ology老外关于写作和科研的ppt讲案.ppt

1,ResearchMethodology,2,Lecturetopics:PurposeDifferenttypesofresearchExamplesofmethodsectionsCommonproblemsLanguageconventionsinmethodsection,3,PurposeThemethodsectionanswersthesetwomainquestions:1.Howwasthedatacollectedorgenerated?2.Howwasitanalyzed?Inotherwords,itshowsyourreaderhowyouobtainedyourresults.,4,Thissectiondescribesthestepsyoufollowedinconductingyourstudyandthematerialsyouusedateachstep.Themethodsectionisusefultoreaderswhowanttoknowhowthemethodologyofyourstudymayhaveinfluencedyourresults,orwhoareinterestedinreplicatingorextendingyourstudy.,5,Butwhydoyouneedtoexplainhowyouobtainedyourresults?Weneedtoknowhowthedatawasobtainedbecausethemethodaffectstheresults.Knowinghowthedatawascollectedhelpsthereaderevaluatethevalidityandreliabilityofyourresults,andtheconclusionsyoudrawfromthem.,6,Oftentherearedifferentmethodsthatwecanusetoinvestigatearesearchproblem.Yourmethodologyshouldmakeclearthereasonswhyyouchoseaparticularmethodorprocedure.Thereaderwantstoknowthatthedatawascollectedorgeneratedinawaythatisconsistentwithacceptedpracticeinthefieldofstudy.,7,Theresearchmethodsmustbeappropriatetotheobjectivesofthestudy.IfyouperformacasestudyofonecommuterinordertoinvestigateusersperceptionsoftheefficiencyofpublictransportinShanghai,yourmethodofgivingquestionnaireisobviouslyunsuitedtoyourobjectives.,8,Themethodologyshouldalsodiscusstheproblemsthatwereanticipatedandexplainthestepstakentopreventthemfromoccurring,andtheproblemsthatdidoccurandthewaystheirimpactwasminimized.,9,Insomecases,itisusefulforotherresearcherstoadaptorreplicateyourmethodology,sooftensufficientinformationisgiventoallowotherstousethework.Thisisparticularlythecasewhenanewmethodhadbeendeveloped,oraninnovativeadaptationused.,10,DIFFERENTTYPESOFRESEARCH1.analysis:parison:twoormoreexistingsituationsarestudiedtodeterminetheirsimilaritiesanddifferences.3.correlation-prediction:statisticallysignificantcorrelationcoefficientsbetweenandamonganumberoffactorsaresoughtandinterpreted.,11,4.casestudy:thebackground,development,currentconditionsandenvironmentalinteractionsofoneormoreindividuals,groups,communities,businessesorinstitutionsisobserved,recordedandanalyzedforstagesofpatternsinrelationtointernalandexternalinfluences.,12,5.evaluation:researchtodeterminewhetheraprogramorprojectfollowedtheprescribedproceduresandachievedthestatedoutcomes.6.theoryconstruction:anattempttofindordescribeprinciplesthatexplainhowthingsworkthewaytheydo.7.trendanalysis:predictingorforecastingthefuturedirectionofevents.,13,8.design-demonstration:newsystemsorprogramsareconstructed,testedandevaluated.9.survey-questionnaire:behaviors,beliefsandobservationsofspecificgroupsareidentified,reportedandinterpreted.10.experiment:oneormorevariablesaremanipulatedandtheresultsanalyzed.,14,InformationConventions,Themainpartofthissectionisadescriptionoftheproceduralstepsusedinyourstudyandthematerialsemployedateachstep.Theelementsincludedandtheorderinwhichtheyarepresentedarenotfixed.However,thelistinthefollowingboxisconventionalandprovidesyouwithyourgoodmodel.,15,InformationElementsIncludedinMethod,OverviewoftheexperimentPopulation/SampleLocationRestrictions/LimitingConditionsSamplingTechniquesProceduresMaterialsStatisticalTreatment,16,Example:RatioofSerumUreatoSerumCreatinineinWildBlackBears,Our3-yearstudyofchangeintheratioofserumureaorserumcreatinineinColoradowildbearsbeganinthewinterof1981andendedinthefallof1983.(overview:what,whenandwhereistheresearchdone),17,TheinvestigationwasperformedintheBlackMesa-CrystalCreekareainwest-centralColorado.Thestudyareahasthreemajorvegetationbands:amountainshrubcommunityatlowerelevations,largeaspenforestsatelevationsbetween2330and3330m,andmixedforestsofEngelmannspruceandfirathigherelevations.(Descriptionoflocationanditscondition),18,Atotalof76bloodsampleswereobtainedform27femalesand21males.(Subjects)Thesampleswerecooled,serumwasseparatedfromredbloodcells,andureaandcreatinineconcentrationsweredetermined.(Techniques)StatisticalanalysisofchangesinbloodparameterswasdonewithScheffescomparison(statisticaltreatment),19,Example:MethodLumpedParameterModelofIceGrowthInthissection,governingequationsaredevelopedtomodelicegrowthontheheatexchangerplates.Themodelisintendedtocharacterizethedynamicsoftheicegrowthwithouttheaddedproblemofthedetailediceprofiles.Thepresentationbeginswithmassandenergybalancesandconcludeswiththedevelopmentofamodelfortheheattransferbetweenthewaterandthecoolant.,20,Example:MethodEnergyandMassbalanceTheheatexchanger,illustratedinFigs.1and2,consistsoftwoplateswithattachedtubesplacedinparallelbetweensupplyandreturnheaders.Thistypeofheatexchangerwaschosenbecauseofitsthermalcharacteristics,largesurfacearea,readyavailability,andbecausetheiceremainsattachedtotheheatexchanger.Tosimplifythemode,nostratificationofthewaterisallowedinthestoragetank.Asubmergedpumpisplacedinthetanktokeepthewaterwellmixed.,21,CommonProblems,unnecessaryexplanationofbasicproceduresRememberthatyouarenotwritingahow-toguideforbeginners.Yourreaderswillbepeoplewhohavealevelofexpertiseinyourfieldandyoucanassumethattheyarefamiliarwithbasicassessments,laboratoryproceduresetc,sodonotexplaintheseindetail.,22,problemblindnessMostofusencountersomeproblemswhencollectingorgeneratingourdata.Donotignoresignificantproblemsorpretendtheydidnotoccur.Often,recordinghowyouovercameobstaclescanformaninterestingpartofthemethodology,andmeansyoucanalsogivearationaleforcertaindecisions,plusarealisticviewofusingthemethodsyouchose.,23,LanguageConventions,VerbTenseandMethodMostofyourmethodologysectionwillbewritteninthepasttensebecauseyouarerecordingwhatyouhavedone.Noticetoothatitisusuallywritteninthesimplepast.Forexample:1)Thesamplewasweighed.2)Fishseedwereaddedtothepool.3)Athermometerrecordedchangesinexternaltemperature.,24,Examples:ProceduralDescriptions1)Surveysweresenttostudenthealthservicesat180colleges.2)Thestudywascarriedoutonamarinelaboratoryresearchvessel.3)Thegeneratorssuppliedabout14,000ampswhenfullyoperational.4)WeusedconcreteB225type,inaccordancewithgovernmentregulations.5)Theplantswereseededbyhandintothebedstoobtainbetweentwotofiveplantsperhillwhichwerespacedat3-ftintervals.,25,Forfactsorinformationthataretrueandunlikelytochange,writeabouttheminthepresenttense.Forexample:Vietnamwaschosenforthisstudybecauseithasalongcoastline.Cornmealwasusedtofeedthefingerlingsbecauseitprovideshighnutritionalcontentatarelativelylowcost.,26,ANEXAMPLEOFVERBTENSESANDVERBTENSESHIFTSLookatthetextbelowandseeifyoucandecidewhyeachhighlightedtensehasbeenused.,27,InTheCurrentStatusofFishNutritioninAquaculture.,MaterialsandMethodsFormulationsandproximatecompositionsoftheexperimentaldietsareshowninTable1.Brownfishmealwasusedtoprovi