雅思阅读技巧及常考词汇.ppt

做题策略的制定,有序的题型可以只划出该题型的第一个无序的题型需要全部划出如果记不住太多的关键词可以借助笔记在文章的空白处。无序的题型：headings,matching中以句子编题号的,解决阅读速度慢的问题,1.阅读方法的问题，详略不当解决方案以题目为导向快速搜索（以特殊词，专有名词做为定位词的时候，通常第一次出现该词时，出题机率大）读段首的句子，预测该段内容需要注意的句型：概括性强的句子e.g.TherewereseveralreasonswhyoriginalsciencecontinuedtobewritteninLatin承上启下的句子e.g.Batsarenotonlycreaturestofacethisdifficulty.问句e.g.Giventhequestionsofhowtomaneuverinthedark,whatsolutionsmightanengineerconsider?e.g.Whatistheroleoftheshinbashira,thecentralpillar?,长句囫囵吞枣e.g.Theaimofthepresentstudyistostarttoprovidesuchinformation,tohelpteachersdesigntheireducationalstrategiestobuilduponcorrectideasandtodisplacemisconceptionsandtoplanprogramsinenvironmentalstudiesintheirschools.,2.不能准确定位,解决方案-二次定位法Citylifeisonefactorthatencouragesthedevelopmentofintelligence.(T/F/NG)-Whereasprehistoricmanhadnoexposuretourbanlifestylestheforcinghouseofintelligencetheevidencesuggeststhatantshavelivedinurbansettingsforcloseonahundredmillionyears,developingandmaintainingundergroundcitiesofspecializedchambersandtunnels.,3.对同义改写不熟悉，不敏感,解决方案-分析、总结剑4，剑6，剑7坚持句子对句子，词对词的做题方法，保证每个题目的证据定位；精读对照并验证题目和原文的替换和转化。,4.心理因素-舍是一种智慧，也是一种能力,解决方案-严格按照一篇17-18分钟做题把能做的题，尽量作对。没把握的，meng.,Meng的技巧,判断题-答案YES,NO基本相当，NG少有only,all,every,must的题，答NO的可能性大有probable,maybe的题,答YES的可能性大举例,给5、6分同学的建议,先细节后主旨先做题集中（部分式summary,flowchart,diagram）的题型，后分散先做擅长的题型,图形题充分借助图取词题乱序e.g.weatherduringtheLittleIceAgeDocumentationofpastweatherconditionislimited:ourmainsourceofknowledgeofconditionsinthedistantpastare_and_.Wecandeducethatthelittleiceagewasatimeof_,ratherthanofconsistentfreezing.,Wehaveonlyproxyrecordsreconstructedlargelyfromtreeringsandicecores,supplementedbyafewincompletewrittenaccounts.Thelittleiceagewasfarfromadeepfreeze,ratheranirregularseesawofrapidclimaticshifts,1.Problem-solvingTheafflictedproblem(differentopinionsbyexperts)Strategy/scheme/programResults2.HistorytimesequenceTime-product-featurehistoryofcurrencyhistoryoftimekeeperMakingofatlas/cartographyChangingconceptof3.ParallelismV251theeffectofrhythmonanimals(dayandnight,season-migrationandhibernation,tide,gravity)V372wrongdoings/fraudinscienceparisonTwoproducts-putemphasisonthesecondonematch(product-feature)earlychildhoodeducation,twoexplorationships,5.instructionofanewproductGeneralidea-feature-process-influenceBakelite,Johndictionary,spidersilk6.Commentsonsomesocialoreconomicalphenomenon解释现象-特定条件（时间、地点、形成原因、表现形式）-造成后果-不同学者的观点-结论-发展7.Experiment-surveyPurpose-subjectsdevice-(procedure)-process-results-significanceRainforest,shock8.myth/misconception/misunderstandingaboutsthWrongideareason-correctidea,Choice-细节题,以题干定位，如果题干无法定位，到选项信息集中的地方去找答案阅读选项，划出核心词一般来讲，一段一个干扰项的特点：相反相似无中生有数字以偏盖全,Choice多选题,一段一题或一句一题注意识别正确选项和干扰项,数字陷阱,选择题的特点便是原文和正确选项进行同义转换。但是如果个别选项中出现了数字，往往意味着这个数字直接来源于文章，没有进行任何同义替换。这种干扰选项对于根本读不懂原文的考生有着致命的诱惑力，因为只有数字是熟悉的，其它的单词都读不懂。数字选项中，数字在文章中都有提及，但经常是通过移花接木的形式出现的，以干扰考生的注意力。,（原文）20%ofthesoilarelosingitstopsoilataratelikelytodiminishitsproductivity.A.Theproductivityisreducedby20%,相似陷阱E.g.(原文)theeffectofemotion,imaginationandunconsciousonlearning（题目）theeffectofemotiononimaginationandunconscious,Summary-定位,利用空前后的信息找准对应句中的对应部分对应部分?讲述信息一样-同义怎样找对应部分？识别同义改写Althoughmostfarmerswouldbeunabletoadaptto_.PrettyfeelsthatorganicfarmingwouldbetoobigajumpinthinkingandpracticeformanyfarmersSummary不会在一个信息不同的分句中取一个你认为语义通顺的词,Summary-语义、结构、关系取词题目:Accordingtohisbiographer,JamesBoswell,JohnsonsprincipalachievementwastobringtotheEnglishlanguage.原文：ItisthecornerstoneofStandardEnglish,anachievementwhich,inJamesBoswellswords,conferredstabilityonthelanguageofhiscountry.,Summary,剑桥4-3-3剑桥4-2-1剑桥5-4-2剑桥6-1-3剑桥6-2-2剑桥6-4-2，3,T/F/NG,一个主题主语+(是不是)考点定位Theevidenceofdrugpromotionisclearlyvisibleinhealthcareenvironment.两个主题这两个主题定位,之间表二者之间关系的词为考点,True明确的同义改写,题目:thefactthatchildrensideasaboutscienceformpartofalargerframeworkofideasmeansthatitiseasiertochangethem.原文:Thesemisconceptionsdontremainisolatedbutbecomeincorporatedintoamultifacetedbutorganized,conceptualframework,makingitandthecomponentideas,someofwhichareerroneous,morerobustbutalsoaccessibletomodification.,TRUE模糊的同义改写,题目：Kantbelievedthatasuccessfuljokeinvolvesthecontrolledreleaseofnervousenergy.原文：KantandFreudfeltthatjoke-tellingreliesonbuildingupapsychictensionwhichissafelypuncturedbytheludicrousnessofthepunchline.,T/F/NG,题目:Inthepast,Australianshadahigheropinionofdoctorsthantheydotoday.原文:Thehighstandingofprofessionals,includingdoctors,hasbeenerodedasaconsequence.,T/F/NG,（题目）Sometypesofbirdcanbeencouragedtobreedoutofseason.（原文）somespeciesofbirdsbreedingcanbeinducedeveninmidwintersimplybyincreasingdaylengthartificially.,FALSE-同一主题，叙事矛盾,（题目）The1993Sydneysurveyinvolved289patientswhovisitedalternativetherapistsforacupuncturetreatment.（原文）In1993,DrLaverandhiscolleaguespublishedasurveyof289SydneypeoplewhoattendedeightalternativetherapistspracticesinSydney.,T/F/NG,题目:AswandamswerebuilttoincreasethefertilityoftheNiledelta.原文:butwhentheAswandamswereconstructedinthe20thcenturytoprovideelectricityandirrigation,andtoprotectthehugepopulationcentreofCairoanditssurroundingareasfromannualfloodinganddrought.,T/F/NG,题目:ProblemsinNordiccountrieswereexcludedbecausetheyareoutsidetheEuropeanEconomicCommunity.原文：Thoseconfinedtoparticulargeographicalareas,suchascountriesborderingMediterraneanorNordiccountriesthereforehadtobediscarded,NG张冠李戴,（题目）TherewasstrongcompetitionbetweenscientistinRenaissanceEurope.（原文）TheemergentnationstatesofEuropedevelopedcompetitiveinterestsinworldexplorationandthedevelopmentoftrade.（题目）ThewordthousandhasAnglo-Saxonorigins.（原文）hundoftheAnglo-Saxonlanguage,andso100wasdenotedashundteontigortentimesten.,NG只出现定位词，未出现与考点相关的信息,（题目）Thestaffappraisalprocessshouldbedesignedbyemployees.（原文）employeesmustregardtheappraisalprocessasvalid.,T/F/NG,题目:Thechildrenofthewomenwhoremainedilliteratewerefoundtobeseverelymalnourished.原文:Thechildrenofthenewly-literatemotherswerealsobetternourishedthanthoseofwomenwhocouldnotread.,NG原文信息模糊，题目是与他同向具体的概念,ForestproblemsofMediterraneancountriesaretobediscussedatthenextmeetingofexpert.Thoseconfinedtoparticulargeographicalareas,suchascountriesborderingMediterraneanorNordiccountriesthereforehadtobediscarded.However,thisdoesnotmeanthatinfuturetheywillbeignored.,T/F/NG,题目:SeveralofthesubjectswerepsychologystudentsatYaleUniversity原文:StanleyMilgramofYaleUniversitytested40subjectsfromallwalksoflife.,T/F/NG,题目:Therewaslittleimprovementinathleticperformancebeforethe20thcentury.原文:Sincetheearlyyearsofthetwentiethcentury,whentheInternationalAthleticFederationbegankeepingrecords,therehasbeenasteadyimprovementin,信息段落搭配题,how/theway/methodtheexplanation/reasontheeffectsadescriptionofthefactthatthelocation(where)othersinclude:overview,suggestion,aim,insights,importance,speed,cost,etc.,例如：剑5Q27/howAImighthaveamilitaryimpactQ29/thereasonwhyAIhasbecomeacommontopicofconversationagainQ30/howAIcouldhelpdealwithdifficultiesrelatedtotheamountofinformationavailableelectronically这三个题干所表达的主体信息是how和thereasonwhy的概括性信息，在解题时应避重就轻，避免与how，why进行“纠缠”，仅以military,acommontopicofconversation,electronicinformation这些细节作为定位关键词搜索原文，分别对应battlefield(Para.E),publicdebate(Para.A),e-mail/webpages(Para.F)。,通过对比题干信息与段落首尾句关键词进行题干位置预测的能力。具体地说，从题干本身来看，和关于概念解释，身份介绍，概述/概观，首次（使用）等有关的题干信息一般出现在原文的前一两段；影响，后果，结果，改进，建议，未来目标等有关的题干信息一般出现在原文的结尾处。,剑5/P73/Q31wheretheexpressionAIwasfirstused（首次使用原文第二段）剑6/P20/Q6anoverviewofthefundedsupportofathletes(概述原文第一段)剑6/P24/Q14asuggestionforimprovingtradeinthefuture（建议/未来原文尾段）,注意转折句和引号句,段落信息搭配,剑桥61-1，2剑桥6-3-1剑桥5-1-2剑桥5-3-1,3剑七,人名理论搭配题剑桥4-2-1,3（以理论编题号）剑桥5-4-2（以人名编题号）,A.MichaelKraussB.SalikokoMufweneC.NicholasOstlerD.MarkPagelE.DougWhalenNB5.Endangeredlanguagescantbesavedunlesspeoplelearntospeakmorethanonelanguage.6.Savinglanguagesfromextinctionisnotinitselfasatisfactorygoal.7.Thewaywethinkmaybedeterminedbyourlanguage.8.Youngpeopleoftenrejecttheestablishedwayoflifeintheircommunity.9.Achangeoflanguagemaymeanalossoftraditionalculture.,人名/理论,A.MichaelKraussB.SalikokoMufweneC.NicholasOstlerD.MarkPagelE.DougWhalenNB5.Endangeredlanguagescantbesavedunlesspeoplelearntospeakmorethanonelanguage.6.Savinglanguagesfromextinctionisnotinitselfasatisfactorygoal.7.Thewaywethinkmaybedeterminedbyourlanguage.8.Youngpeopleoftenrejecttheestablishedwayoflifeintheircommunity.9.Achangeoflanguagemaymeanalossoftraditionalculture.,Whydopeoplerejectthelanguageoftheirparents?Itbeginswithacrisisofconfidencewhenasmallcommunityfindsitselfalongsidealarger,wealthiersociety,saysNicholasOstler.“Peoplelosefaithintheirculture”hesays.“Whenthenextgenerationreachestheirteens,theymightnotwanttobeinducedintotheoldtradition.”,languageisalsointimatelyboundupwithculture,soitmaybedifficulttopreserveonewithouttheother.“IfapersonshiftsfromNavajotoEnglish,theylosesomething.”Mufwenesays.,“Thekeytofosteringdiversityisforpeopletolearntheirancestraltongue,aswellasthedominantlanguage,”saysDougWhalen.“Mostoftheselanguageswillnotsurvivewithoutalargedegreeofbilingualism,”hesays.,ButMufwenesaysthatpreservinglanguagedyingoutisnotthesameasgivingitnewlifebyusingiteveryday.“Preservingalanguageismorelikepreservingfruitsinajar,”hesays.,“Moreover,thelossofdiversitymayalsodepriveusofdifferentwaysoflookingattheworld,”saysPagel.“YourbrainandminearedifferentfromthebrainofsomeonewhospeaksFrench,”Pagelsays,andthiscouldaffectourthoughtsandperceptions.“Thepatternsandconnectionswemakeamongvariousconceptsmaybestructuredbythelinguistichabitsofourcommunity.”,注意不要遗漏对“he”这样的代词的检索注意该理论所在段的段首句,Listofheadings,注意以下句型：段首承上启下的句子-Aisnotthewholestory结论句(suggest,found,discover，thus)引号句转折句（尤其在第二句）段首例子前面的句子概括句（有many,variety）,主题句与正确选项的同义改写,ConclusionwasthattheavailabilityofsamplesledthemtodispenseandprescribedrugsthatdifferedfromtheirpreferreddrugchoiceResearchshowsthatpromotionworks,Listofheadings,剑桥6-1-3剑桥6-2-1剑桥6-3-2剑桥6-4-1，3,T/F/NG,题目:Governmenthandoutsdomoredamagethantourismdoestotraditionalpatternsoffood-gathering.原文:Tourismisnotalwaystheculpritbehindsuchchanges.Allkindsofwagelabor,orgovernmenthandouts,tendtounderminetraditionalsurvivalsystems.,考试注意事项,判断题写T/F/NG还是YES/NO/NOTGIVEN信息段落搭配，选项式summary,人名理论搭配注意有无NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.不要在一个题上耽误时间过多利用题目的顺序性，灵活做题有顺序的题，现在有乱序的可能特殊词（数字、人名、地名），专有名词题目和原文不会变化，可迅速定位,v.阻碍，阻止deter,hinder,inhibit,prohibit,prevent,stop,impede,blockn.障碍物barrier,obstacle,impediment,hindrance,hurdle,obstruction,blockv.消除,摆脱掉eliminate,remove,getridof,stripof,dispensewith,disposeofv.保存，保留preserve,hold,keep,maintain,store,reserve,retain,conserve,sustain,v.减少reduce(reduction)、minimize、decrease、diminish、decline、dwindle、lessen、dropn.激励，刺激stimulation,incentive,stimulus,motive,motivationv.提升，增加enhance,increase,raise,rise,grow,goup,ascendv.导致，引发leadto,bringabout,trigger,contributeto,resultin,breed,induce,v.评估,测量assess,evaluate,appraise,gauge,calibratev.破坏damage,wreck,demolish,devastate,ruin,spoil,destructadj.充足的enough,sufficient,abundant,adequate,ampleadj.客观的,公正的objective,unbiased,unprejudiced,impartial,v.改变change,alter,shift,convert,transform,modify(n.modification),revise(n.revision)adj.不同的different,distinct,varying,diverse,disparate,separate,progress、improvement、development、promotion、evolution、advance（n.发展）recruit、employ、hire（v.雇佣）offspring、children、descendant（n.子孙）previously、inthepast、beforetime、formerly（adv.以前地）domestic、local（n.国内的）,generate、produce、make、create（v.产生、制造）copy、reproduce、replicate、duplicate、recreate（v.复制）radiate、sendout、emit（v.发出）influence、effect、impact、implication（n.影响）building、construction、architecture（n.建筑）,contamination、pollution（n.污染）discard、reject、castoff、disposeof、scrap、throwaway、abandon、giveup（v.扔掉）agreewith、conformto、subscribeto、approveof、accordwith（同意）boom、flourish、develop、prosper、thrive、expand、explode（v.繁荣、发展）,improve、develop、increase、maximize、promote、raise、rise、enhance、ascend（v.上升）demonstrate、illustrate、exemplify（例证）clarify、manifest、indicate、display（表明）hint、suggest、imply（暗示）uncover、unravel、unmask、unveil、disclose、reveal-revelation（揭示，揭开）,claim、assert、maintain（声称、主张）factor、element、cause、reason（原因）exclusively、only、merely（只有）local、native、indigenous、aboriginal（本土的）resident、inhabitant、dweller（居民）,independentof、separatefrom（与分离）harbour、hold（持有）wrong、mistaken、erroneous、inaccurate、false、mis-(前缀)（错误的）incorporateinto、combinewith、integrateinto（结合）,dominantpredominantmajoroverwhelmingprevalentwidespread（主要的）unexpectedsurprisingunforeseenaccidental（出乎意料的）uncommonunusualrare（不寻常的、稀少的）trackfollow（追踪）tracebacktogobackto（回溯到）,amazeastoundastonishstartlesurprisetakeaback（吃惊、惊人）classifycategorizegroupsort（分类）identifyrecognize（鉴别、识别）distinguishfromdiscriminatefromtellfrom（区分）enormousimmensetremendousvastmassivegigantichugegiantgreat（巨大的）,dueto,asaresultof,owingto,thanksto,because,as,for,sinceleadto,resultin,contributetoreflect,asaresult,asaconsequence,therefore,thus,consequently,resultfrom,是A不是BARatherthanBAOverB不是A而是BLessAthanBNotAbutB,考试必备词汇staten.状态,国家,政府,州vt.声明,陈述statementn.声明,陈述overstatev.夸张，夸大=exaggeratespecialadj.特殊的,专门的specialistn.专家specialisev.专业化,claimn.主张vt.主张similaradj.相似的similarityn.类似,类似处assimilationn.同化evidencen.明显,证据evidentadj.明显的,显然的=apparent,patent,clear,obviousprotectv.保护tection,speciesn.物种(rare,endangered,extinct)differvi.不同differentadj.不同的differentiatev.区别,区分=distinguish=discriminateopposev.反对oppositionn.反对opponentn.反对者restrictv.限制=limit=confine=restrain,majoradj.主要的n.专业majorityn.多数,大半minoradj.较小的,次要的minorityn.少数,少数民族involvev.包括,涉及,使卷入revolvev.旋转=spin,rotatetoxicadj.有毒的=poisonous,venomous,revolutionn.革命，旋转evolvevt.(使)进化,(使)发展evolutionn.进化,发展completelyadv.十分,完全地completionn.完成accomplishvt.完成，实现accomplishmentn.完成，成就,suitv.适合suitableadj.适当的,相配personaladj.私人的,个人的personalizev.使成私人的,人格化personalityn.个性,人格；名人=celebritypersonneln.人员,职员accommodatevt.供应,供给,容纳accommodationn.住处,膳宿,economyn.经济,节约economicadj.经济(上)的economicaladj.节约的economistn.经济学者,经济家economicsn.经济学previousadj.在前的,早先的victimn.受害者victimisev.使牺牲,qualityn.质量,品质,性质qualifyv.(使)具有资格,证明合格qualificationn.资格,条件medicinen.药,医学=drug,remedy,pharmaceuticalsmedicaladj.医学的,内科的medicationn.药物治疗,药物处理,药物weakadj.弱的weaknessn.弱点weakenv.削弱,termn.学期,条款,术语=expressionperformvt.履行,执行,表演subjectn.题目,学科,实验对象adj.受制于.的,受.影响的subjectiveadj.主观的,个人的反义词objective=unbiased,unprejudiceddependon=relyonv.依靠self-reliance=independence,companyn.公司,陪伴accompanyvt.陪伴,伴奏surveyn.调查vt.调查countn.计算vt.计算accountn.计算,账目accountantn.会计doubtv.n.怀疑,质疑=questionquestionnairen.调查问卷,loann.（借出的）贷款,借出v.借,借给presentn.礼物,现在adj.现在的,出席的vt.提出,呈现presencen.出席,存在presentlyadv.目前=currentlylegaladj.合法的=legitimate=validlegislationn.立法,法规legitimacyn.合法性,representvt.表现,描绘,代表representativen.代表adj.典型的,有代表性的complexadj.复杂的,综合的=complicatedclassn.类别,等级=categoryclassifyv.分类=categorize,accessn.通路,入门accessibleadj.易接近的,可到达的speechn.演说situationn.情形,境遇,位置progressn.前进,进步vi.前进,进步=develop,evolve,advance,improveprogressiveadj.前进的,进步的,temperaturen.温度temperaten.（气候）温和的，有节制的tempern.性情,脾气varyv.变化variousadj.不同的,各种各样的varietyn.变化,多样性,种类=diversityvariationn.变更,变化,facilityn.便利,敏捷,设备facilitatevt.使容易,使便利sumn.总数，金额summaryn.摘要,概要summarisevt.概括，总结extendv.扩展,延伸extensionn.扩展,延伸extensiveadj.广泛的反义词intensiveadj.集中的,necessaryn.必需品adj.必要的,必需的necessityn.必要性,需要,必需品=requisitedescribevt.描写,形容descriptionn.描写,形容prescribev.指示,规定,处方prescriptionn.指示,命令,处方subscribev.签名,署名inscribev.刻写predictv.预言expect=anticipatepredictionn.预言unpredictableadj.不可预测的,producen.产物vt.生产,制造=manufactureproducern.生产者,制作者reproducev.繁殖，翻印，重现=copy,replicate,duplicateproductn.产品,产物productionn.生产,产品productivityn.生产力publicn.公众,公共场所adj.公共的,公立的publicisevt.宣扬=promote,publicityn.公开publishvi.出版,刊印vt.公布,发表academicadj.学术的,理论的academyn.学会,学术团体,学院residentn.居民dweller=inhabitantresidentialadj.住宅的,physicaladj.身体的,物理的physiologyn.生理学issuen.问题；发行,vi.发行,发布policyn.政策,方针politicsn.政治,政治学politicaladj.政治的,行政上的politiciann.政治家,政客fundn.资金，基金v.资助finance=sponsor,requirevt.需要,要求requirementn.需求,要求,需要的东西requisiteadj.需要的,必备的n.必需品requestvt.请求,要求n.请求,要求successn.成功,成就successfuladj.成功的successiveadj.继承的,连续的operatev.操作，运转operationn.操作，运转,originn.起源,由来originaladj.最初的,原始的,独创的n.原物,原作=primitive,initialoriginalityn.创意,独创性=creativity,ingenuity,originalityoriginatevt.发起,创办vi.起源,发生aboriginaladj.土著的=local,indigenousaboriginesn.土著居民createvt.创造,创作creationn.创造,创作物creativeadj.创造性的creativityn.创造力,创造,creaturen.创造物;生物recreationn.消遣，娱乐=amusement,entertainmenttraditionn.传统,惯例=conventiontraditionaladj.传统的,惯例的=conventionaldividev.划分,分开divisionn.分开,区分;部分，部门regionn.区域,地方=area,district,establishvt.建立,设立；安置,使定居establishmentn.确立,制定,设施,机构=institutionessencen.基本,本质essentialadj.本质的,基本的naturen.自然,本性tourn.旅行tourismn.旅游业sortn.种类v.分类,theoryn.理论,学说theoreticaladj.理论的theoristn.理论家instituten.学会,学院,协会vt.创立,开始,制定institutionn.团体,制度，惯例charactern.(事物的)特性,特征,(人的)品质,人物characteristicadj.特有的,表示特性的n.特性,特征briefadj.简短的，短暂的,destroyvt.破坏,毁坏=damage,wreck,demolish,devastate,ruin,spoildestructionn.破坏,毁灭destructiveadj.破坏(性)的leadvt.领导,引导n.领导,领先;铅leadershipn.领导能力,领导阶层leadingadj.领导的,第一位的,最主要的applyvt.申请,应用applicationn.请求,申请;应用applicantn.申请者,valuen.价值vt.估价,评价valuableadj.贵重的,有价值的evaluatevt.评价,估计evaluationn.估价,评价invaluableadj.极有价值的seriesn.系列extinctadj.灭绝的extinctvolcano死火山extinctionn.灭绝extinguishv.消灭，根除,machinen.机器,机械machineryn.总称机器,机械mechanismn.机械装置,机制circlen.循环v.环绕circuitn.电路circulationn.循环,流通circumstancen.环境,境况examplen.例子,实例exemplifyvt.例证,例示=illustrate,athleten.运动员athleticadj.运动的athleticsn.运动creditn.信用，信任；学分；存款vt.信任；存入帐户credibleadj.可信的，可靠的incredibleadj.不可信的，不可靠的credibilityn.可信性，可靠性fairadj.公平的equitableinstructv.教导，指示,societyn.社会,社团socialadj.社会的,社交的sociologyn.社会学addvt.增加,计算.总和additionn.增加additionaladj.附加的storev.存储save=preserve=conserve,concernvt.涉及,关系到n.担忧，关心concentratev.集中,浓缩concentrateon=focuson=emphasiseconcentrationn.集中,专心,浓缩,浓度raten.比率,速度vt.评价,值得=ration.比率reflectv.反射,反映,表现reflexn.(生理)反应,containvt.包含,容纳containern.容器;集装箱tube=vesseldirectadj.径直的,直接的vt.指引,指示,导演directionn.方向,指导occurvi.发生,存在occurrencen.发生,事件ampleadj.充足的=enough,sufficient,abundant,adequate,privateadj.私人的,私有的privacyn.隐私advisevt.劝告，建议advicen.劝告；建议advisableadj.可取的attemptn.尝试,企图vt.尝试,企图intelligentadj.聪明的,伶俐的intelligencen.智力,聪明,智能intellectualadj.智力的,有智力的n.知识分子,annualn.年刊,年鉴adj.一年一次的,每年的crystaladj.结晶状的n.水晶,结晶,晶体diseasen.疾病,弊病=illness=complaintpositive