毕业设计英文翻译

1 / 19 毕业设计英文翻译 英文资料翻译 题 目 基于网络信息的自动化控制 系别专 业 班 级 学生姓名 学 号 指导教师 2016 年 4 月 Control Based on Network and Information A Automation Networking Application Areas Networking is used in all areas of automation. In factory automation, process automation and building automation networks perform diverse tasks. Likewise, there are distinct differences between tasks performed for applications in different industry sectors that all have unique characteristics and consequently varying requirements. The way devices are connected, configured, and exchange data also differ. There is no one-size-fits-all for industrial networks; rather, buses are optimized foter different characteristics. For example, factory automation and process automation are often used in harsh and hazardous environments where a production interruption is costly. These requirements contrast significantly 2 / 19 with building automation, for example, where keeping costs low is a main driving force. Factory Automation Factories with assembly-line manufacturing, as in the automotive, bottling, and machinery industries, are predominantly controlled using discrete logic and sensors that sense whether or not, for example, a process machine has a box standing in front of it. The network types ideal for simple discrete I/O focus on low overhead and small data packets, but they are unsuitable for larger, messages like configuration download and the like. Examples of this network type are Seriplex, Interbus-S, and AS-I , which are sometimes called sensor buses or bit level buses. Other more advanced protocols oriented toward discrete logic include DeviceNet, ControlNet, and PROFIBUS . These buses are sometimes referred to as device buses or byte-level buses. Factory automation involves fast-moving machinery and therefore requires quicker response than slower processes. Traditionally, these tasks have been handled by PLCs. Process Automation 3 / 19 Process plants in industry segments like refining, pulp & paper, power, and chemicals are dominated by continuous regulatory control. Measurement is analog , and actuation is modulating. Of course, process industries also use some discrete control and the predominantly discrete manufacturing industries use some modulating. Fieldbus on/off valves are already available in the market, as are small remotely mounted I/O modules for discrete sensors. In the past, a DCS or single-loop controller did this. Process-related network include FOUNDATION Fieldbus, PROFIBUS , and HART. All these buses as a category are now typically referred to as fieldbus , though some would argue that one or the other does not belong. These three protocols were specifically designed for bus-powered field instruments with predefined parameters and commands for asset management information like identification, diagnostics, materials of construction, and functions for calibration and commissioning. In term of size, the networks used in industrial automation are considered to constitute local area networks spanning areas no 4 / 19 greater than a kilometer or two in diameter and typically confined to a single building or a group of buildings. Networks that extend only a few meters are insufficient, and networks that span cities or even the globe are overkill. Field and Host Tier Networks Even within control systems for the process sector there is a need for different network characteristics at each tier of the control system hierarchy. At the field and there are instruments such as transmitters and valve posittioners that have their specific needs, and valve positioners that have their specific needs . When fieldbus began to evolve, the process industry put a large number of requirements on the field-level network that were not met by other types of networks. Many new design considerations needed to be taken into account. On the upper tier, data from all the field-level networks have to be marshaled onto a single host-level network that also serves any tasks the plant may have that seem related to factory automation. 5 / 19 Field Level At the field level, the dominant protocols for process instrument are HART, FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1, and PROFIBUS is significantly different from the other two in that it is a so-called smart protocol, that is a combination of digital communication simultaneously superimposed on a conventional 4-20mA signal. As such, the HART protocol has been an ideal intermediate solution in the transition from analog. HART is compatible with existing analog recorders, controllers, and indicators while at the same time it makes possible remote configuration and diagnostics using digital communication. The HART protocol does allow several devices to be multidropped on a single pair of wires, but this is a capability infrequently explored because of the low update speed, typically half a second per device. For a vast majority of installations HART devices are connected point to point, that is, one pair of wires for each device and a handheld connected temporarily from time to time for configuration and maintenance. Both FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 and PROFIBUS PA are completely 6 / 19 digital and even use identical wiring, follow the IEC 61158-2 standard. However, beyond that there are major differences between these two protocols, and depending on the desired system architecture one may be more suitable than the other. At the field level, instruments appear in large quantities, often in the hundreds or thousands. The wire run are very long, as the network cable must run from the control room all the way into the field, up towers, and then branching out to devices scattered throughout the site. Because there is a limit to the number of devices that can be multidropped on each network, even a medium-sized plant may have many network cables running into the field, although substantially fewer than if point-to-point wiring was used. The field-level networks were therefore designed to enable very long wire runs and to allow field devices to take their power from the network. Only a single pair of wires carries both the device s power and the digital communications signal. This eliminates the need for a separate power cable, thus keeping the wiring simple and inexpensive. 7 / 19 As another measure to keep costs down, designers chose a moderate field-level network speed so normal instrument-grade cable could be used instead of special data cable. No special connectors, couplers, or hubs are required either, which makes it possible to use rugged and weatherproof connections. The grade of cable used for conventional instrument connections on most sites is more than sufficient for fieldbus networking. As a result, it is possible to reuse that cable when an existing plant is migrated to fieldbus. In hazardous process environments where flammable fluids are present intrinsic safety is many times the preferred protection method. The field-level networks were therefore designed to allow safety barriers to be installed on the bus. Because designers chose a moderate field-level network speed the devices connected to it do not require a great deal of CPU processing power to handle the communication quickly. As a result, they also consume very little power. Because the low power consumption results in low voltage drop along the wire, it is therefore 8 / 19 淮 阴 工 学 院 毕业设计外文资料翻译 学 院： 专 业： 姓 名： 学 号： 外文出处： 附 件： 交通工程学院 交通运输 杨宇 1081501135 IEEE 1.外文资料翻译译文； 2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。 附件 1：外文资料翻译译文 交通拥堵收费和城市交通系统的可持续发展 摘要：城市化和机动化的快速增长，通常有助于城市交通系统的发 展，是经济性，环境性和社会可持续性的体现，但其结果是交通量无情增加，导致交通拥挤。道路拥挤定价已经提出了很多次，作为一个经济措施缓解城市交通拥挤，但还没有见过在实践中广泛使用，因为道路收费的一些潜在的影响仍然不明。本文首先回顾可持续运输系统的概念，它应该满足集体经济发展，环境保护和社会正义的目标。然后，根据可持续交通系统的特点，使拥挤收费能够促进经济增长，环境保护和社会正义。研究结果表明，交通拥堵收费是一个切实有效的方式，可以促进城市交通系统的可持续发展。 9 / 19 一、介绍 城市交通是一个在 世界各地的大城市迫切关注的话题。随着中国的城市化和机动化的快速发展，交通拥堵已成为一个越来越严重的问题，造成较大的时间延迟，增加能源消耗和空气污染，减少了道路网络的可靠性。在许多城市，交通挤塞情况被看作是经济发展的障碍。我们可以使用多种方法来解决交通挤塞，包括新的基础设施建设，改善基础设施的维护和操作，并利用现有的基础设施，通过需求管理策略，包括定价机制，更有效地减少运输密度。 交通拥堵收费在很久以前就已提出，作为一种有效的措施，来缓解的交通挤塞情况。交通拥堵收费的原则与目标是通过对选择在高峰拥 挤时段的设施的使用实施附加收费，以纾缓拥堵情况。转移非高峰期一些出行路线，远离拥挤的设施或高占用车辆，或完全阻止一些出行，交通拥堵收费计划将在节省时间和降低经营成本的基础上，改善空气中的质量，减少能源消耗和改善过境生产力。此计划在世界很多国家和地方都有成功的应用。继在 20世纪 70年代初和 80年代中期挪威与新加坡实行收费环，在 XX 年 2 月伦敦金融城推出了面积收费 ;直至现在，它都是已经开始实施拥挤收费的大都市圈中一个最知名的例子。 然而，交通拥堵收费由于理论和政治的原因未能在实践中广泛使用。道路收费 10 / 19 的一些潜在的影响尚不清楚，和城市发展的拥塞定价可持续性，需要进一步研究。 可持续发展通常作为运输政策的评估基本目标。可持续交通的想法已经出现在交通运输部门的可持续发展的概念中，可以定义如下，“可持续发展的交通基础设施和出行政策是服务于经济发展，环境管理和社会公平的多重目标，用这个目标来优化交通运输系统的使用，并达到经济和相关的社会和环境目标，以实现在不牺牲后代的能源的前提下，达到相同的目的。”可持续运输系统的要求是当前和未来几代的可持续发展的要求，即经济发展，环境保护和社会正义的主要支 柱之间的动态平衡。 在可持续发展的运输系统背景下，拥挤收费如何能够促进经济增长，环境保护和社会正义，是本文研究的课题。本文的其余部分的结构如下。在第 2 节，对经济发展对交通挤塞定价的影响进行了阐述。第 3 节是对保护环境，社会正义和拥挤定价之间的关系进行了分析。有些结论是在第 5 节 二、经济发展 交通拥堵，造成旅行时间的增加，交通事故，能源消耗和环境恶化，已经造成了大量的经济损失。据报道，由交通挤塞所造成的经济损失在 XX 年的北京和上海占其国内生产总值的 1 / 3，每年达 4000万元。在许多危害中，交通拥堵已被视为经济发展的障碍。 11 / 19 任何可持续的交通管理政策应符合提高交通运输对经济发展的目标的影响，并且没有造成不利的环境影响和经济的进一步增长。那么拥塞的定价策略如何有效减少交通堵塞，减少污染物和温室气体排放，减少燃料使用，并减少当前交通运输系统的其他不利影响呢？ 交通拥堵收费的基本经济原则，可以在图 1 所示。从理论上说，个人用户决定是否使用一个特定的道路的成本权衡他们将承担对自己的利益。社会总效益可以由下图 1 中的面积测量。 MPC 的曲线表示用户成本只反映每个用户 负担的成本为新用户。然而，边际用户的场合，如空气污染，延迟给其他用户，他不承担额外的社会成本。每个边缘用户和他所造成的社会成本的负担的总成本是每次出行的边际社会成本。边际社会成本是由图 1中的 MSC 曲线表示。 图 1交通拥堵收费的影响 如果有 ?车辆在交通运输系统中，意味着用户的成本是由 MPC表示，一个边际的用户将增加平均用户成本 MPC + MPC。因此，边际社会成本可以表述为： MSC= - nMPC = MPC + MPC+n MPC 拥挤收费是交通需求管理的重要手段，最初只 是影响交通出行的决定。实践证明拥挤收费能有效地规范交通出行时间和空间分布，促进道路资源的有效利用，提高运输业务的效率。在新加坡的拥塞定价实施表明，交通量下降了12 / 19 17，在高峰时段，伦敦的经验也表明，定价方案是成功的。我们可以得出结论，减少交通挤塞，将促进经济的可持续发展。 收费会影响旅客的预算，将导致不仅在模式上的转换，而且是更广泛的经济变化，将伴随着地理再分配的过程。一些人担心，交通拥堵收费可能对中部地区的经济产生负面影响，特别是在零售方面。产生了相反的论调，不过，减少交通挤塞，应该是服务于更广 泛的业务，以降低成本，使他们成为更具有竞争力的国家。零售活动的位置也是由个人首选的购物场所。众所周知，个人倾向于购买的商店在他们的居住地附近，因此零售企业不能轻易迁出核心区，因为许多人住在中心区。这种方便客户的依赖，解释了为什么零售生产跌幅小于核心区的其他主要行业的输出。 交通拥堵收费减少在繁忙时间的挤塞情况，并增加在其他时段的交通挤塞情况。通过向公共交通和大量出租车辆转向，交通拥堵收费降低所有时段定价领域人次。除减少交通挤塞，如果考虑到改善空气质量和减少燃料消耗等方面，交通拥堵收费形成的经济效 益将是相当可观的。 三、环保 在中国，环境问题日益严重。据报道，中国是二氧化碳排放大国，有 7 个城市 在世界严重污染的城市名单中。交通运输对环境的影13 / 19 响，涵盖了不同的影响，包括空气污染，噪音，气候变化的范围，例如。汽车是城市空气和噪音污染的占主导地位的生产者，包括一氧化碳，氮氧化物和大气飘尘。这些污染物是关键因素，许多呼吸系统疾病，如哮喘，以及其他的影响人体健康的方面，如头疼，眼疾等症状。 据世界银行估计，在发展中国家，有亿人每年死亡与于交通工具空气污染物排放有关 ，这是与交通事故类似的死亡人数，。 交通是不可替代的，因为它是生产链的一部分。出于这个原因，交通系统必须发展和标准化，运输服务的有效性，是必须增加的，同时必须减少或防止环境污染。 由于道路交通排放是一个复杂的系统，不能完全统一一个输出。从车辆样本分析不同的驾驶条件下的排放量这是自然的。加州空气资源委员会指出车辆的拥堵走走停停显著增加了排放量。作为一个例子，一个报告估计， 10英里的路程，用普通的 1987 年的汽车，以 55 英里的速度运行 HC排放废气的重量为 1 克，而 HC在 20英里的平均速度下 的排放量是 7 克，典型的走走停停模式。 四、社会正义 可持续发展有三个广泛的目标：经济的可持续发展，环境保护和社会正义，这三个目标都要解决可持续发展这个问题。经济发展和环境保护的投入一直受到关注，但投入给14 / 19 社会正义的关注较少。社会正义包含的经济权益和环境权益。 经济公平的问题，造成交通拥堵收费是难以完全解决的。有些人认为道路收费是倒退，因为它更多地让承担较差的汽车用户，只需短距离行程的用户，或者是生活水平欠佳的用户，不管是什么原因，别无选择，只能乘车。这些参数可以通过制定更加灵活的收费 制度，在一定程度上抵消。它已被接受的任何形式的道路收费将引入一些不公平现象。关键是要保持这些最低限度，并找到那些没有受益于交通拥堵收费的补偿方式。在实践中，收入最低的旅客，他们通常乘坐公共交通工具或徒步旅行，是最有可能受益的。 对于传统的运输系统，对汽油的税率是相同的，不管运输业的用户是否是在拥挤或非拥挤的时段行驶。拥挤收费是选择在交通高峰期间对拥挤设施的使用实施附加费，预计这样将减少这种不公平的 公平问题解决在运输已基本上涉及经济权益，包括公共交通和私人交通之间的 毕 业设计 英文题目 PLC-based design of traffic lights 中文题目 基于 PLC的交通灯设计 系 自动化系 专 业 学生姓名 学号 2016022388 指导教师 15 / 19 职 称 二一三 年 六 月 PLC-based design of traffic lights Abstract: One kind of traffic light control system using programmable logic controller , via software control traffic lights run automatically. In the system, the original line is the program instead of the relay, programmable logic controller system hardware and software resources to be fair use. Normal operatio n and emergency transport for a detailed description and from the East and West emergencies can be mutually linked. Traffic signal systems and two seven-segment digital display in the countdown order; also discussed in detail the wiring of the hardware and PLC ladder. Traffic lights at the crossroads of the remote monitoring system design configuration software MCGS, real-time monitoring of traffic lights, greatly improving the reliability of data transmission. At the same time, we can configure the traffic lights to change the status of photographs. Keywords: switching power,supply protection, 16 / 19 circuit system design 1. Introduction With the social development and progress, traffic flow becomes increasingly important. On the one hand, too many crossroads, more and more vehicles, which are causing serious traffic congestion. On the other hand, in the limited time it is necessary to maintain the vehicle and pedestrian fast and safe. Therefore, one kind of traffic light control system design, can be used to display time countdown, with computer controlled real-time data. In addition, the configuration technology for real-time images that reflect the traffic lights, understand the historical crossroads of work to get traffic lights visualization. The system consists of host computer and a low computer. MCGS configuration is installed in the host computer is lower by the PLC control system. Normal traffic signal timing diagram shown in Figure 1. But there are some urgent matters, for example. There are a number of ambulances to transport patients to the hospital or to deal with a number of fire engines and fire. Fire engines and ambulances rushed to take 17 / 19 precedence over other traffic scene. According to urban traffic control system, under normal circumstances, two control methods and urgency traffic control factors into account. This process can show 14 segment encoder. traffic lights instant record of the monitoring process. Emergency control signals to control traffic emergency switch. If there is no emergency lights all work, but when an emergency open. In this case, the car is urgent priority pass. Once the emergency vehicle passes, emergency switch off immediately. The green light in the same direction of the vehicle quickly flashes three times, followed by the normal operation. If you were from the north-south and east-west two emergency vehicles, traffic control systems can respond quickly came early, and then another. 2. Traffic Control System Design A. Hardware design CP1H series PLC as controller, display the procedure should stop when the time series of abnormal system operation, the time will not be displayed. When the emergency procedures are completed time series, countdown display program should be reset. At 220 V AC 18 / 19 system is used to control traffic lights, 24 V DC c