新概念2定语从句最佳版.doc

定语从句一、弄清关系代词所指及其在定语从句中所充当的句子成分。1 先行词指物时，用关系代词thatwhich在从句中作主语或宾语。如： He bought a coat thatwhich cost little 他买了一件便宜上衣。（作主语） The car which that he bought yesterday is a second-hand one 他昨天买的车是个二手货。（作宾语）2 先行词指人时，用关系代词thatwho在从句中作主语或宾语（在口语中，代替whom）。如： The man who that gave a speech on TV is the president 昨天在电视上演讲的人是总统。（作主语） This is the strange man thatwhowhom I met yesterday 这就是我昨天碰到的那个怪人。（作宾语）3 whose在从句中作定语，既可指人，作“某（些）人的”解；也可指物，作“某（些）物的”解。如： This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earthquake 这就是在那次大地震中失去双亲的那个小姑娘。 We live in a house whose windows open to the south 我们居住在一所窗户朝南的房子里。 理清上述关系还能帮助我们判断定语从句谓语动词的单复数。又如： He is one of the students who work hard 他是学习努力的学生之一。（who指先行词the students） He is the only one of the students who goes abroad 他是学生中唯一出国的。（who指先行词the only one） （一）、只用which的情况1、在定语从句中作介词的宾语且置于介词之后。e.g The hotel in which they are staying is very expensive .2、在先行词为物的非限制性定语从句。e.g Basketball, which is an interesting games , is played all over the world.3、在非限制性定语中，代表前面整个句子，有时代表前面主句中的表语部分。e.g 1). Mr Li is a writer, which I should also like to be . 2). He is a good teacher, which we all know .(二）、一般只用that 的情况1、先行词为anything ,nothing ,everything , all ,much ,little , few等e.g Is there anything that I can do for you ?2、 先行词前有all , any, every , no , little , much, only , very , last等修饰时。e.g Hell read all the books that are sold here.3、先行词前有最高级或序数词修饰时。e.g This is the most wonderful film that I have never seen .4、当先行词是to be 的表语时，或先行词本身就是从句的表语。e.g It is a song that is very popular . The school is no longer the one that it was used to be.5、先行词包括人和物时。e.g He talked about the people and the books that interested him.6、 由who, which 引起的疑问句。e.g Who is the man that is talking to our headmaster ?7、一个句子中有两个定语从句，若其中一个已用who/which ,另一个用that .e.g The student who does best in his studies is the monitor that is very modest and honest.8、与the same 连用（指同一物），构成the same.that 时，只能用that,且不能用as 代替 。e.g This is the same museum that you once visited .（三）、用who 情况。1、who可以代表人、人格化的动物、神话故事中的人物或有生命的事物。e.g The dog who is barking is our pet .2、在从句中作主语。3、 当先行词泛指代词he ,they或those 时，常用who .e.g He who does no work gets no pay.4、在there be 句型中，主语是人且是先行词时，多用who或省略.e.g There is a man who lives in that village .5、 先行词前出现不定冠词时，多用who.e.g He is a man who should learn from others .6、先行词与从句分隔，用that 可能产生歧义时，应用who.e.g I saw a man in the street who was surrounded by many people .7、不定代词one , ones, anyone等作先行词时，多用who.e.g One who works without complain is welcome here .8、在非限制性定语从句中，一般要用who ,而不用 that .9、两个定语从句同时出现在一个句子中，第一个用that ，则第二个用who.（三）、as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句的用法。A.不能互换情况：1、which 不能用于句首。 e.g As we all know, China is getting stronger and stronger .2、as 有“正如，好像”之意，而且which 则没有。从句表达的内容与主句不一致或相反时(或对主句内容起着消极作用,或暗含因果关系），只能用which(=but this /that)e.g He said the cat was afraid of rats in his house ,which was impossible, I think .3、在一个主动式的定语从句中作主语，一般只用which .e.g He gave the old lady a pair of new shoes for birthday, which excited her a lot .4、在“It is kind /careful/careless/clever/silly.of sb to do sth .句型中，后跟定语从句，该从句一般只用which来引导（which代表整个不定式内容）5. as 一般只代替整句话的内容,而which既代替整句话的内容,又可指代某个词或词组。如： The deer are farmed for their meat and fur , which are then shipped to many other countries .e.g They invited me to the party, which(=to invite me to the party) is kind of them .B可以互换情况：1、在一个被动式的定语从句中作主语。e.g John got beaten in the game ,as /which had been expected .2、 在一个主动式的定语从句中作宾语。e.g He was a foreigner ,as /which I knew from his accent .3、在一个系表结构的定语从句中作主语或作表语。e.g Sam married Molly , as / which was natural . When deeply moved by some story, as/which she often was ,she would at once tell it to her husband who lost his sight .非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句，顾名思义，是对先行词从本质或特征上进行限制的一种定从句，它所修饰的词代表一个（些）或一类特定的人或事、物。例如： A man who doesnt want to learn from others cant achieve much 一个不向别人学习的人是不能指望有多大成就的。 A man被限定后，指一类特定的人。 限制性定语从句是不能去掉的，否则剩下的部分就失去意义而不能成立。非限制性定语从句则不然，它只对所修饰的词作进一步的说明，去掉之后并不影响整个句子的含义。在形式上，非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常必须有逗号隔开。例如： Finally we visited the Giant Yangtze Gorges Dam， which is the greatest key water control project in the world at present 最后我们参观了长江三峡大坝，它是目前世界上最大的水利枢纽工程。 本句若去掉定语从句，主句部分的含义仍然完整。历年的高考题中，非限制性定语从句是出现频率最高的考点之一，因此值得我们注意。二、引导非限制性定语从句的which可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整个句子。例如： That Peter will marry Alice， which has not been announced yet， has spread around 彼特要娶爱丽斯这件事还没宣布，却已被传得沸沸扬扬。 句子中的which指代“彼特要娶爱丽斯”这件事。三、除which外，还可用when， where， who，whom等关系副词或关系代词引导非限制性定语从句。例如： After graduation， I decided to stay in Chongqing， where I spent my childhood and four years of college life 毕业后，我决定留在重庆，在那里我度过了我的童年和四年大学生活。 Albert Einstein left Germany for the United States during World War II， when Jews were badly treated in Germany 第二次世界大战期间，爱因斯坦离开德国去了美国，那时犹太人在德国受到极大的歧视。 注意：that不能引导非限制性定语从句。四、在限制性定语从句中，如果先行词作宾语时，引导词可以省略；但引导非限制性定语从句的引导词不能省，同时关系代词whom不能用who替换。试比较： The American journalist (whom who） the announcer mentioned in the news broadcast is said to have been killed by the gangsters 播音员在新闻广播中提到的那位美国记者据说已经被匪徒杀害了。 He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother， whom he loved and respected as his own mother 他急于想去医院看望他的继母，他像对亲生母亲一样爱戴和尊敬她。关系副词where, when和why 同学们对定语从句已经有了初步的认识。我们已学了关系代词who， whom， whose， which和that的用法，这里就说说关系副词where， when和why引导定语从句时的语义特点和用法特点。一、 关系副词where引导的定语从句1 当先行词是表示地点的名词，如place， room， mountain， airport等，同时又在从句中作状语时，定语从句需要用关系副词where引导。例如： The two lost boys happened to come into a cave where they discovered some very valuable prehistorical rock paintings by chance 那两个迷路的男孩碰巧进入了一个山洞，在那里他们意外地发现了一些非常有价值的史前岩画。 在上述例句中，where代表in the cave，作地点状语。2 通常，引导定语从句的where大都可以转换成“介词which”的形式。例如： The American soldiers rushed into the President Mansion where in which they found those gold bars美国士兵冲进总统官邸，在那里他们发现了那些金条。3当表示地点的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词that或which引导定语从句，而不是用where。试比较： The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that which） people all over the world look forward to visiting 长江三峡是个美丽的地方，全世界的人都渴望来参观。 The Yangtze River is our mother river where the Chinese people have created the brilliant Chinese civilization 长江是我们的母亲河，中华民族在那里创造了灿烂的华夏文明。 在第一句的定语从句中，visiting是一个及物动词，必须带宾语，而关系副词where不能作宾语，所以只能用which或that引导，而且二者可以省略；在第二句的定语从句中，不缺主语、宾语、表语，所以用where作状语。二、关系副词when引导的定语从句1当先行词是表示时间的名词，如time， day， year， month， week等，同时又在从句中作状语时，定语从句需要用关系副词when引导。例如： Galileo lived at a time when the human spirit was waking after a thousand years of sleep 伽利略生活的时代是人类灵魂经过了千年沉睡之后正在苏醒的时代。2与where一样，引导定语从句的when也可以转换成“介词which”的形式。例如： All the Chinese， at home and abroad， will forever remember the date when on which the Red Fivestar Flag was raised in Hong Kong 海内外的所有华人都不会忘记五星红旗在香港的土地上升起时的日子。3当先行词为the time， the moment， the day， the minute等时，关系副词when可以省略，也可以用that引导。例如： The moment (that when） I turned round， she had left and disappeared in the crowd 当我转过身来时，她已经离开并消失在人群中了。 Do you still remember the day we got to know each other 你还记得我们彼此相识的那一天吗？ 这时的定语从句（省略了when或that），实际上已经是一个时间状语从句了。4当表示时间的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词that或which引导定语从句，而不是用when。例如： The film reminded me of those miserable days (that which） I spent in my childhood 这部电影使我想起了我童年时代度过的那些苦难日子。三、关系副词why引导的定语从句1当先行词是表示原因的名词reason时，定语从句需要用关系副词why引导，此时的定语从句说明先行词的内容。例如： Do you know the reason why there are heat losses in a steam engine 你知道蒸汽机中存在热损耗的原因吗？2我们也可以用for which来替代why。例如： The reason why for which you failed， I think， was that you had turned a deaf ear to your mothers advice 我认为你失败的原因是你不听你母亲的忠告。注意：在“the reason why sb does sth is that从句”的结构中，that不能换成because。 四、as 作关系副词 I shall do it in the same way as you did it .关系副词where， when和why引导定语从句时的语义特点和用法特点。一、 关系副词where引导的定语从句1 当先行词是表示地点的名词，如place， room， mountain， airport等，同时又在从句中作状语时，定语从句需要用关系副词where引导。例如： The two lost boys happened to come into a cave where they discovered some very valuable prehistorical rock paintings by chance 那两个迷路的男孩碰巧进入了一个山洞，在那里他们意外地发现了一些非常有价值的史前岩画。 在上述例句中，where代表in the cave，作地点状语。2 通常，引导定语从句的where大都可以转换成“介词which”的形式。例如： The American soldiers rushed into the President Mansion where in which they found those gold bars美国士兵冲进总统官邸，在那里他们发现了那些金条。3当表示地点的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词that或which引导定语从句，而不是用where。试比较： The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that which） people all over the world look forward to visiting 长江三峡是个美丽的地方，全世界的人都渴望来参观。 The Yangtze River is our mother river where the Chinese people have created the brilliant Chinese civilization 长江是我们的母亲河，中华民族在那里创造了灿烂的华夏文明。 在第一句的定语从句中，visiting是一个及物动词，必须带宾语，而关系副词where不能作宾语，所以只能用which或that引导，而且二者可以省略；在第二句的定语从句中，不缺主语、宾语、表语，所以用where作状语。二、关系副词when引导的定语从句1当先行词是表示时间的名词，如time， day， year， month， week等，同时又在从句中作状语时，定语从句需要用关系副词when引导。例如： Galileo lived at a time when the human spirit was waking after a thousand years of sleep 伽利略生活的时代是人类灵魂经过了千年沉睡之后正在苏醒的时代。2与where一样，引导定语从句的when也可以转换成“介词which”的形式。例如： All the Chinese， at home and abroad， will forever remember the date when on which the Red Fivestar Flag was raised in Hong Kong 海内外的所有华人都不会忘记五星红旗在香港的土地上升起时的日子。3当先行词为the time， the moment， the day， the minute等时，关系副词when可以省略，也可以用that引导。例如： The moment (that when） I turned round， she had left and disappeared in the crowd 当我转过身来时，她已经离开并消失在人群中了。 Do you still remember the day we got to know each other 你还记得我们彼此相识的那一天吗？ 这时的定语从句（省略了when或that），实际上已经是一个时间状语从句了。4当表示时间的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词that或which引导定语从句，而不是用when。例如： The film reminded me of those miserable days (that which） I spent in my childhood 这部电影使我想起了我童年时代度过的那些苦难日子。三、关系副词why引导的定语从句1当先行词是表示原因的名词reason时，定语从句需要用关系副词why引导，此时的定语从句说明先行词的内容。例如： Do you know the reason why there are heat losses in a steam engine 你知道蒸汽机中存在热损耗的原因吗？2我们也可以用for which来替代why。例如： The reason why for which you failed， I think， was that you had turned a deaf ear to your mothers advice 我认为你失败的原因是你不听你母亲的忠告。注意：在“the reason why sb does sth is that从句”的结构中，that不能换成because。关系代词as 和which 互换与否一、 关系代词as 和which 互换的情况：1 在一个被动式的定语从句中作主语。John got beaten in the game ,as/which had been expected . 2. 在一个主动式的定语从句中作宾语。Oil and water dont mix up , as /which we all know. 3. 在一个系表结构的定语从句中作主语。The weather turned out to be very good , as /which was more than we could expect . 4在一个系表结构的定语从句中作表语。When deeply moved by some story , as /which she often was , she would at once tell it to her husband who lost his sight .二、关系代词as 和which 不互换的情况： 1、在主动式的定语从句中作主语，一般只用which.He gave the old lady a pair of new shoes for birthday , which excited her a lot .2. 在“Its kind /nice/careful/careless/clever/silly/.of sb to do sth”结构后面跟定语从句时， 该从句一般只用which来引导（which 代表it，即不定式所表达的整个内容）She saw the mistake right now, which(to see the mistake right now)was clever of her.3.由于as有“正如。”或“好象。”之意，而 which没有此意，所以， 如果定语从句所表达的内容与主句不一致，就只能用 which 引导定语从句which =but this /that)。He said the car was afraid of rats in his house, which was impossible .Mary married Mr Kennedy , her sisters beau(情人), which was unexpected .4. 定语从句位于句首时，一般只能由as 来引导。As you know, he is a famous scientist .分隔式定语从句分隔式定语从句即未置于先行词之后而被其他句子成分隔开的定语从句。通常用在下面两个种场合：1 有时由于先行词的后置成分较长，为使句子保持平衡，将其后移。2 有时出于修饰上的需要，避免千篇一律的语言格式。一、被副词或副词性短语隔开。 There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. I bought a book today , which I will give it to you 二、 被介词短语隔开。I was the only person in our office who was invited .三、 被谓语动词或分词短语隔开。The days are gone when we used “foreign oil”.How I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields, when I should have studied .四、 被分句隔开。There is no man , whatever his fortune is , who is now engaged in any earnest offices.What ring did you give ? Not that one, I hope , which you received from me?五、 被用作宾语补足语的形容词隔开。Have you got everything ready we need ?六、 被the only of 后的名词或代词隔开。He is the only one of the students who knows Russian in our school.（四）、重要句型。1、one of + the + n(pl) + who + V(pl); the one of + the + n(pl) + who + V（单）2、the same .as ; such .as 3. He has three sons, two of whom work in Beijing .4. As everyone knows ,. ;As is known to sb ,., ;Its known to sb that .5. when / where = 介词 + which ; whose = of which ; why = for which定语从句练习.选择题 1.Ive read all the books you gave me.A. which B. them C. what D. that 2.There isnt much I can do.A. what B. which C. that D. how 3.He keeps a record of everything he had seen there.A. he B. that C. which D. what 4.Tell us about the people and the places are different from ours.A. that B. who C. which D. whom 5.Mr John said that Suzhou was the first city he had visited in China.A. that B. where C. which D. what 6.The TV play I watched last night is the best one I have watched this year.A. which B. what C. whose D. that 7.Last Sunday they reached Qingdao, a conference was to be held.A. which B. that C. when D. where 8.Is this the museum you visited the other day?A. that B. where C. in which D. the one 9.I began to work in Beijing in the year New China was founded.A. when B. that C. which D. where 10.This is the very film Ive long wished to see.A. which B. that C. who D. whom 11.There is no difficulty cant be overcome in the world.A. that B. which C. who D. what 12.Who is the person is standing at the gate of Beijing Tourism Tower?A. who B. that C. which D. whom 13.This was the supermarket I bought this kind of tin.A. where B. that C. who D. which 14.The house the capitalist used to live in is now a nursery.A. that B. where C. what D. when 15.This is the last time I shall come here to help you.A. that B. which C. when D. what 16.The house we live is not big.A. in that B. which C. in which D. that 17.My neighbors used to give me a hand in time of trouble, was very kind of them.A. who B. that C. which D. whom 18.All glitters is not gold.A. that B. which C. D. what 19.I now know why Mao impresses everyone who meets him the way he does.A. which B. what C. D. now 20.Beijing, is the capital of China, is a beautiful city.A. that B. it C. which D. 21.She was no longer the woman she was.A. that B. which C. what D. who 22.Thats the hotel last year.A. which we stayed B. at that we stayedC. Where we stayed at D. where we stayed 23.The doctor did all to save the wounded boy.A. what he couldB. he could C. everything which he could D. for which he could do 24.Anyone this opinion may speak out.A. that against B. that againstC. who is against D. who are against 25.The place you are standing used to be an old church.A. which B. where C. that D. when 26.Youve made the same mistake you made last time. A. as B. like C. which D. that 27.It is not such an interesting magazine I thought.A. as B. that C. which D. 28. you know, he is a famous musician.A. As B. which C. That D. 29.Mr Zhou, native language was Chinese, could read and write several foreign languages.A. whose B. his C. which D. that 30.Do you know the actor you saw playing Hamlet is now doing King Lear?A .who B. whom C. whose D. which 31.I took my friend to the Summer Palace, we had some photos taken.A. where B. which C. that D. 32.Do you remember the day your sister was graduated as a Master of Arts?A. which B. on which C. about which D. 33.The bus, was already full, was surrounded by an angry crowd.A. which of most B. most of whichC. which of the mostD. most of that 34.We all remember the days we studied together at school.A. which B. that C. when D. 35.Do you know the reason he didnt come?A. that B. which C. for D. why 36.I showed the doctor the place I felt the pain.A. that B. which C. where D. when 37.He is the only one of the three got the new idea.A. who have B. whom haveC. who has D. whose had 38.Im one of the students well in English in my class.A. who does B. who do C. which does D. who did 39.This is the baby tomorrow.A .after whom I shall look B. whom I shall look afterC. whose I shall look after D. after whom I shall look after 40.This is the fastest train is going to Nanjing.A. hat B. what C. where D. 41 She heard the terrible noise， brought her heart into her mouth A it B which C this D that42 Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play， ， of course， made the others unhappy A who B which C