《专四语法讲座》PPT课件.ppt

2012级英语专业四级考试语法语法知识讲座,讲授人：唐瑛,题型特点：*总共30题，分值15分（另外：完形20题，10分）*语法题15道，词汇题15道*语法居前，词汇居后,一、英语专业四级语法考试概况介绍,教学大纲对英语专业语法的总体描述是：能识别词类；区分名词的可数性和不可数性，可数名词单、复数形式；基本掌握各种代词的形式与用法、基数和序数词、常用介词和连词、形容词和副词的句法功能比较级和最高级的构成及基本句型、冠词的一般用法；解动词的主要种类、时态、语态及不定式和分词的基本法、句子种类、基本句型和基本构词法。掌握主谓一致系、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等句型直接引语和间接引语的用法、动词不定式和分词的用法各种时态、主动语态、被动语态和构词法。其中对四级要求是：除掌握上述内容外，还应该熟练掌握主语从句同位语从句、倒装句和各种条件句。,附：另2011年还有3道口语交际题，2013年1道构词题，1道连词题，1道动词用法题。,专四冲刺语法重点：非谓语动词（非谓语做状语+不定式）虚拟语气定语从句（+状语从句+名词性从句）倒装句主谓一致情态动词反义疑问句专四特色短语+句型,常见语法术语,2012（52）Whichofthefollowingdeterminers(限定词)canbeplacedbeforebothsingularcountnounsandpluralcountnouns?AmanyaBfewCsuchDthenext2012（53）Whichofthefollowingreflexivepronounsisusedasanappositive?A.HepromisedhimselfrapidprogressBThemanagerherselfwillinterviewMaryCIhavenothingtosayformyselfDTheyquarreledthemselvesredintheface,名词noun动词verb代词pronoun介词preposition连词conjunction形容词adjective副词adverb冠词article数词numeral,名词noun,专有名词propernoun普通名词commonnoun可数名词countablenoun不可数名词uncountablenoun抽象名词abstractnoun具体名词concretenoun集体名词collectivenoun个体名词individualnoun单数形式singularform复数形式pluralform,动词verb,及物动词transitiveverb不及物动词intransitiveverb实义动词notionalverb系动词linkverb助动词auxiliaryverb情态动词modalverb规则动词regularverb不规则动词irregularverb限定动词finiteverb非限定动词infiniteverb原形baseform过去式pastform现在分词presentparticiple过去分词pastparticiple,时态tense语态voice语气mood,一般现在时presentsimpletense一般过去时pastsimpletense一般将来时futuresimpletense现在完成时presentperfecttense过去完成时pastperfecttense将来完成时futureperfecttense现在进行时presentcontinuoustense过去进行时pastcontinuoustense将来进行时futurecontinuoustense主动语态activevoice被动语态passivevoice陈述语气indicativemood祈使语气imperativemood虚拟语气subjunctivemood,非限定性动词non-finiteverb,现在分词presentparticiple过去分词pastparticiple动名词gerund不定式infinitive,代词pronoun,人称代词personalpronoun(I)物主代词possessivepronoun名词性物主代词nominalpossessivepronoun(mine)形容词性物主代词adjectivalpossessivepronoun(my)反身代词reflexivepronoun(myself)指示代词demonstrativepronoun(this)疑问代词interrogativepronoun(what)关系代词relativepronoun(which,who)不定代词indefinitepronoun(someone),句子成分membersofsentences,主语subject谓语predicateverb宾语object系语linkverb表语predicative定语attribute状语adverbial补语complement同位语appositive,句子typesofsentence,简单句simplesentence并列句compoundsentence复合句complexsentence（clause)陈述句declarativesentence疑问句interrogativesentence存在句existentialsentence肯定句positivesentence否定句negativesentence祈使句imperativesentence倒装句invertedsentence（full/partialinversion),复合句complexsentence(从句clause),主句mainclause从属句subordinateclause名词从句nominalclause1.主语从句subjectclause2.宾语从句objectclause3.表语从句predicativeclause4.同位语从句appositiveclause定语从句attributiveclause状语从句adverbialclause,虚拟语气,语气及其种类语气是动词的一种变化形式，表达说话人对所述内容的看法与态度。语气有三种：（1）陈述语气(indicativemood)陈述语气用来表示一般叙述，可表示肯定、否定和疑问。eg.Matterexpandswhenitisheated.Whatdoyouwant?,（2）祈使语气(imperativemood)祈使语气用来表示请求、命令和劝告等。eg.Dontbelate.Bequiet!Letshaveabreak.,（3）虚拟语气(subjunctivemood)虚拟语气是一组特别的动词形式，用来表示要求、建议、命令、意愿和假设等。eg.Iftherewerenoair,alllivingthingswoulddie.Itisvitalthatshebewarnedbeforeitistoolate.,1.虚拟条件句,1.形式虚拟条件句包括与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句和与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，以及将来实现可能性很小或根本不可能实现的虚拟条件句。,(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配:,eg.IfIwereyou,Iwouldnotgothere.IfIhadtime,Iwoulddoitagain.IfIhadknownofyourarrival,Ishouldhavemetyouatthestation.Ifshehadfurtherconsideredtheproblem,shemighthavecometothecorrectconclusion.,真题举例：,1.Allofuswouldhaveenjoyedthepartymuchmoreifthere_quitesuchacrowdpeoplethere.（00,49）A.werentB.hasntbeenC.hadntbeenD.wouldntbeC2.Ifyourcar_duringthefirst12months,takeittoanauthorizeddealer.（98,43）A.shallneedB.shouldneedC.wouldneedD.willneedB,3.Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,English_mucheasiertolearn.(09,52)A.couldhavebeenB.wouldbeC.willbeD.wouldhavebeenB4._forthefactthatshebrokeherleg,shemighthavepassedtheexam.(02,60）A.HaditnotbeenB.HadntitbeenC.WasitnotD.WereitnotA,5.Ifyouexplainedthesituationtoyoursolicitor,he_abletoadviseyoumuchbetterthanIcan.(05,51)A.wouldbeB.willhavebeenC.wasD.wereA6.Iwastohavemadeaspeechif_.(97,51)A.IwasnotcalledawayB.nobodywouldhavecalledmeawayC.IhadnotbeencalledawayD.nobodycalledmeawayC,(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如：Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反),真题举例：,1.HadJudybeenmorecarefulonthemathsexam,she_muchbetterresultsnow.(08,52)A.wouldbegettingB.couldhavegotC.mustgetD.wouldgetD2._ifIhadarrivedyesterdaywithoutlettingyouknowbeforehand?(04,54)A.WouldyoubesurprisedB.WereyousurprisedC.HadyoubeensurprisedD.WouldyouhavebeensurprisedA,(3)识别事实和假设混合句：Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.(句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实)Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.(前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实),真题举例：,1.Hewouldhavefinishedhiscollegeeducation,buthe_toquitandfindajobtosupporthisfamily.（07,60）A.hadhadB.hasC.hadD.wouldhaveC2._you_furtherproblemswithyourprinter,contactyourdealerforadvice.(05,63)A.If,hadB.Have,hadC.Should,haveD.Incase,hadC,3.Ifyourcar_anyattentionduringthefirst12months,takeittoanauthorizeddealer.(98,43)A.shallneedB.shouldneedC.wouldneedD.willneedB,2.含蓄虚拟条件句有时句中并未出现条件句，其假设情况是由上下文含蓄地提供的，这种句子称为含蓄条件句。,eg.Amorecarefulstudentwouldnthavemadesuchglaringmistakes.Withhisaidyouwouldhavesucceededinit.Butfortherain,weshouldhavehadapleasantjourney.Shemusthavebeenill,otherwiseshewouldhavecometoschool.,(1)连词but,butthat,or,orelse；副词otherwise,unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesntknowwhatshappened;otherwisehewouldnthavemadesuchastupidremark.Iusedmycalculator;otherwiseIdhavetakenmuchlonger.,(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。如：Butforyourtimelyadvice,Iwouldneverhaveknownhowtogoaboutthework.（94年）Thestormdelayedus.Butforthestormwewouldhavebeenintime.SupposingIacceptedthisoffer,whatwouldyousay?Withoutyourtimelyhelp,mydaughterwouldhavedrowned.,(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidnt.,真题举例：,1.You_Jimanythingaboutit.Itwasnoneofhisbusiness.(00,48)A.neednthavetoldB.neednttellC.mustnthavetoldD.mustnttellA2.Arentyoutired?I_youhaddoneenoughfortoday.(09,61)A.shouldhavethoughtB.musthavethoughtC.mighthavethoughtD.couldhavethoughtA,3.You_Markanything.Itwasnoneofhisbusiness.(98,52)A.neednthavetoldB.neednttellC.mustnthavetoldD.mustnttellA,3.虚拟条件句的倒装如果条件状语从句中含有were,had,did,could,should等助动词，可以采用点到主、谓词序的手段来表示假设条件从句，连接词if不再出现。eg.Weretherenogravity,therewouldbenoairaroundtheearth.Hadthemanagementactedsoon,thestrikewouldnthavehappened.,2.名词性从句的虚拟形式,从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。(1)下列表示建议、提议、命令、惊奇、不满等动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：advise,ask,beg,command,decide,demand,desire,insist,move,order,prefer,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest,urge,vote.,eg.Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.Shedemandedthatweattackatonce.Thejobwouldrequirethathebeatthefactoryat7oclockeverymorning.,(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable,best,better,crucial,desirable,essential,imperative,important,insistent,natural,necessary,preferable,strange,urgent,vital.advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested,surprised.,Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.Itisbestthatworkershaveapleasantplacetorelax.Itisdesirablethatthemeetingbeheldassoonaspossible.,真题举例：,1.ItisabsolutelyessentialthatWilliam_hisstudyinspiteofsomelearningdifficulties.(07,65)A.willcontinueB.continuedC.continueD.continuesC2.Itisimperativethatthegovernment_moreinvestmentintotheshipbuildingindustry.(06.59)A.attractsB.shallattractC.attractD.hastoattractC,3.Itisimperativethatstudents_theirtermpapersontime.(o4,56）A.handinB.wouldhandinC.havetohandinD.handedinA4.Itisnecessarythathe_theassignmentwithoutdelay.(10,60)A.handinB.handsinC.musthandinD.hastohandinA,5.Iamsurprised_thiscityisadullplacetolivein.(2006,57)A.thatyoushouldthinkB.bywhatyouarethinkingC.thatyouwouldthinkD.withwhatyouwerethinkingA,辨析：Theopeningceremonyisagreatoccasion.Itisessential_forthat.(2003,57)A.forustobepreparedB.thatwearepreparedC.ofustobepreparedD.ourbeingprepared【详解】在Itisessential/important等结构中，可以用不定式结构或从句，但从句必须用虚拟语气，因此四个选项中只有A符合要求。B项的谓语动词如改为“beprepared”或“shouldbeprepared”则正确。,(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：advice,decision,desire,importance,insistence,instruction,motion,necessity,preference,proposal,order,recommendation,request,requirement,resolution,suggestion.,eg.Theprofessorgaveordersthatthetestbefinishedbefore10:30.FathersadvicethatJohnwaituntilnextweekisquitereasonable.Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativebesenttotheconferenceonschedule.,真题举例,Heleftordersthatnothing_toucheduntilthepolicearrivedhere.(97,43)A.shouldbeB.oughttobeC.mustbeD.wouldbeA,3.虚拟语气的其他表示法,1.Iwish+that用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：,IwishIwereastallasyou.IwishIknewtheanswertoyourquestion.Hewishedhehadntsaidthat.Shewishedthatshecouldhavebeenthereyesterday.Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.,2.wouldrather(sooner)1)wouldrather(sooner)+不带to的不定式，表示个人的选择，或谈论别人的选择，它可以指现在:eg.Iwouldratherhavecoffeethantea.Hedrathernotgobycar.也可指过去：eg.Johnwouldrathernothavegonetoclassyesterday.,2）wouldrather(sooner)that.,从句部分要求用虚拟语气。i）wouldrather(sooner)that+主语+动词过去式，表示与现在事实相反eg.Hewouldratherthatitwerewinternow.Idrathershesatnexttome.,ii)wouldrather(sooner)that+主语+动词过去完成式，表示与过去事实相反eg.JimwouldratherthatJillhadgonetoclassyesterday.Idratherhehadtoldmeaboutit.IwouldjustassoonyoudidntdrivethecarwhileImgone,3.Ifitwerenotfor(与现在事实相反)Ifithadnotbeenfor(与过去事实相反)相当于butfor。如：Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded._forthefactthatshebrokeherleg,shemighthavepassedtheexam.(02,60）A.HaditnotbeenB.HadntitbeenC.WasitnotD.WereitnotA,4.以asif/asthough引出的状语从句，有时要用虚拟语气。eg.Hesmiled,asifhewerereadingmythoughts.他会心地笑了，仿佛猜透了我的想法。Hesmiled,asifhehadreadmythoughts.他会心地笑了，仿佛早已猜透了我的想法。,*如果asif/asthough用在连系动词look,seem,taste,smell等后面表示某种可能性，从句常常采用陈述语气。eg.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.Itsoundsasifitisraining.asif/asthough后面还可接动词不定式或分词，实际上是从句的省略形式。eg.Heopenedhislipsasiftosaysomething.(=asifheweregoingtosaysomething.),5.Ifonly（要是.就好了）谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。eg.Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.Ifonlyitwouldstopraining.Ifonlytheexplosionhadnothappened!,6.Its(high/about)time+主语+动词过去式eg.Itstime(that)wegotup.Itshightimehewastaughtalesson.,真题举例：,1.Ifonlythepatient_adifferenttreatmentinsteadofusingtheantibiotics,hemightstillbealivenow.(07,54)A.hadreceivedB.receivedC.shouldreceiveD.werereceivingA2.IfonlyI_playtheguitaraswellasyou!(06,52)A.wouldB.couldC.shouldD.mightB,3.Itshightimewe_cuttingdowntherainforests.(06,54)A.stoppedB.hadtostopC.shallstopD.stopA4.Thatwasnotthefirsttimehe_us.Ithinkitshightimewe_strongactionsagainsthim.(05,60)A.betrayedtakeB.hadbetrayedtookC.hasbetrayedtookD.hasbetrayedtakeB,5.-Whatcoursesareyougoingtodonextsemester?-Idontknow.Butitsabouttime_onsomething.(02,61)A.IddecideB.IdecidedC.IdecideD.ImdecidingB6.IfyouhavereallybeenstudyingEnglishforsolong,itsabouttimeyou_abletowritelettersinEnglish.(99,49）A.shouldbeB.wereC.mustbeD.areB,7.Itsgettinglate.Idratheryou_now.(11,61)A.leftB.leaveC.areleavingD.willleaveA,7.lest/forfearthat/incase从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。eg.Heressomemoneyincaseyouneedit.比较：Incasehecomes,letmeknow.Heisworkinghardforfearthathefallbehind.Thedriverlookedovertheenginecarefullylestitgowrongontheway.,8.whetheror有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如：Whethermybrother_rightorwrong,hewillhavemyunwaveringsupport.(01,62)A.isB.wereC.beD.wouldbeC,Everythingaroundus,beitair,waterorstone,ismatter.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.,情态动词,1.表示已经发生的情况(1)musthave+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“(昨天)一定”。如：MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”(2)cant/couldnthave+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为“(昨天)一定没”。如：Marycouldnthavereceivedmyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.,(3)may/mighthave+过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许”。如：AtFloridaPowersCrystalRiverplant,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermayhavebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.,2.表示虚拟语气(1)neednthave+过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，译为“其实没必要”。如：Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,weneednthavedressedupsoformally.,(2)should/shouldnothave+过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，或本不应该做但实际上做了,译为“本(不)应该”。如：Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.,(3)oughttohave+过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该”，与should的完成式含义类似。如：Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke.,(4)couldhave+过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以”。如：Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.,(5)may/mighthave+过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“(那样)也许会”。如：Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.,3.几个情态动词常考的句型(1)may/might(just)aswell“不妨，最好”，与hadbetter相近。如：Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.(2)cannot/canttoo“越越好，怎么也不过分”。,“cannottoo”结构表示“无论怎么也不算过分”、“越越好”、“要格外”、“应该特别”等意思。表示此意的结构有下列几种：A.cannot动词too形容词或副词，例如：Wecannotbetoocarefulindoingexperiments.我们做实验时越仔细越好。Icannotthankyoutoomuch.我无论怎么感谢你也不过分。,B.cannotover-动词/cannot+be+over-形容词，例如：Wecannotoveremphasizetheimportanceoflearningaforeignlanguage.我们无论怎么强调学外语的重要性也不过分。Wecannotbeovervigilant.我们应该特别警惕。,C.cannot动词toomuch（muchenough），例如：Wecannotpraisehimtoomuch.我们无论怎样表扬他也不算过分。Heisveryreliable.Youcanttrusthimtoomuch（muchenough）.他很可靠，他是你最值得信赖的人。,D.cannot动词形容词或副词enough在“cannottoo”结构中的too可换成enough，sufficient或sufficiently；not也可换成never，hardly，scarcely等否定词。例如：Youcanneverbestrongenough.强壮的身体有百利而无一害。Drinkingwatercanneverbepureenough.饮用水越纯越好。,E.cannot动词toomany可数名词/toomuch不可数名词，例如：Ithinkitrightthatonecannotlearntoomuchknowledge.我认为一个人的知识愈多愈好。6.Itisimpossible（difficult）totoocannottoo，例如：Itisimpossibletoemphasizethispointtoomuch.（Onecannotemphasizethispointtoomuch.）要特别强调这一点。,(3)usednt或didntuseto为usedto(do)的否定式。(4)should除了“应该”一层意思外，大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：Ididntexpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.,真题举例,1.Nancysgonetoworkbuthercarsstillthere.She_bybus.(10,52)A.musthavegoneB.shouldhavegoneC.oughthavegoneD.couldhavegoneA2.She_fiftyorsowhenIfirstmetherataconference.(09,53)A.hadbeenB.mustbeC.hasbeenD.musthavebeenD,3.Whichofthefollowingsentencesexpresses“probability”?(08,65)A.Youmustleaveimmediately.B.Youmustbefeelingrathertired.C.Youmustbeherebyeightoclock.D.Youmustcompletethereadingassignmentontime.B,4.“You_borrowmynotesprovidedyoutakecareofthem.”Itoldmyfriend.(07,53)A.couldB.shouldC.mustD.canD5.She_fiftyorsowhenIfirstmetherataconference.(07,56)A.mustbeB.hadbeenC.couldbeD.musthavebeenD,6.Loudspeakerswerefixedinthehallsothateveryone_anopportunitytohearthespeech.(06,56)A.oughthaveB.musthaveC.mayhaveD.shouldhaveD【详解】sothat可以引导结果状语，也可以引导目的状语。本句引导的是目的状语从句。引导目的状语从句时，日常口语中可使用“sothat+主语+will,would,can,could”。正式场合中使用“sothat+主语+may,might,shall,should”。因为句子用过去时，只有D符合题意。,7.Iamsurprised_thiscityisadullplacetolivein.(06,57)A.thatyoushouldthinkB.bywhatyouarethinkingC.thatyouwouldthinkD.withwhatyouwerethinkingA,8.Iwenttherein1984,andthatwastheonlyoccasionwhenI_thejourneyinexactlytwodays.(05,57)A.musttakeB.musthavemadeC.wasabletomakeD.couldmakeC9.Sincetheweatherisfinewe_walkforawhile.(03,63)A.mayB.mustC.mightaswellD.willC,10.You_Jimanythingaboutit.Itwasnoneofhisbusiness.(00,48)(98,52)A.neednthavetoldB.neednttellC.mustnthavetoldD.mustnttellA11.He_unwisely,buthewasatleasttryingtodosomethinghelpful.(99,48)A.mayhaveactedB.musthaveactedC.shouldactD.wouldactA,非谓语动词,非谓语动词也称动词的非限定形式，它们不可以在句中单独作谓语，也不受主语的人称和数的限制。非谓语动词具有双重性质，既有动词的特点：有时态，语态的变化，能被状语修饰，也有自己的宾语；又有非动词的特点：可以代替名词或形容词。非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词三种。它们可以在句中充当除谓语以外的其他各种成分，即主语、表语、宾语、补语、定语和状语。,1、非谓语动词作主语（1）不定式和动名词可以在句中充当主语，但分词却不可以。不定式一般表示具体或一次性动作，而动名词则表示一般或抽象的多次动作。,_isnotaseriousdisadvantageinlife.(2001,51)A.TobenottallB.NottobetallC.BeingnottallD.NotbeingtallD【详解】非谓语动词在句中作了主语。非谓语动词的否定式，要直接在非谓语动词前加not，因此可以直接排除A和C。动名词和不定式都可以作句子主语，但动名词表示一贯性动作，不定式表示具体的一次性动作。个子不高是一贯的事实，应用动名词形式，所以D正确。,(2)不定式和动名词都可以用it来代替作形式主语，但在含有no，-less等否定词的句子里，常用动名词作主语。如：Itisuselesstalkingwithher.Itisnogooddiscussingwithher.,(3)如果主语和表语都是非谓语动词，两者应保持同样的形式，或同为不定式，或同为动名词。如：Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。,(4)不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时,不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导：absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong。如：Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.Itscleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.,2、非谓语动词作宾语（1）不定式和动名词可以在句中充当宾语，但分词却不可以。A.有些动词后只能接动名词，如：abandon,acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,involve,justify,mention,mind,pardon,practice,postpone,recall，recollect，risk,resist,suggest,tolerate。如：Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.,B.有些动词后只能接不定式，如：afford,agree,aim,arrange,ask,attempt,bother,claim,determine,desire,endeavor,expect,fail,guarantee,intend,long,plan,prepare,pretend,refuse,request,resolve,tend,venture,volunteer,etc.,C.有些动词后既能接不定式又能接动名词，如：love,like,hate,begin,start,etc.这时，二者的差别不大，主要在于：不定式一般表示具体或一次性动作，而动名词则表示一般或抽象的多次动作。如：Ilikegettingupearly.我喜欢早起。（一种生活习惯）Ihatetogetupearlytomorrow.我讨厌明天要早起。（一次性的行为）,D.有些动词后既能接不定式又能接动名词，如：remember,forget,stop,etc.此时，二者的差别很大，需要加以区别。,E.动名词复合结构可以做主语、宾语和表语，在对动名词的考查中总是将其逻辑主语包括进来，形成动名词的复合结构：Thegirlsbeingeducatedinanatmosphereofsimplelivin