英国文学-WilliamBlake

WilliamBlake(1757-1827),IntroductiontoWilliamBlake,Contents,HistoricalBackground,EnglishRomanticism,HistoricalBackground,Thelastquarterofthe18thcenturywasatimeofsocialandpoliticalturbulence(动荡),withrevolutionsintheUnitedStates,France,Irelandandelsewhere.InGreatBritain,amovementforsocialchangeandamoreinclusivesharingofpowerwasalsogrowing.Thiswasthebackdrop(背景)againstwhichtheRomanticmovementinEnglishpoetryemerged.,HistoricalBackground,1789年的法国大革命(FrenchRevolution)，给对人类的未来带来了希望，并对英国社会造成冲击(FeudalismvsCapitalism)。在这个背景下，英国的浪漫主义文学崛起，它产生于18世纪末，19世纪上半叶为繁荣时期。,HistoricalBackground,AthomeintheGreatBritain,theIndustrialRevolutionandtheEnclosureMovement(圈地运动)droveeachsocietyclass,especiallytheadvancedintelligentsiatofindawaytoexpresstheireagerforthenewspirit.,HistoricalBackground,当时，正在英国进行的工业革命和圈地运动推动社会的各个阶层，特别是先进的知识分子，对新的精神的寄托的强烈渴求。这种社会情绪在英国的文学领域，催生了一种新型的文学形式“浪漫主义文学”，使英国文学出现了一片繁荣景象，达到资产阶级文学的成熟时期。,EnglishRomanticismisaprofoundandirreversibletransformationinartisticstyles,inculturalattitudes,andintherelationsbetweenartistandsociety,whichisevidentinWesternliteratureandotherartsinthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.TodefineRomanticismisnotoriouslydifficult,partlybecausetheRomantictemperamentitselfresistedtheveryimpulseofdefinition,favoringtheindefiniteandtheboundless.,EnglishRomanticism,Inthemostabstractterms,Romanticismmayberegardedasthetriumphofthevaluesofimaginativespontaneity,visionaryoriginality,wonder,andemotionalself-expressionovertheclassicalstandardsofbalance,order,restraint,proportion,andobjectivity.Itsnamederivesfromromance,theliteraryforminwhichdesiresanddreamsprevailovereverydayrealities.,EnglishRomanticism,CharacteristicsofEnglishRomanticism,Romanticwriterssoughtinnovationovertraditionalisminthematerials,forms,andstyleofliterature.Theyclaimedthatpoetryshouldbefreefromallrules.,Romanticwritersdeclaredthatthatgoodpoetryshouldembodythepoetsownfeelingsandtheprocessofcompositionshouldbespontaneous.,Externalnaturebecameapersistentsubjectofpoetry,whichatthemeantimeareconcernedwithcentralhumanexperiencesandproblems.,Muchofromanticpoetryinvitedthereadertoidentifytheprotagonistswiththepoetsthemselvesinsteadofotherpeopleorthesociety.,ManyRomanticwritersviewedahumanbeingasendowedwithlimitlessaspirationtowardtheinfinitegoodenvisionedbythefacultyofimagination.,TheClassicalAgeandtheRomanticAge,Classical:reason,intellect,andtheheadRomantic:feelings,intuition,andtheheart,Differences,1,2,3,C:looksoutwardtosocietyR:lookinwardtotheirownsoulandtothelifeoftheimagination,C:attractedtoasocialorderinwhicheveryoneknowshisplaceR:celebratethefreedomofnatureandofindividualhumanexperience,C:focusonwhatcanbelogicallymeasuredandrationallyunderstoodR:attractedtotheirrational,mysticalandsupernaturalworld,Differences,4,5,C:stressthewaysocietiesimproveundercarefulregulationR:generallymorecriticalofsocietyanditsinjustices,questioningratherthanaffirming,exploringratherthandefining,C:aformalandorderedwayofwritingR:triedtocaptureindividualexperienceinformsandlanguagewhichwereintendedtobeclosertoeverydayspeechandmoreaccessibletothegeneralreader,EnglishRomanticism,Shelley:“IalwaysseekinwhatIsee,thelikenessofsomethingbeyondthepresentandtangibleobject.”,Wordsworth:“Goodpoetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings.,Keats:Ifpoetrycomesnotasnaturallyastheleavestoatree,ithadbetternotcomeatall.,Blake:Lessthaneverything,cannotsatisfyman.,WilliamBlakewasapioneeroftheRomanticpoets.Hisbest-knownpoemsarecollectedintwocollections,SongsofInnocence(1789)andSongsofExperience(1794).Blakecalledhisspirituallifevaried,freeanddramaticwhilehiscorporeallifewassimple,limitedandunadventurous.,IntroductiontoWilliamBlake,Poet,Artist&Mystic,IntroductiontoWilliamBlake,BlakewasthethirdsonofaLondonhosier.Hedidnotgotoschooluntiltheageof10,learningdrawing,andthenhebecameastudentattheRoyalAcademyofArts.Hewasapprenticedat14toJamesBasire,awell-knownengraverandmembertotheSocietyofAntiquariesandtheRoyalSociety.From1779heworkedasanengraverforabookseller.In1782,Blakegotmarried.Hiswifewasthenilliterate,butBlaketaughthertoreadandtohelphiminhisengravingandprinting.Theyhadnochild.,RoyalAcademyofArts,IntroductiontoWilliamBlake,Blakewasanearnestreaderinhissparetime,andbegantowritepoetryveryearly.HisearlyworksincludedPoeticalSketches(1783),SongsofInnocence(1789),andTheBookofThel(1791).Theseworksshowedhimselftobeatoddswiththedominantpoetictraditionofthe18thcentury.InhisrevolutionaryworksTheFrenchRevolution(1791),America:Aprophecy(1793),andVisionsoftheDaughtersofAlbion(1793)ishisprincipalprosework,abookofparadoxicalaphorisms.,IntroductiontoWilliamBlake,ByaddingsupplementarypoemstoSongsofInnocence,BlakeprintedSongsofInnocenceandSongsofExperiencein1794.Thesetwocollectionsreflectwhathecallstwocontrarystatesofthehumansoul.Hislaterpropheticpoems,FourZoas,MiltonandJerusalem,werecreatedinthespiritoftheBiblicalprophetsduring1802-1820,aproofofhisdeclarationthatallheknewwasintheBibleandthatTheOldandNewTestamentsaretheGreatCodeofArt.Blakelivedalifeofisolationandpovertyinmostofhislifetime.Hefollowedhisdivinevisioninwritingpoems.Heclaimedthatheactuallysawteangelsandstrangefigureswhichheportrayedandengraved.,IntroductiontoWilliamBlake,Blakeprintedmostofhisbooksofpoemsbyhimselfwithreliefetching,amethodhecalledilluminatedprinting.Hisengravingsenrichthemeaningofhispoetryandareasvaluableashispoetry.Inhis60sBlakedevotedhimselftopictorialart.Heproducedhundredsofpaintingsandengravings,thefamousonesincludingarepresentaionofChaucersCanterburyTales,andaseriesofillustrationsofDante,onwhichheworkedharduntilhisdeath.WilliamBlakediedathomeonAugust12,1827.Unabletopayforafuneral,BlakewasburiedinanunmarkedgraveintheNon-ConformistBunhillFieldsinLondonwherehiswifewasburiedfouryearslateramongothernotablefiguresofdissentlikeDanielDefoeandJohnBunyan.,Overview,1757,1767,1789,HewasborninLondon,Learneddrawing,publishedPoeticalSketches,marriedCatherineBoucher,TheBookofThel&TheFrenchRevolution,Died,1782,1791,1794,SongsofExperience,1827,1783,completedSongsofInnocence,MajorWorks,PoeticalSketches(1783)SongsofInnocence(1789)SongsofExperience(1794),TheBookofThel(1789)Milton(1808)Jerusalem(1818)TheGhostofAbel(1822),LyricalPoems,PropheticBooks,AuguriesofInnocence,天真的预言,ToseeaWorldinaGrainofSand,AndaHeaveninaWildFlower,Holdinfinityinthepalmofyourhand,AndEternityinanhour.,一沙一世界，一花一天堂。无限掌中置，刹那成永恒。徐志摩译,FeaturesofBlakesPoems,1.useofsimplelanguage2.serious,