorders：depression,anxiety,schizophrenia,andeatingdisorder；灾难后精神安抚；Socialsupport.,Positiveeffectsoftrauma,Promotepersonalgrowthorself-improvement;Forcetodevelopnewskills,reevaluatepriorities,learnnewinsights,andacquirenewstrengths.Positivepsychology:researchonwellbeing,hope,courage,perseverance,tolerance,andotherhumanstrengthsandvirtues.,Psychosomaticdiseases（心身病）:由心理因素，尤其是情绪因素引起的，生理上的健康问题（有器质性兵病变）；hypertension,ulcer（溃疡）,asthma（哮喘）,skindisorder,migraineandtensionheadaches(偏头痛），stroke（中风）,tuberculosis（肺结合）,multiplesclerosis（硬化病）,arthritis（关节炎）,diabetes（糖尿病）,leukemia（白血病）,cancer,varioustypesofi