如何写好主题句和扩展句.ppt

段落(设计好一个段落)一般说来,一个段落由三部分组成:主题句,扩展句和结论句.主题句提出的论述的主题,扩展句利用必要的细节对主题加以论证说明,结论句总结全文,在论证的基础上得出结论.这三者是段落的必要成分,他们相辅相成,构成一个完整的段落.有些段落还有过渡句,它起到段与段之间的顺利过渡.,1.主题句1)主题句的位置:请找出段落的主题句Smokingisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentshowthatsmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousdiseasecancer,smokingcanalsocauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itgivesonea“smokerscough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforsmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldortheterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?,AlbertEinstein,oneoftheworldsgreatestscientists,failedinhisuniversityentranceexamonhisfirstattempt.WilliamFaulkner,oneofAmericasfamouswriters,neverfinishedcollegebecausehecouldnotpasshisEnglishcourses.SirWinstonChurchill,whoisconsideredoneofthemastersoftheEnglishlanguage,wasverypoorinEnglishduringmiddleschool.Thesefewexamplesshowthatschooldoesnotalwayspredictfailureinlife.,Karaok,whichwasinventedbyaJapanese,oneofthegreatestwondersofmoderntechnology.Needlesstosay,Karaokisagoodwayofrest.Youcanlearnanewsongeasily.Itsalsoagoodwaytomakeyourfriendshappy.Nearlyeverybodyhasachancetobeasingingstar.However,everythinghastwosides,sodoesKaraok.Itsnoisytoyourneighbors.Besides,ifyousingbadly,theywillfeeluncomfortable.Infact,youaresuretomakeasoundpollution,2)写好主题句,有两条原则1.主题句要明确,句中须有一个词,词组,或从句让读者一目了然本段的确切主题,明确本段的重点或观点.例如:Thisparagraphwilltalkaboutbirds.这句作为主题句就太笼统,不确切.试比较以下几句,下列几个主题句就确切地阐明了段落的主题:a.Birdshaveagreatsenseofdirection.b.Petownersprefercertainspeciesofbirds.c.Inmyopinion,abirdmakesabetterpetthanacatdoes.d.Birdsaresufferingfromair-pollution.,2.主题句要概括,它陈述你要说明的重点和观点,句中必须包含有可扩展主题的词,词组或从句.他应该是你将进一步表明你的态度和看法的概括.同时,主题句有利于控制作者本人的主题的扩展.例如:TheyounggirlstudiedChineseHistory.该主题句未能概括主题的要点,则不利于下面的扩展.最好增添一个词或一个短语来修改这个句子,以便顺利地展开你的主题.例如:a.TheyounggirleagerlystudiedChineseHistory.b.TheyounggirlstudiedChineseHistoryunderafamoushistorian.c.TheyounggirlfoundthreereasonsforstudyingChineseHistory.,2.下面各段没有主题句,请根据全段内容拟定一个主题句.1)_.Forexampleteacherslivebysellingknowledge,philosophersbysellingwisdomandpriestsbysellingspiritualcomfort.Thoughitmaybepossibletomeasurethevalueofmaterialgoodsintermsofmoney,itisverydifficulttocalculatethetruevalueofserviceswhichpeopleperformforus.Theconditionsofsocietyaresuchthatsillshavetobepaidforinthesamewaythatgoodsarepaidforatshop.Everyonehassomethingtosell.,Everyonelivesbysellingsomething.,2)_.BeforeenteringahouseinJapan,itisagoodmannertotakeoffyourshoes.InEuropeancountrieseventhoughshoessometimesbecomeverymuddy,thisisnotdone.AguestinaChinesehouseneverfinishesadrink.Heleavesalittletoshowthathehashadenough.InaMalaysianhouse,too,aguestleavesalittlefood.InEngland,aguestalwaysfinishesadrinktoshowthathehasenjoyedit.Itseemsthatmannersindifferentcountriesareneverthesame.,Differentcountriesanddifferentraceshavedifferentmanners.,3)_.Firecanheatwater,cook,giveoutlightandkeepyourhousewarm.Sometimes,however,bigfirescanburndownhousesandforests.Forexample,thebigfirecausedbyYuanmingPalace,afamouspalaceinQingDynasty,ruinedcompletely.Sowemustbeverycarefulwithmatches,burningcigarettes,faultyelectricappliancesorunquenched(未扑灭的)fires,Becarefulwithfirebecauseitdoesnotalwaysdousgood.,扩展句,扩展句的作用是丰富,支持,扩展主题句的内涵.他们是段落的血和肉.扩展句的表达形式是多种多样的,可以按时间或空间顺序,从整体到局部从局部到整体的方法叙述,描写,说明或议论,也可用比较,对比,比喻,推导,归纳,演绎的手段来展现.,单一性:一个段落只说明一个问题,讲述一件事,扩展句必须紧紧地围绕着主题句,不偏离中心思想.,通常对扩展句的要求有两个:单一性和连贯性,找出一个违背单一性的句子.Chinahasmadegreatprogressinreducingitspopulationgrowth.Chinahasalreadycutitsrateofpopulationgrowthbyaboutonehalfsince1970.Itiswrongofthewesterngovernmentstofindfaultwithitspoliciesofeliminationofpoverty.Chinanowurgeseachfamilytohavenomorethanonechild.Andithopestoreachzeropopulationgrowth,thenumberofbirthequalingthenumberofdeath,bytheyear2000.,连贯性:段落中各扩展句前后衔接,条理清楚,合乎逻辑,使读者很容易抓住段落的中心思想.,在议论文中,我们常会谈到首先,其次,然后,该如何表达?1)first,second,third,last2)firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally3)thefirst,thesecond,thethird,thelast4)tobeginwith,then,furthermore,finally5)tostartwith,next,inaddition,/besides,lastbutnotleast6)ontheonehand,ontheotherhand7)foronething,foranotherthing,练习:根据所给的主题句和提示,写好段落的扩展句,(1)主题句:Howexcitedwewerewhenwelearnedthatweweregoingtohaveaspringhour.afterdiscussionagreeclimboutofthecityweoftenpassbymountainthefirsttimethinkofclimbitsetoutearlymorningaboutanhourbegintiredstillalongwaygoshortbreakgoonclimblunchtimegettothetopmountainourbeautifulcitybelowushappyverytired结尾句:Itprovesthatmanythingsarejustlikeclimbingamountain;theylookattractive,buttheyarenoteasytodo.,参考答案:,(1)Afteraheateddiscussionweagreedtoclimbthemountainoutsidethecity.Wehadpassedbythemountainwhenweweretakingabusoutofthecity,butitwasthefirsttimewehadthoughtofclimbingit.Westartedearlyinthemorning.Aboutanhourlater,webegantofeeltired,buttherewasstillalongwaytogo.Wetookashortbreakandthenwentonclimbing.Notuntillunchtimedidwegettothetopofthemountain.Atsightofourbeautifulcitybelowus，wefelthappythoughweweretiredout.,练习:根据所给的主题句和提示,写好段落的扩展句,(2)主题句:Hewaskindandshybeforeagroupofnaughtygirls,buthewasverystrictinhisteachingandwithourstudents.teachusalotinknowledgeaswellasinmoralityIremembermyfinalexamHaveanidealookindictionarysecretlyUnfortunatelydiscoversavemyfaceAfterexamcalltohisofficemyheartbeatfastInsteadofscoldingsaykindlyadvisedogoodmovedtears18yearspasskeepremindmestudyhardhonest,参考答案:,(2)Hetaughtusalotinknowledgeaswellasinmorality.Irememberthetimeofmyfinalexamination.Ihadtheideaoflookinginmydictionarysecretly.Unfortunately,mysecretwasdiscoveredbyhimandhesaidnothingtosavemyface.Aftertheexamination,Iwascalledtohisoffice.Myheartwasbeatingfast.Insteadofscolding,hetalkedkindlytomeandadvisedmetodogood.Iwasmovedtotears.Eighteenyearshaspassed,butthelessonremainsdeepinmymemoryandalwaysremindsmetostudyhardandkeephonest.,结论句,结论句并非必不可少,但它能起到以下的作用:(1)表示段落的结束(2)总结要点,与主题句相呼应(3)供读者就本段落的主要内容和见解有个深刻的印象或进行思考,结论句:(推荐),1.(主题句:Lifeislimited,butknowledgeisboundless.)结尾句:Howimportantitistoreadgoodbooks!2.(主题句:Booksarefullofknowledgeandwisdom.)结尾句:Whyshouldntwereadmoreb